Ultrasound-assisted extraction of water-soluble polysaccharides from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.)

The insoluble plant residues, obtained after preparation of medicinal tinctures from the roots of valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction with aqueous ethanol in a pilot plant, were subsequently treated with hot water to isolate the accessible polysaccharide cell wall components. At almost equal amounts of the hot-water extractable material, the yields of the recovered polysaccharides were lower in the ultrasonical experiment. This is due to the fact that a part of accessible polysaccharides were already solubilised by the aqueous ethanol and recoverable from the medicinal tincture. Therefore, the net yield of extracted polysaccharides was enhanced in the ultrasonical procedure. This fact as well as the sugar composition and structural features of the isolated polysaccharides suggest that ultrasonication have attacked the integrity of cell walls, released and degraded its most accessible polysaccharides (pectic polysaccharides and starch) and increased also the extractibility of its less accessible components--xylan, mannan and glucan. The water-soluble polysaccharide fractions from both the conventional and ultrasonical experiments exhibit significant immunostimulatory activities in mitogenic and comitogenic thymocyte tests.     

超声波强化提取对茯苓水溶性多糖结构影响的研究

以茯苓菌核为原料,采用正交实验法确定超声波辅助热水浸提茯苓水溶性多糖的最佳提取条件,并对超声波辅助提取中药多糖的机理进行初步研究。用苯酚硫酸法测定糖含量,傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团,气相色谱法测定单糖组成,原子力显微镜观察多糖结构,并将测定结果与传统热水法浸提所得茯苓多糖进行对比。实验结果表明:采用超声波辅助热水浸提可以使水溶性茯苓多糖的提取率达到2.71%(传统热水浸提法提取率为1.49%),传统热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPTH)与超声波辅助热水浸提得茯苓多糖(PPUH)具有相同的单糖组成,都包含核糖、木糖、甘露糖、果糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖,二者的红外吸收谱也基本相同,原子力显微镜扫描分析显示,PPTH整体呈现网状结构,而PPUH主要以长短不一的近棒状结构存在。     

白僵蚕多糖的甲醇提取与热水提取工艺的比较

建立了白僵蚕多糖的甲醇提取法,采用正交设计,优化了提取工艺,并采用传统的热水提取法验证了新工艺的应用效果。结果表明,甲醇提取法可以有效的应用于白僵蚕多糖的制备。最佳工艺为:浸提温度55℃,浸提时间4h,提取次数2次,料液比1∶40。甲醇提取法提取的多糖得率为11.21%。而热水提取法的多糖得率为10.14%。甲醇提取法的多糖得率优于热水提取法。     

Ultrasonic extraction of plant materials--investigation of hemicellulose release from buckwheat hulls

Various one- and two-step extraction procedures with and without a short application of ultrasound at the beginning of the extraction were used to examine the effect of sonication on the extractibility of the hemicellulose components of buckwheat hulls. The polysaccharides recovered from the extracts were characterised by yield as well as composition determined by chemical methods and spectroscopic techniques. They comprised a complex of glucuronoxylan and co-extracted amylose-rich starch in various proportions contaminated with other cell wall components (protein, pectic polysaccharides). The hemicellulose fractions obtained by classical and ultrasound-assisted extraction exhibited significant immunomodulatory activities. The increased yield of ultrasonically extracted hemicelluloses, which have preserved their structural and molecular properties as well as immunological activity, confirmed the importance and great potential of ultrasound-assisted extraction of industrially important polysaccharides from different tissues of plant materials.     

