电子辐照对VO2薄膜热致相变过程中光学性能的影响

利用能量为1.7MeV,注量分别为10^13-10^15/cm^2,的电子束辐照二氧化钒薄膜,对辐照及未辐照样品进行了UV－VIS,XPS参数测试,并测量900nm处光透射性能随温度的变化,发现电子辐照导致了VO2薄中的V离子价态由V^4向V^5 转变,薄膜热致相变前后的光透射比随注量增加变化较小,只在注量为10^14/cm^2时光透射比减小得较明显,相变温度点及热滞回线宽度随注量增加出现显著变化,并对有关的结果进行了讨论。     

Studies on twin boundaries in calcite crystals

Natural single crystals of calcite have been cleaved along (100) planes and cleavage faces have been etched in 2% and 3% citric acid solutions. Etching produces twin boundaries oriented in 〈010〉 directions. The etch pits on the two sides of the twin boundary are oppositely oriented. It has been conjectured that the rows of pits might have been formed due to etching of dislocations on twin boundaries. One to one correspondence of twin boundaries has been established on matched cleavage faces. This is further confirmed by studying the induced twin regions produced on a (100) cleavage plane by indenting that plane itself. The implications are discussed.     

Dielectric and electrical properties of vacuum-deposited Didymium oxide thin films

Dielectric and electrical properties of sandwich structures of didymium oxide thin films of several thicknesses have been investigated. The variation of capacitance and dielectric dissipation factor (Tan δ) with frequency in these films have been studied. These studies have shown that at room temperature, the capacitance increases with decrease of frequency and the variation is more pronounced at low frequencies. With increase of frequency, the dissipation factor decreases. The increase of capacitance with decrease in frequency has been attributed to the space-charge polarisation and blocking of charge carriers at the electrodes. The effect of thickness on capacitance and Tan δ in these films have been studied. Current-Voltage characteristics (I—V) of sandwiched Al-didymium oxide-Al structures have been studied at room temperature. These characteristics showed that the breakdown voltage increases and the dielectric strength decreases with increase of oxide film thickness. Conductivity (σ) at room temperature have been calculated to understand the mechanism involved in the conduction process. These results indicated that the conduction in these films is due to Schottky barriers. Breakdown patterns obtained in these structures by the application of de voltage applied across the sandwich structures have been observed with the help of Carl-Zeiss, Jena, optical microscope. The photomicrographs of these breakdown patterns indicate that the type of breakdown in these structures may be single-hole breakdown and is proceeded by propagating breakdown.     

X-Ray Diffraction by Liquid Crystals

Following a very brief historical review, x-ray diffraction by nematic and smectic liquid crystals is critically examined in terms of the data available and the structural models and molecular theories that have been proposed to explain it. Studiesof TBBA are used to illustrate some of the principal mesophases that have been distinguished. Other types of liquid crystals and their phase transitions are also briefly reviewed.

This analysis shows that careful experimental work is still needed to decide the kinds of models that best describe the various types of mesophases that have been shown to exist.     

The influence of doping with tin on the structure of Cu0.70Si0.30 eutectic melt

The structural changes in liquid Cu_0.70Si_0.30 eutectic melt upon doping with tin (5, 10, 15 and 20 at.%) have been studied by means of the X-ray diffraction method and the obtained structure factors and pair correlation functions have been analyzed. Experimental total structure factors have also been used to calculate partial factors by means of the reverse Monte-Carlo method. It has been shown that Sn atoms exhibit a tendency to form clusters in the matrix of the liquid eutectic melt.     

Growth and etching of calcite crystals

Single crystals of calcite (CaCO₃) have been grown by the method employed by GRUZENSKY , using an aquoeus solution of CaCl₂ and a solid (NH₄)₂SO₃, The chemical reaction takes place according to the following equation: CaCl₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₃ CaCO₃ + 2 NH₄Cl The crystals grown by this method are about 0.2 to 0.8 mm in edge dimensions. Synthetic calcite crystals have been cleaved along (100) planes and the cleavage surfaces have been studied by multiple beam interferometry. The interferograms have revealed that the cleavages are quite flat. The cleavage faces have also been chemically etched and the etch patterns studied optically. By etching a cleavage successively for three different periods it was found that the bottoms of the point-bottomed pits follow a linear etch path. By etching a cleavage pair, one face in one etchant and the other face in a different etchant and by comparing the etch patterns produced, before and after polishing a cleavage face it has been shown that the etch pits nucleate at the sites of dislocations in the crystal. The etch patterns have also been compared with those produced on the cleavage faces of natural crystals. The density of dislocations in the syntheitc calctie crystals was generally less than the density of dislocations in the natural calcite crystals. The implications have been discussed.     

