分子筛骨架结构和酸性对其甲醇制烯烃(MTO)催化性能影响研究进展

甲醇制烯烃(MTO)作为一条由煤、天然气及生物质等含碳资源制备重要化学品的非石油路线,近年来备受人们关注。分子筛作为MTO的催化剂,其催化性能和MTO反应行为与其骨架结构和酸性特征密切相关,而认识这些关系对研发新型高效MTO催化剂和改进反应工艺具有重要意义。为此,研究简述了近年来有关甲醇转化制烯烃过程中分子筛催化活性及反应机理的理论和实验研究进展。重点讨论了不同分子筛在MTO过程中烃池物种、反应路线以及催化动力学方面的差异,分析了分子筛催化剂的骨架结构及酸性对其MTO催化性能的影响。     

HZSM-5分子筛上甲醇制烯烃典型产物的传质行为研究

分子筛催化甲醇制烯烃反应(MTO)是典型的扩散主导反应过程,运用频率响应技术系统研究了几种典型产物分子(乙烯/乙烷、丙烯/丙烷、苯)在HZSM-5分子筛上的扩散行为。结果表明,频率响应法成功辨析了不同产物分子的传质规律,证实C2和C3烃分子在HZSM-5微孔孔道内具有相近的扩散速率,但由于受晶体表面阻碍效应影响不同,乙烷分子可自由进出HZSM-5分子筛孔道,而丙烷分子则受到较显著的微孔孔道扩散限制。另外,苯分子的扩散速率显著小于C2和C3分子,且苯分子受晶体表面阻抗效应的影响较小。本研究结果可用于解释HZSM-5分子筛在MTO反应中产物选择性的特点及表面结焦原因,进而从传质角度为高活性、选择性以及稳定性的高效甲醇转化制烃催化剂的定向开发提供理论指导。     

调变 MTO反应中双循环机理的比重：ZSM-5分子筛上不同接触时间的作用

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯和丁烯)是重要的有机化工原料,是现代石油化工的基础,主要通过石脑油裂解和烷烃脱氢制备。现阶段我国原油对外依存度已超过60%,“多煤、缺油、少气”的能源现状决定了以煤或天然气为原料经甲醇制取石化产品成为一种重要的替代途径。甲醇制取低碳烯烃(MTO)过程成为连接煤化工和石油化工的桥梁。 ZSM-5分子筛以其高效的甲醇转化能力、优异的低碳烯烃选择性和出色的抗积碳性能成为非常理想的 MTO反应催化剂。研究发现 ZSM-5分子筛催化 MTO反应过程中,乙烯的生成规律与其它 C3–C7链状烯烃不一致,认为乙烯主要来源于芳烃缩环/扩环循环,而 C3–C7链状烯烃主要来源于烯烃甲基化/裂解循环,两种循环同时存在。本文于300°C在 ZSM-5分子筛上进行 MTO反应,通过考察不同空速(WHSV)条件下的 MTO反应性能和分析催化剂内留存物种的生成和所起的作用,研究甲醇转化机理。气相流出物种和催化剂内留存物种的分析表明, ZSM-5分子筛催化 MTO反应时遵循双循环机理——以多甲基苯和多甲基环戊二烯为主要活性物种的芳烃循环机理和以链状烯烃为主要活性物种的烯烃循环机理。在双循环机理中,芳烃循环和烯烃循环并不是简单叠加,而是相互影响,芳烃循环产生的烯烃可以作为烯烃循环的活性物种促进烯烃循环,烯烃循环中较高级的烯烃经过环化、氢转移作用,能够转化成富氢的烷烃和贫氢的芳烃、环戊二烯物种,贫氢的芳烃和环戊二烯物种又可以作为芳烃循环的主要物种促进芳烃循环的进行。氢转移反应是联系烯烃循环和芳烃循环的重要过程,与反应过程中原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间有关,12C/13C甲醇切换实验揭示了双循环机理与氢转移反应的相关性,通过调变原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间,可以调变氢转移反应的剧烈程度,进而对催化剂上芳烃循环和烯烃循环的甲醇转化能力产生不同的影响。当空速较低时,进料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间较长,有利于产物烯烃的氢转移反应,加速了分子筛催化剂上芳烃物种和环戊二烯物种的生成和累积,促进了芳烃循环,主要由芳烃循环生成的乙烯和多甲基苯的气相选择性提高;反之,当空速较高时,进料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间减少,产物烯烃的氢转移反应受到抑制,氢转移反应的产物——芳烃和环戊二烯物种的生成数量和累积速率降低,芳烃循环活性不高,使得烯烃循环成为甲醇转化的主要途径, C3–C7烯烃显示出更高的活性,在气相流出物种中的选择性也更高。总之,原料甲醇与催化剂床层的接触时间能够显著影响催化剂内留存物种的生成和累积,进而改变两种循环的比重。这些发现对于实现 ZSM-5分子筛催化 MTO反应过程中的产物烯烃和芳烃的选择性调控具有重要意义。     