热水回流提取香椿叶多糖的工艺研究

研究热水回流提取香椿叶总多糖的工艺条件。单因素考察了原料粒度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比对香椿叶总多糖提取量的影响。以香椿叶总多糖提取量为考察指标,选用L9(34)试验设计对香椿叶总多糖的热水回流提取工艺条件进行优化,并验证最佳工艺条件、确定提取次数。其最佳工艺条件为:在原料粒度约为40目的条件下,提取温度为90℃,提取时间为3h,料液比为1∶25,提取次数为5次。在最佳参数组合下,每克香椿叶可提取总多糖为34.783mg。     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characteristics of maize polysaccharides from different sites

Antitumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties are all exhibited by maize polysaccharides. With the increasing sophistication of maize polysaccharide extraction methods, enzymatic method is no longer limited to a single enzyme to extract polysaccharides, and is more often used in combination with ultrasound or microwave, or combination with different enzymes. Ultrasound has a good cell wall-breaking effect, making it easier to dislodge lignin and hemicellulose from the cellulose surface of the maize husk. The “water extraction and alcohol precipitation” method is the simplest but most resource- and time-consuming process. However, the “ultrasound-assisted extraction” and “microwave-assisted extraction” methods not only compensate for the shortcoming, but also increase the extraction rate. Herein, the preparation, structural analysis, and activities of maize polysaccharides were analyzed and discussed.     

Ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Cercis chinensis and properites,antioxidant activity of polysaccharide

The purpose of the study was to improve the extraction of polysaccharide from the leaves of Cercis chinensis Bunge using ultrasound, and compare the difference between boiling and ultrasound extraction in terms of polysaccharide content, monosaccharide compounds, and evaluate how the factors affected the bioactivity. The best conditions, according to the single factor experiments and the Box-Bohnken design (BBD), were an intensity of ultrasound of 180 W, duration of extraction of 40 min, proportion of water to material of 15:1 (g/g), and a higher polysaccharide yield of 20.02 ± 0.55 (mg/g) than in boiling extraction (16.09 ± 0.82 mg/g). The antioxidative experiment suggested the polysaccharide by ultrasound exhibited higher DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities, and reducing power at 1.2–1.4 mg/mL, which was superior to the boiling polysaccharide. Further analysis showed that the ultrasonic purified polysaccharides like Gla, N-Glu, and GluA contained more total sugar and uronic acids than the boiling method did. This may indicate that the ultrasonic isolation of the polysaccharides increase the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.     

胡萝卜多糖含量的测定

采用热水浸提、乙醇分级沉淀和洗涤等步骤提取胡萝卜中的多糖,通过苯酚-硫酸比色法测定多糖的含量,选择490nm作为检测波长,在5-60μtg范围内葡萄糖质量浓度和吸光度呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.9997,相对标准偏差RSD为1.86％,平均回收率为99.61％,胡萝卜中多糖含量为6.02％.本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可作为胡萝卜多糖含量的测定方法,对于综合开发利用胡萝卜及提高胡萝卜品质的研究能提供一定参考依据.     

粗江蓠多糖的提取及光谱分析

采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖(gracilaria gigas harvey polysaccharides, GHPS),用苯酚-硫酸法测定糖含量,等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP)测多糖中矿物元素的含量,傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析糖类官能团。结果表明：采用热水浸提和乙醇沉淀的方法提取粗江蓠多糖提取率达14.98%,苯酚-硫酸法测得提取物多糖含量为78.2%;ICP测得粗江蓠多糖含Ca,Fe,Mg和S等矿物元素;FTIR分析GHPS有一般糖类物质的特征吸收峰,是一种酸性多糖,同时存在呋喃环和吡喃环。     

蒙药嘎日迪-15中多糖的研究

用热水提取蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖,经SephadexC-25进行提纯精制得纯糖,采用硫酸-苯酚法测定了其水溶性多糖含量。方法的平均回收率为100.50%,RSD为0.82%。用GC测定了蒙药嘎日迪-15中水溶性多糖主要由木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖组成,其摩尔比为1.03∶1.26∶0.77∶2.30 。用溴化钾压片法测得的红外谱图显示多糖的特征吸收峰为3 417.46,2 928.65,1 742.86,1 643.69,1 149.78, 1 078.19, 1 022.56,834.57 cm-1,其中1 078.19和1 022.56 cm-1为吡喃糖特征峰,834.57 cm-1是α-吡喃糖苷键的特征吸收峰。紫外谱图在280 nm处有明显的糖吸收峰,说明有CO键存在。     

Optimization of ultrasonic extraction process of polysaccharides from Ornithogalum Caudatum Ait and evaluation of its biological activities

