Determination of transition probability for the 655-nm Tl line

Studies of high-presure Hg-TlI a.c. (50 Hz) arc plasmas have been used to verify the validity of Boltzmann statistics at the moment of maximum electron density (5 ms) by applying LTE criteria. For a known plasma temperature, the transition probability of the optically-thin 655-nm line of Tl was derived from emission measurements by using the self-reversed 535-nm line of Tl as reference [A₆₅₅ = (3.74±0.37) × 10⁶ s^-1].     

Simulation of the contours of spectral lines of closed-ARC radiation

Simulated contours of self-reversed lines of Tl at 535 nm (7²S_1/2−6²P_3/2) and 378 nm (7²S_1/2-6²P_1/2) in alternating-current closed-arc radiation in mercury vapor with an addition of Tll were compared with experimental contours. It is shown that while a single self-reversed contour has many different sets of model parameters that ensure coincidence of experimental and calculated profiles, in the case of operation with a large data file of contours that correspond to different directions of observation along chords perpendicular to the discharge axis, and with different lines that have a common level, such a set of parameters becomes virtually unique. Instantaneous spatial distributions of Hg and Tl atoms in the ground state and of Tl atoms in the 6²P_3/2 state are determined and the parameters of the van der Waals broadening of the 7²S_1/2 level are found. It is shown that a considerable “red” shift of absorption contours in the outer layers of the discharge is observed. The results obtained contradict the presumed existence of local thermodynamic equilibrium in the given discharge. Reported at the Conference “Plasma Physics and Plasma Technologies,” Minsk, September 15–19, 1997 Petrozavodsk State University, 33, Lenin Ave, Petrozavodsk, 185640, Russia. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 65, No. 5, pp. 761–768, September–October, 1998.     

Nuclear moments of the neutron-deficient thallium isotopes

The nuclear moments of the neutron-deficient^187,188Tl isotopes were determined by measuring the hyperfine structure splittings of the λ=535 nm line in neutral thallium. An optical efficiency of 2×10⁻⁴ photons per radioactive ion was achieved using collinear fast beam laser spectroscopy with a large solid angle fiber optical array detector. Most of the moments can be interpreted fairly well in the single particle model.     

Stimulated emission in thallium iodide vapour pumped with an ArF flashlamp

Thallium iodide has been photodissociated with the radiation of an ArF flashlamp excited by a longitudinal discharge. Stimulated emission from atomic thallium on the transition at 535 nm is demonstrated. The pulse-form has been analysed and the dependence of the emission on the pump power has been measured. Parameters of the flashlamp and the laser output are compared with a computer stimulation of the laser process.     

邻羟基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯与铊(Ⅲ)的显色反应及其应用

本文研究了邻羟基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯 (O HDAA)与Tl(Ⅲ )的显色反应。在TritonX 10 0和十二烷基苯磺酸钠 (SDBS)存在下 ,于 0 5 4～ 1 1mol·L-1氨水介质中 ,试剂与Tl(Ⅲ )形成 1∶5的稳定红色配合物 ,其最大吸收波长位于 5 2 0nm处 ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 1 4× 10 5L·mol-1·cm-1。Tl(Ⅲ )量在 0～ 6 0 0 μg·L-1之间符合朗伯 比耳定律。已用于直接测定水样及经泡沫塑料吸附分离后测定地质样品中的痕量铊 ,结果满意     

Lattice-vibration spectra of paradibromobenzene nanoparticles

The experimental low-frequency Raman spectra of paradibromobenzene nanoparticles of 400-60 nm in size have been recorded. The line frequencies decrease with a decrease in the nanoparticle size and the line half-widths change as well. The nanoparticle sizes have been determined with an electron microscope. The nanoparticle structure has been modeled by the molecular-dynamics method and the histograms of lattice-vibration spectra has been calculated by the Dean method. When the nanoparticle sizes change from 400 to 60 nm the lattice parameter along the crystallographic axis a increase, while the parameters along the two other axes decrease. Overall, the nanoparticle structure is similar to that of paradibromobenzene single crystals.     

On the Stark broadening of the He I 447.1 nm spectral line

Characteristics of the Stark broadened and overlapping 447.1 nm He I spectral line and its forbidden 447.0 nm components have been measured at electron densities between 4.4×10²² m^-3 and 8.2×10²² m^-3 and electron temperatures between 18 000 K and 33 000 K in plasmas created in five various discharge conditions using the low pressure pulsed arc as an optically thin plasma source operated in helium-nitrogen-oxygen gas mixture. Good agreement was found among our measured line characteristics and their existing calculated values, based on the quasistatic approximation. Possible influence of the singly ionized oxygen impurity atoms (O II) on the intensity values of the dip between allowed and forbidden components was found that can explain the disagreement among some existing experimental and calculated line characteristics data, at higher electron temperatures and densities. On the basis of the observed asymmetry of the 447.1 nm spectral line profile we have obtained the ion contribution parameter at 10²² m^-3 electron density and 8 000 K electron temperature. Received 20 February 2001 and Received in final form 25 April 2001     