晶粒大小对ZSM-5分子筛甲醇制低碳烯烃催化性能的影响

对三种HZSM-5分子筛进行Ca改性,获得两组酸性接近的催化剂,考察了晶粒大小对甲醇制低碳烯烃(MTO)反应的影响。通过进一步与Na改性的比较,探讨了Ca在催化反应中的作用。采用扫描电镜(SEM)测定晶粒大小及形貌,氨气程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)及吡啶红外吸附(Py-IR)表征催化剂的酸性。MTO催化性能测定结果表明,HZSM-5的低碳烯烃选择性较低且下降较快,催化活性降低也快;Ca改性降低酸性,提高了低碳烯烃选择性和催化稳定性;晶粒大小主要影响催化稳定性,小晶粒分子筛催化剂稳定性更好。高Ca含量改性效果更好;钠改性也提高了低碳烯烃选择性,但其稳定性较差。对于HZSM-5和Ca/HZSM-5,小晶粒的催化剂具有较好的催化稳定性。提出Ca参与了催化反应,MTO是一个酸碱协同作用的催化过程。     

Highly efficient C-H insertion reactions of hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous methyltrioxorhenium systems in ionic liquids

A convenient and efficient C-H insertion reaction of environment friendly H₂O₂ into representative hydrocarbon derivatives by homogeneous methyltrioxorhenium (MTO), heterogeneous poly(4-vinylpyridine)/methyltrioxorhenium (PVP/MTO) and microencapsulated polystyrene/methyltrioxorhenium (PS/MTO) systems in ionic liquids, is described. In some cases a higher activity was observed if compared with the same reaction in molecular solvents. The heterogeneous catalysts are stable systems under the reaction conditions and can be recycled for more transformations.     

Immobilization of organorhenium(VII) oxides

In the last decade considerable progress has been made in research on organorhenium(VII) oxide catalysts, particularly with respect to methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO). Heterogeneous systems have been developed with particular emphasis on the supporting systems including inorganic and organic carrier materials. As a result efficient and reasonably selective catalysts are now available for a variety of catalytic reactions like olefin epoxidation in particular and other oxidation reactions, metathesis, etc. Besides the MTO/UHP system, polymer supports for the organometallic catalysts are now also successfully applicable. The systems exhibit in several cases the required properties of stability, selectivity, activity and recyclability.     