Surface structures of fluorite crystals

Optical studies have been made of the microstructures on the natural {100} and {111} faces of natural fluorite crystals. The protrudance of triangular elevations, growth pyramids, and natural etch pits have been observed on a large number of crystals. It is suggested that fluorite crystals grown by two-dimensional spreading and piling of growth layers parallel to {100} faces. The natural etch pits on {100} and {111} faces suggest that they have been produced as a result of a dissolution process in nature. The natural faces have been etched in the laboratory and it is established that the pits indicate the existence of linear defects in the crystals. The implications are discussed.     

Dielectric properties of ferroelectric lead hydrogen phosphate single crystals

The ferroelectric lead hydrogen phosphate (LHP) single crystals have been grown by employing the gel technique. The controlled reaction between lead nitrate and orthophosphoric acid solutions by diffusion process in gel medium has been used. The dielectric constant (ϵ′) and the dielectric loss (ϵ″) have been measured for the first time as a function of frequency in the range 10² to 10⁴ Hz. They have also been determined as a function of temperatures in the range 300 to 680 K. The polarisation effect contributing to the dielectric constant has been studied. It has been observed that the mechanism of the dielectric behaviour is different in the lower and higher temperatur and frequency ranges. The activation energy of the oscillators has been calculated and found to be 1.12 eV. Attempt has been made to draw some qualitative conclusions, taking in view, the existing theories of various kinds of polarization and implications have been discussed.     

Structural and stability studies of CdS and SnS nanostructures synthesized by various routes

CdS nanorods and SnS nano-flakes have been synthesized by solvothermal process and CdS nanoparticles have been synthesized by aqueous media process. Structural properties of these nanocomposites are performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical purity of these nanocomposites has been confirmed by energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX). Thermal stability of these nanocomposites is investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Different parameters such as activation energy (E) for the degradation, Arrhenius parameter (A) and the entropy change (ΔS) have been calculated by Coats-Redfern and Satava model. It is observed that the activation energy of the CdS nanorods is much higher compared to that of CdS nanoparticles and SnS nano-flakes.     

Microstructures on {111} faces of stannic iodide single crystals

Single crystals of stannic iodide (SnI₄) havebeen grown using the controlled reaction between SnCl₂ and KI by diffusion process in silica gel medium. Orange to reddish octahedral stannic iodide crystals up to 3–4 mm in size have been grown at room temperature. Optical studies have been made on the various surface structures of {111} faces of the asgrown crystals. On octahedral faces of these crystals, triangular-shaped hillocks with growth layers in the 〈110〉 directions have been observed. Occasionally, growth spirals on octahedral faces have also been reported. Close loops of growth fronts have been investigated and have been interpreted. It has been suggested that two-diemensional nucleation, spreading and pilling up of triangular growth layers is mainly responsible for the growth and occasionally the growth is due to screw dislocations. The implications are discussed.     

Characterization and luminescence of a-Si:H:Cl films

a-Si:H:Cl films have been deposited by glow-discharge and characterized by infrared transmission, optical absorption and photoluminescence. The influence of growth parameters on the H and Cl content has been investigated. The luminescence spectra show that three different radiative transitions can occur, at 0.75, 0.95 and ～1.3 eV. These bands have been interpreted respectively in terms of the following recombinations: defect to defect, defect to band tail, band tail to band tail.     

Microstructures of gel-grown ammonium hydrogen tartrate single crystals

Single crystals of ammonium hydrogen tartrate (AHT) have been grown in silica gels by employing the controlled reaction between ammonium chloride and tartaric acid. Transparent AHT crystals upto 24 × 4 × 3 mm³ in size have been grown at room temperature. Optical and electron-optical studies have been made on the various surface structures of {010} faces of the grown crystals. A variety of growth striations and growth hillocks have been observed. Growth layers modified by the presence of misaligned microcrystals have been illustrated. It has been suggested that two-dimensional nucleation, spreading and pilling up of growth layers is mainly responsible for the growth of these crystals and the implications are discussed.     

Investigation of the influence of electron irradiation on the properties of cobalt nanotubes

Cobalt nanotubes have been synthesized by electrochemical deposition in pores of ion track membranes. The structures obtained have been studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and gas permeability method. The influence of electron irradiation on the cobalt nanotube structure has been investigated. It is shown that an increase in the irradiation dose leads to the transformation of the sample crystal structure. This fact can be explained by the simultaneous reduction of the β-Co metastable phase and relaxation of the microstress formed by the fcc phase in the lattice. The degree of sample texturing along the [100] direction increases under electron irradiation. The dependences of the resistive and magnetic properties of cobalt nanotubes on the irradiation dose have been analyzed.     