Ultrasonic extraction technique (UET) was used to extract crude polysaccharides (OCAP) from Ornithogalum Caudatum Ait (OCA), an orthogonal experiment (L(9) (3)(4)) was applied to optimize extraction conditions. Membrane separation technology and gel filtration chromatography were used to fractionate OCAP, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities were evaluated by radical scavenging and spleen lymphocyte proliferation assay. The optimal conditions were determined: extraction time 60min, ultrasound power 500W, ratio of water to raw material 30ml/g and extraction number 3. Under these conditions, the yield of OCAP was 36.77±1.76%. OCAP was fractionated into three major fractions (OCAP-I, OCAP-II and OCAP-II), that all fractions possessed considerable antioxidant activity. OCAP-II and OCAP-III exhibited good immunomodulatory activities. The results indicated that UET is a very useful method for extraction bioactive polysaccharides from plant materials. OCAP could be explored as a potential antioxidant and immunostimulating agent for use in medicine or functional foods.     

Multimode ultrasonic extraction of polysaccharides from maca (Lepidium meyenii): Optimization,purification, and in vitro immunoregulatory activity

This study evaluates the effect of multimodal ultrasound on the extraction efficiency and immunoregulatory activity of polysaccharides from Lepidium meyenii Walp. (LMP). The separation and purification of maca polysaccharides were investigated by the DEAE-52 cellulose column, and the monosaccharide compositions were identified by HPGPC. Their immune activity was analyzed by the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) from RAW 264.7 macrophage. The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were energy aggregation alternation dual-frequency ultrasound (EADU) with frequency combinations of 20/35, extraction time of 15 min, material/water ratio of 1:10 g/mL, ultrasonic power intensity of 150 W/L, intermittent time ratio of 4 s/3 s, and extraction temperature of 50 ℃. The extraction rates of purified polysaccharides (US3) increased by 44.90%. The LMP extracted by EADU contained arabinose, galactose, and glucose in the molar ratios of 2.9:2.72:5.05. In addition, US3 promoted the release of TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW 264.7 better than RS3 (purified polysaccharides extracted by hot water), which indicated that US3 exerted remarkable immune activity. It could be an excellent functional additive in food or medicine.     

大花红景天多糖RCPS分离纯化及单糖组成分析

采用水提醇沉方法提取大花红景天粗多糖RCP(rhodiola crenulata polysaccharide),并通过乙醇分级沉淀,Sevag法脱除蛋白,葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱纯化等手段,得到一种多糖RCPS。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定了总糖含量,UV和IR等方法考察了多糖性质,凝胶渗透色谱-示差检测法测定多糖的纯度及分子量范围及分布,GC法鉴定单糖组成及其摩尔比值。结果表明,多糖RCPS为淡黄色粉末状物质,易溶于水,总糖含量为99.11%。紫外光谱分析显示,在195 nm 波长处有明显吸收峰,在260和280 nm等处无吸收峰,说明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析表明,在3 424.83,2 934.10,1 742.11,1 438.96,1 261.40, 1 103.54,832.86 cm-1处均有明显的多糖特征吸收,主要由鼠李糖,阿拉伯糖,木糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖,半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成,其摩尔比值为1∶2.96∶0.21∶0.26∶0.08∶0.58∶0.15。     

白僵蚕多糖成分的释放方法探讨

白僵蚕是重要的中药材,采用微波辅助法释放白僵蚕的多糖成分。以白僵蚕多糖提取率为评价指标,采用微波辅助法提取分离白僵蚕多糖,用单因素实验法对影响多糖得率的料液比、微波功率、照射时间、提取次数4个因素进行了分析,用正交试验法优化白僵蚕多糖的提取工艺条件,提取白僵蚕多糖成分的最佳条件为：料液比1∶30、微波功率480W、提取次数3次、照射时间60s。在此提取条件下白僵蚕多糖干料的提取率为11.51%。     