通过SAPO-34分子筛笼中引入金属物种提升甲醇制烯烃反应中乙烯选择性

低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯)是化学工业极其重要的基本原料.甲醇制烯烃(MTO)反应是重要的烯烃生产石油替代路线.其中,磷酸硅铝类SAPO-34分子筛在MTO反应中表现出优异的低碳烯烃选择性.与丙烯相比,乙烯具有更高的经济附加值,因此提升MTO反应中乙烯的选择性有着重要的意义.本文采用传统离子交换法(CIE)、模板辅助离子引入法(TII)和醇相离子交换法(AIE)对SAPO-34分子筛进行金属Zn、Cu改性,利用多种表征手段对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的物理结构、化学组成、金属物种状态与分布、酸性及扩散性质等进行表征.首先,对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的物理结构和化学组成进行分析.X射线衍射表明,相比AIE法,CIE法和TII法改性基本保持SAPO-34分子筛的结晶度.X射线荧光分析表明,相比Co、Ni,金属Zn、Cu更易引入SAPO-34分子筛.N2物理吸附-脱附表明,CIE法改性能够保持SAPO-34分子筛的BET比表面积和微孔孔容.其次,考察了金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中金属物种的状态.氢气-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,Zn物种主要以孤立态的Zn2+阳离子形式存在.H2-TPR、XPS、紫外-可见光谱和电子顺磁共振谱结果表明,Cu物种主要以孤立态的Cu2+阳离子以及部分CuO形式存在.继而对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中金属物种的分布进行表征.XPS表明,Zn阳离子改性的SAPO-34表层富硅、富Zn,呈类核壳结构;XPS和扫描式电镜-能量色散X射线光谱结果表明,Cu物种在Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中均匀分布.进一步研究了金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛中酸性的变化.氨气-程序升温脱附和核磁共振氢谱结果表明,Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34酸性位点的酸量降低.最后,对金属Zn、Cu改性SAPO-34分子筛的扩散性质进行分析.智能重量分析表明,Zn、Cu阳离子的引入降低探针分子(乙烷、丙烷)的扩散系数,推断Zn、Cu阳离子的引入增加对MTO反应产物的扩散限制.热重表明,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34分子筛反应初期积炭量略微增加.综上所述,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34催化剂表层富硅、富Zn,呈现类核壳结构.Zn阳离子的引入增加对MTO反应产物的扩散限制,而且Zn阳离子的引入促进MTO反应初始阶段的碳沉积.因此,Zn阳离子改性SAPO-34分子筛显著增加MTO反应产物的扩散限制,对分子尺寸较大的反应产物的扩散限制更为明显,从而提高MTO反应初始阶段的乙烯选择性,增大乙烯/丙烯比.     

Direct Detection of Supramolecular Reaction Centers in the Methanol‐to‐Olefins Conversion over Zeolite H‐ZSM‐5 by 13C–27Al Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy

Hydrocarbon‐pool chemistry is important in methanol to olefins (MTO) conversion on acidic zeolite catalysts. The hydrocarbon‐pool (HP) species, such as methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations, confined in zeolite channels during the reaction are essential in determining the reaction pathway. Herein, we experimentally demonstrate the formation of supramolecular reaction centers composed of organic hydrocarbon species and the inorganic zeolite framework in H‐ZSM‐5 zeolite by advanced ¹³C–²⁷Al double‐resonance solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. Methylbenzenes and cyclic carbocations located near Brønsted acid/base sites form the supramolecular reaction centers in the zeolite channel. The internuclear spatial interaction/proximity between the ¹³C nuclei (associated with HP species) and the ²⁷Al nuclei (associated with Brønsted acid/base sites) determines the reactivity of the HP species. The closer the HP species are to the zeolite framework Al, the higher their reactivity in the MTO reaction.     

脱铝丝光分子筛应用于MTP反应:Al的落位和晶体形貌的影响

甲醇制烯烃/丙烯工艺(MTO/MTP)是当前煤基碳资源绿色催化转化的重要过程之一.在MTO/MTP工艺中,分子筛通常面临低碳烯烃选择性低、水热稳定性差和寿命短等挑战.开发高选择性和高稳定性的分子筛催化剂对煤基乙烯/丙烯等化学品的工业生产具有重要意义.本文选择了具有12元环孔道的低硅丝光分子筛(Si/Al=6)为母体,对...     

Control of Surface Barriers in Mass Transfer to Modulate Methanol-to-Olefins Reaction over SAPO-34 Zeolites

Mass transfer of guest molecules has a significant impact on the applications of nanoporous crystalline materials and particularly shape-selective catalysis over zeolites. Control of mass transfer to alter reaction over zeolites, however, remains an open challenge. Recent studies show that, in addition to intracrystalline diffusion, surface barriers represent another transport mechanism that may dominate the overall mass transport rate in zeolites. We demonstrate that the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction can be modulated by regulating surface permeability in SAPO-34 zeolites with improved chemical liquid deposition and acid etching. Our results explicitly show that the reduction of surface barriers can prolong catalyst lifetime and promote light olefins selectivity, which opens a potential avenue for improving reaction performance by controlling the mass transport of guest molecules in zeolite catalysis.     