Planar lattices of magnetic nanoparticles with antiferromagnetic interaction

Square lattices of magnetic nanoparticles undergoing dipole–dipole and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions have been investigated. The main types of equilibrium states with zero and nonzero total magnetic moments have been revealed. It is shown that transitions between different equilibrium states may occur by means of a uniform magnetic field due to the presence of configuration bistability. Orientational transitions between equilibrium states under the action of a magnetic-field pulse on the system and transient oscillation processes have been studied.     

Growth and characterization of Bis Thiourea Zinc Acetate (BTZA)

Single crystals of BTZA have been grown by low temperature solution growth method using slow cooling process at an optimized pH of 3.5. The grown crystals have been examined under an optical microscope to study its surface morphology. The morphological studies show that the growth takes place by spreading of growth layers. Formation of rectangular shaped etch pit on the as‐grown crystal has been explained in relation to the growth conditions. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis has been carried out to confirm the monoclinic system. Transmission spectrum reveals that the crystal has a low UV cut off of 434.5 nm and has a transmittance of 100%. Dependence of micro hardness on load has been studied. Powder X‐ray Diffraction and FT‐IR have been carried out to characterize the grown crystals. BTZA forms metal – sulfur bond and has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is the essential requirement for a non‐linear crystal. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Electrical conduction in ferroelectric lead hydrogen phosphate single crystals

Single crystals of LHP (Lead Hydrogen Phosphate) have been grown using the controlled reaction between lead nitrate and orthophosphoric acid solution by diffusion process in silica gel medium. Transparent crystals upto 6 × 4 × 3 mm³ in size have been grown at room temperature. The d.c. electrical conductivity of both single crystals and pelletized samples of LHP have been studied in the temperature range from 313 to 968 K. It has been observed that: (i) the d.c. conductivity of the crystalline sample is greater than that of thepellet sample, (ii) three distinct electrical conductivity processes have been observed and are interpreted as extrinsic, intrinsic, phase changes, and (iii) the activation energy for the conduction in the crystalline sample is greater than that of the pellet sample. The magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that the paramagnetic characteristic of these materials and the implications are discussed.     

Hydrothermal synthesis of CdSe hierarchical microspheres

CdSe hierarchical microspheres have been successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal route at 120 °C for 16 h via a reaction between CdCl₂ and Na₂SeSO₃ in ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bromide)‐water mixed medium. The structure and morphology of the as‐prepared products have been investigated by XRD and SEM, and the results indicate that the CdSe hierarchical microspheres have wurtzite structures and are self‐assembled by nanorods. It has been found that ionic liquid, reaction temperature, and reaction time have influence on the morphology of the products. The possible growth mechanism of CdSe with special morphology has been discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Basilica of San Marco (Venice,Italy/Byzantine period): Nondestructive investigation on the glass Mosaic Tesserae

Some tesserae of San Marco Basilica (Venice) have been investigated in order to understand the possibilities of non-destructive investigation in the study of glass mosaics. In particular, the tesserae belonging to a mosaic piece coming from the Baptistery (dated about 1340) have been previously investigated by optical microscopy (table and portable) and divided in groups according with their optical appearance. Then the results have been compared with PIGE-PIXE, p-XRF, XPS data and elaborated by PCA. The results show that green tesserae and the “cartellina” (both characterised by low cromophore amounts) can be difficultly studied by portable instruments. On the other side, the red tesserae, although similar from the optical point of view, do not always show the same composition.     

价态和结构对VO2薄膜热致相变光电性能的影响

本文通过合理控制真空还原时间和真空还原温度,利用真空还原V2O5的方法制备出具有优良热致相变性能的VO2薄膜;通过研究不同真空还原时间及真空退火温度对VO2薄膜结构和热致相变过程中光电性能的影响,得到最佳真空还原参数;制备的薄膜高／低温电阻变化最大达3个数量级;900nm波长光透过率在相变前后改变了40％左右,光学特性相变响应参数较大,热致相变性能优良,利用XPS,XRD对不同条件制备薄膜的化学状态和结晶状态进行了研究,结果表明较低温度退火有利于V^5 离子的还原,而升高退火温度可改善结晶状态,退火时间对VO2中结晶状况和V离子价态有显著影响,讨论了离子价态和样品结晶状态对VO2薄膜热相变过程中热滞回线的宽度,相变温度点的影响。