Nuclear moments and the change in the mean square charge radius of neutron deficient thallium isotopes

The hyperfine structure, isotope and isomeric shifts in the atomic transition 6p ² P _3/2–7s ² S _1/2, =535 nm have been measured for theI=7 andI=2 states of^{190, 192, 194, 196}Tl; theI=1/2 andI=9/2 states of¹⁹¹Tl and the I=7 isomer of¹⁸⁸Tl. The thallium isotopes were prepared as fast atomic beams at the GSI on-line mass separator following fusion reactions and — in some cases — subsequent-decay. The nuclear dipole moments, electric quadrupole moments and the change in the nuclear mean square charge radius are evaluated. Theuu-isotopes show an isomeric shift which changes sign between¹⁹²Tl and¹⁹⁴Tl.Dedicated to P. Armbruster on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Cw laser generation on Tl II in a hollow-cathode Ne-Tl discharge

Intense cw laser generation in a Ne-Tl hollow-cathode discharge on Tl II 594.9 nm line is obtained for the first time. line is obtained for the first time. Maximum laser power is obtained at 14 Torr neon pressure and Tl vapor temperature from 610°C to 700°C. The dependence of the output laser power on buffer gas pressure, discharge current and temperature is investigated.     

Thermal Nonequilibrium of a Free-Burning Argon Arc Plasma

The axial distributions of the electron temperature and number density of a free-burning atmospheric argon arc plasma at 15 Amps have been measured using a Thomson scattering technique. In addition, the excitation temperature of singly ionized argon has been found spectroscopically by relative line intensity method. The results are presented in terms of the degree of electron temperature nonequilibrium as compared with the calculated Saha equilibrium temperature and with the measured ionic excitation temperature along the axis of the arc. The observed temperatures are discussed with respect to the theoretical ion-like particle temperature and to the effect of electrode geometry.     

On the luminescence of TlCl+KCl phosphor

The measurements on the luminescence spectra of TlCl+KCl mixed phosphor under low energy cathode rays at 80° K have been presented here. The reflectance as well as excitation spectra of this mixed phosphors have also been studied. The X-ray diffraction studies of the samples along with the optical studies show that the mixed phosphor consists of two phases: (1) KCl:Tl (2) TlCl:K. It has been observed that the emission bands due to thallous chloride are gradually quenched with the increase in potassium chloride content of the phosphor; further, the emission bands supposed to be due to KCl:Tl phosphors gradually appear. Since some of the emission bands obtained with KCl:Tl phosphors at high thallium content are also present in the luminescence spectra of thallous chloride it is suggested that such bands should be attributed to undissociated thallous chloride present in KCl:Tl phosphor. The quenching of thallous chloride emission by the incorporation of potassium chloride in the system has been explained as being due to the absence of stoichiometric excess of thallium in such mixed system. The results also show that the absorption spectra of the mixed system is determined by the minor components KCl:Tl. This indicates that the absorption spectra of KCl:Tl phosphor should not be affected by the presence of undissociated thallous chloride.     

Radial characteristics of radiation of high-frequency electrodeless lamps

The radial dependences of the radiative characteristics of high-frequency electrodeless lamps (HFELs) using as a working medium either a mixture of mercury and argon or helium have been investigated in experiments and numerical simulations. The intensities of the mercury line at a wavelength of 546.1 nm and the helium line at 587.6 nm have been measured. The measurements were conducted at different points lying on the central chord of the circular end of a cylindrical lamp. As the power of the pumping generator increases, a decrease in the radiation intensity near the axis of the discharge in a mercury vapor HFEL is observed, while, in the helium lamp, on the contrary, the intensity increases. On the basis of models of HFELs developed earlier, we have calculated the radial dependences of the radiation intensity of the mercury line at 546.1 nm and the helium line at 587.6 nm. A satisfactory agreement with the data of experimental measurements has been attained. A comparative analysis has been carried out, and an explanation has been proposed for the difference in the observed radial intensity profiles of these two lines.     

On the origin of the visible emission in KBr:Tl and KCl:Tl crystals

The intensity of the visible emission of KBr:Tl at 440 nm is shown to increase linearly with the absorption in the A₁ band at 4.64 eV (267 nm). The latter band increased with the square of the Tl⁺ ions concentration, which supports its assignment to thallium dimers. Similarities in behavior between the 440 nm emission of KBr:Tl and the 475 nm emission of KCl:Tl suggest that the latter is also related to dimers. This is supported by the superlinear dependence of this emission on the Tl⁺ ion concentration. Deviations ofthe superlinearity from the square dependence expected for dimers is explained by the overlap between the weak dimer absorption and the very strong A-band.The 440 nm emission of KBr:Tl was found to be excited only in the A₁ component of the dimer absorption and not in the stronger A₂ component. This indicates that the emission process may be compound.     

Laser-based optical emission studies of barium plasma

We present the optical emission characteristics of the barium plasma produced at the surface of barium hydroxide Ba(OH)₂, also known as baryta, generated by the first harmonic (1,064 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The laser beam was focused on target material by placing it in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral barium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser energy. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser energy as well as its variation with distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as laser energy increases.     