手性双哌啶衍生物用于甲基三氧化铼催化烯烃不对称环氧化反应

以N-烷基-4-哌啶酮为原料,制备了几个手性双哌啶衍生物配体.以尿素-过氧化氢复合物(UHP)为氧化剂,甲醇为溶剂,将这些配体用于甲基三氧化铼(MTO)催化的前手性烯烃的环氧化反应,考察了各种反应参数对催化剂催化性能的影响.结果表明,手性双哌啶衍生物的加入可降低MTO的催化活性,但可提高环氧化物的选择性;这些配体对前手性烯烃的环氧化反应有较低的手性诱导作用,对映体过量值(ee值)只有4%-11%.讨论了对映选择性低的原因.     

Structured Catalysts Prepared by Electroless Plating Technique onto a Metal Substrate, for a Wall-Type Hydrogen Production System

This article reviews our works on the structured catalysts for a wall-type hydrogen production system including methanol steam reforming (MSR), CO shift reaction (CO SR) and methanol decomposition (MD). The structured catalysts were copper-based, palladium-based and nickel-based catalysts. Such a series of structured catalysts were prepared by the electroless plating technique that is a novel method for preparing a structured type catalyst onto a metal-substrate. The copper-based catalyst exhibited high performance for MSR and CO SR, the palladium-based catalyst high for MSR, and the nickel-based catalyst high for MD. The catalytic properties of these catalysts were affected by the difference of the plating condition and the pretreatment condition prior to the reaction. In the copper-based catalyst, the reforming and shift activities were enhanced by the oxidation treatment. One of the factors of such activity enhancement by the oxidation was thought to be in close proximity existence of copper and zinc atoms. A lot of monodentate-type formate species having high reactivity was formed on the oxidized catalyst, which would be correlated to the activity enhancement. In the palladium-based catalyst, the reforming activity was improved by the continuous reduction treatment followed by the oxidation. Such continuous pretreatment formed the PdZn alloy species thought to be a reforming site in the surface layer. The decomposition performance of the nickel-based catalyst depended on the ratio of the crystallite size of nickel particles to that of aluminum particles. The electronic influence of zinc and phosphorous components incorporated in the plated layer contributed to the improvement of the selectivity of product.     

新型高效催化剂: 甲基三氧化铼(MTO)的研究进展

甲基三氧化铼(Methyltrioxorhenium,简称MTO)是近十几年来涌现出来的一种高效过渡金属有机催化剂。本文详细介绍了MTO的物理,化学性质,系统地总结了近年来MTO对各类有机反应的催化作用以及催化机理的理论和实验研究。并对未来MTO催化反应的研究作了展望。     

On the way to chiral epoxidations with methyltrioxorhenium(VII) derived catalysts

Methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO) is successfully applied as chiral epoxidation catalysts in the presence of H₂O₂ as oxidizing agent and excess chiral Lewis base ligands derived from pyrazole. Moderate enantiomeric excesses up to ca. 30% can be reached at low reaction temperatures (−30 °C), the conversions however, being quite low (<25%). The reason for this may be the fluctionality of the N-base ligand. Glycolate complexes of MTO, applied under the same conditions reach somewhat higher enantiomeric excesses (up to ca. 40%), however, again associated with low conversions (<30%). In this case the sensitivity of the catalyst to water induced ligand removal as well as to ligand exchange with other diols is the most likely reason. Nevertheless, the enantiomeric excesses reported here are among the best observed for MTO derived catalytic systems reported to date and more active and selective systems seem feasible.     