南北五味子多糖的提取及清除自由基作用的对比分析

采用水提醇沉法提取五味子中多糖并用分光光度法在620nm波长下测定药物中总多糖的含量,并采用可见分光光度法测定其清除自由基的活力,对比分析南北五味子中多糖与清除自由基作用的相关性.结果显示,五味子中含有丰富的多糖,南北五味子多糖和清除自由基作用存在差异(P＜0.05).测定结果为分析中药抗衰老的药效提供参考资料.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and properties of polysaccharide from Ginkgo biloba leaves

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of Ginkgo biloba leaves polysaccharide (GBLP). The optimum extraction conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of GBLP were obtained as liquid to material ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 340 W, and extraction time of 50 min. Under these conditions, the yield of GBLP was 5.37 %. Two chemically modified polysaccharides, CM-GBLP and Ac-GBLP, were obtained by carboxymethylation and acetylation of GBLP. The physicochemical properties of these three polysaccharides were comparatively studied and their in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated comprehensively. The results showed that the solubility of the chemically modified polysaccharides was significantly enhanced and the in vitro antioxidant activity was somewhat improved. This suggests that carboxymethylation and acetylation are effective methods to enhance polysaccharide properties, but the results exhibited some uncontrollability. At the same time, GBLP has also shown high potential for research and application.     

Effect of ultrasound on the extractibility of corn bran hemicelluloses

Various two-step extraction procedures with and without a short application of ultrasound in the first step were used to examine the effect of sonication on the extractibility and properties of the non-cellulose components of industrial corn bran (CB). The polysaccharides recovered from the extracts of the first (FI) and second (FII) extraction step were characterised by yield and composition. Using water as extractant in the first step, similar yields of total extracted polysaccharides (FI + FII) were obtained by the short sonication treatment when compared to the classical procedures using H2O2-containing alkaline media in the first step. The yields of FI + FII showed a substantial increase (10-40%) after application of ultrasound in 1% and 5% NaOH in comparison to those of the classical procedures. The content of the neutral sugar components constituting the CB xylan varied from 65 to 88 mol% in dependence on the conditions used in the first extraction step.     

蒙成药哈日阿布日-16中多糖的组分和糖含量研究

介绍了提取哈日阿布日-16中水溶性多糖的方法,并用硫酸-苯酚法测定了该药中水溶性多糖的含量。平均回收率为101.1%,RSD为0.94%。用GC测定了哈日阿布日-16中水溶性多糖由岩藻糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖等组成。它们的摩尔比为：0.57∶6.67∶0.46∶6.61∶2.47∶4.80。     

芥菜多糖的研究

采用Sevag法除蛋白和乙醚除脂,再水煮-醇沉法,从芥菜中提取得到浅黄色芥菜粗多糖。苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖含量;UV法及IR法检测多糖性质;自动旋光仪测定旋光度;HPLC鉴定多糖的单糖组分及其相对百分比含量;采用凝胶渗透色谱-激光光散射联用技术(SEC-LLS)分析多糖的分子量范围及其分布。该芥菜多糖,无甜味,易溶于水,总糖含量为98．96%;192 nm处有明显吸收峰,260,280 nm处无吸收峰,证明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析,在3 402,2 926,2 853,1 636,1 400,1 385,1 326, 1 125,757,658,619,559 cm-1处表现为典型的多糖吸收峰;旋光度为+151.5°。糖残基间的苷键可能为α-糖苷键;分子量在1.42×104～2.55×106之间,80%的组分集中在2.1×105左右;芥菜多糖主要由葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和木糖组成,其摩尔比值为21.4∶12.89∶5.6∶4∶2.5。     

白簕多糖的提取工艺和含量比较

经多糖确证性实验首次证明白簕中含有多糖成分,不同部位的多糖含量不同,白簕中茎皮的多糖含量最高。单因素实验法对影响多糖得率的主要因素进行了分析,正交实验优化了多糖提取的工艺条件,研究表明：白簕茎皮中提取多糖类成分的最佳条件为：辐射时间60s、料液比1∶20、醇沉浓度70%、提取次数3次。在最佳条件下总多糖的含量为6.28mg/g。