Methyltrioxorhenium catalysed epoxidations: A comparative study of different N-donor ligands

This report presents a comparative study on the influence of various N-donor ligands coordinated to methyltrioxorhenium (MTO) on the catalytic activity of olefin epoxidation. A monodentate (4-tert-butylpyridine), a bidentate (4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine) and a Schiff-base ligand were chosen for the coordination to MTO. This report is supposed to act as a benchmark for past and future results in this type of catalysis. Until now, unfortunately, the results are often difficult to compare due to varying sets of reaction conditions. In the present examination, identical reaction conditions were applied to find the optimum in performance. Accordingly, (i) ligand concentration, (ii) reaction temperature, (iii) catalyst concentration, (iv) olefin and (v) the solvent were varied. For labile olefins such as trans-β-methylstyrene, both the monodentate and the bidentate pyridine derivates show very good selectivities and activities with a MTO/ligand ratio of 1:5 at 25 °C. The Schiff-base is only a useful additive for the epoxidation of cyclooctene. Due to phase transfer effects it is difficult to compare two-phase systems (solvent dichloromethane (DCM)) to one-phase systems (solvent tert-butanol). A correlation between rotation speed of the stirrer and the turnover frequency was observed.     

Tuning the product selectivity of SAPO-18 catalysts in MTO reaction via cavity modification

The AEI cavity of SAPO-18 catalyst was modified with zinc cations with the conventional ion exchange procedure. The cavity modification effectively tunes the product selectivity, and shifts the products from mainly propylene to comparable production of ethylene and propylene in methanol to olefin (MTO) reaction. The incorporation of zinc ions and the generation of bicyclic aromatic species in the AEI cavity of SAPO-18 catalysts introduce additional diffusion hindrance that exert greater influence on the relatively bulky products (e.g. propylene and higher olefins), which increase the selectivity to small-sized products (e.g. ethylene). It appears that the incorporated zinc cations facilitate the generation of lower methylbenzenes which promote the generation of ethylene. The cavity modification via incorporating zinc ions effectively tunes the product selectivity over SAPO molecular sieves with relatively larger cavity, which provides a novel strategy to develop the potential alternative to SAPO-34 catalysts for industrial MTO reaction.     

Initial Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation during the Early Stages of the Methanol‐to‐Olefin Process Proven by Zeolite‐Trapped Acetate and Methyl Acetate

Methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) catalysis is a very active field of research because there is a wide variety of sometimes conflicting mechanistic proposals. An example is the ongoing discussion on the initial C?C bond formation from methanol during the induction period of the MTO process. By employing a combination of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy with UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry on an active H‐SAPO‐34 catalyst, we provide spectroscopic evidence for the formation of surface acetate and methyl acetate, as well as dimethoxymethane during the MTO process. As a consequence, new insights in the formation of the first C?C bond are provided, suggesting a direct mechanism may be operative, at least in the early stages of the MTO reaction.     

介孔量对梯级孔丝光沸石催化二甲醚羰基化反应性能的影响

本研究通过调整聚乙二醇（PEG 1450）的添加量制备了介孔量不同的梯级孔丝光沸石，并分别对其结构和二甲醚羰基化反应性能进行了表征和评价。结果表明，通过提高PEG1450加入量的方式可以提高丝光沸石的介孔量，但PEG 1450的添加量过高时不利于介孔的形成。当引入的介孔量适宜时丝光沸石能够保持原有的结构，强酸中心数量增多、弱酸和中强酸数量降低，二甲醚的传质效率和二甲醚羰化反应催化性能明显提高。受传质过程和酸分布的影响，梯级孔丝光沸石催化剂上二甲醚羰化反应活性明显改善，二甲醚转化率升高、单程寿命延长，重积炭的形成明显受到抑制。PEG1450的最优添加量为丝光沸石合成时凝胶质量的2%。     

VOCs催化燃烧整体式催化剂及涂层材料研究进展

催化燃烧法是当前处理VOCs最具有发展前景的技术之一,其技术的关键在于催化剂。整体式催化剂具有优异的传质、良好的热稳定性、高比表面积、床层压降低、催化效率高、机械性能好、易于装卸和维修等特点,是目前实现工业VOCs治理最佳的催化剂。本文概述了用于VOCs催化燃烧反应的整体式催化剂及其涂层材料的研究现状,并展望了未来的发展趋势。