压强对介质阻挡放电中八边形结构等离子体温度的影响

利用水电极介质阻挡放电装置,在氩气和空气的混合气体中,首次观察到了由点和线组成的八边形结构。采用发射光谱法,研究了八边形结构中的点和线的等离子体温度随压强的变化关系。利用氮分子第二正带系(C3Π_u→B3Π几_g)的发射谱线,计算了点和线的分子振动温度;通过氮分子离子391.4 nm和氮分子394.1 nm两条发射谱线的相对强度比,研究了点和线的电子平均能量大小变化;利用氩原子763.26 nm(2P₆→1S₅)和772.13 nm(2P₂→1S₃)两条谱线强度比法,得到了点和线的电子激发温度。实验发现：在同一压强条件下,线比点的分子振动温度、电子平均能量以及电子激发温度均高;随着气体压强从40 kPa增大到60 kPa,点和线的分子振动温度、电子平均能量以及电子激发温度均减小。     

Spectroscopic studies of sodium nitrate plasma produced by nanosecond laser ablation

We present the optical emission characteristics of the sodium plasma produced at the surface of sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) also known as Chile saltpeter. We used a Q-switched Nd:YAG (Quantel Brilliant) pulsed laser having a pulse duration of 5?ns and 10?Hz repetition rate which is capable of delivering 400?mJ at 1064?nm and 200?mJ at 532?nm. The target material was placed in front of laser beam in air (atmospheric pressure). The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral sodium have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying the distance from the target surface along the line of propagation of the plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. Besides, we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser irradiance as well as its variation with the distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increase as the laser irradiance is increased.     

2-羟基-5-磺酸基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯与铊(Ⅲ)显色反应的分光光度法研究

研究了 2 羟基 5 磺酸基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯 (HSDAA)与铊 (Ⅲ )的显色反应 ,在TritonX 10 0存在下和 0 72～ 0 99mol·L-1 氨水介质中 ,铊 (Ⅲ )与HSDAA有高灵敏的显色反应 ,生成 1∶2红色配合物 ,最大吸收波长在 516nm处 ,铊量在 0～ 0 8mg·L-1 范围内符合比尔定律 ,表观摩尔吸光系数为 1 0 4× 10 5L·mol-1 ·cm-1 。在体系中加入酒石酸钠和氰化钠 ,可大大提高试剂的选择性 ,已用于合成水样中痕量铊的直接测定 ,结果令人满意     

气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性的影响

环境气体的压强对激光诱导等离子体特性有重要影响.基于发射光谱法开展了气体压强对纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体特性影响的研究,探讨了气体压强对空气等离子体发射光谱强度、电子温度和电子密度的影响.实验结果表明,在10-100 kPa空气压强条件下,空气等离子体发射光谱中的线状光谱和连续光谱依赖于气体压强变化,且原子谱线和离子谱线强度随气体压强的变化有明显差别.随着空气压强增大,激光击穿作用区域的空气密度增加,造成激光诱导击穿空气几率升高,从而等离子体辐射光谱强度增大.空气等离子体膨胀区域空气的约束作用,增加了等离子体内粒子间的碰撞几率以及能量交换几率,并且使离子-电子-原子的三体复合几率增加,因此造成原子谱线OⅠ777.2 nm与NⅠ821.6 nm谱线强度随着气体压强增大而增大,在80 kPa时谱线强度最高,随后谱线强度缓慢降低.而离子谱线N Ⅱ 500.5 nm谱线强度在40 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于40 kPa后,谱线强度随压强增加而逐渐降低.空气等离子体电子密度均随压强升高而增大,在80 kPa后增长速度变缓.等离子体电子温度在30 kPa时达到最大值,气体压强大于30 kPa后,等离子体电子温度逐渐降低.研究结果可为不同海拔高度的激光诱导空气等离子体特性的研究提供重要实验基础,为今后激光大气传输、大气组成分析提供重要的技术支持.     

Quantitative studies of copper plasma using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

In the present work, we present the spatial evolution of the copper plasma produced by the fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) and second harmonic (532 nm) of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral copper have been used to extract the electron temperature using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas, the electron number density has been determined from the Stark broadening. Besides we have studied the variation of electron temperature and electron number density as a function of laser energy at atmospheric pressure. The Cu I lines at 333.78, 406.26, 465.11 and 515.32 nm are used for the determination of electron temperature. The relative uncertainty in the determination of electron temperature is ≈10%. The electron temperature calculated for the fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) of Nd:YAG laser is 10500–15600 K, and that for the second harmonic (532 nm) of Nd:YAG laser is 11500–14700 K at a Q Switch delay of 40 μs. The electron temperature has also been calculated as a function of laser energy from the target surface for both modes of the laser. We have also studied the spatial behavior of the electron number density in the plume. The electron number densities close to the target surface (0.05 mm), in the case of fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) of Nd:YAG laser having pulse energy 135 mJ and second harmonic (532 nm) of Nd:YAG laser with pulse energy 80 mJ are 2.50×10¹⁶ and 2.60×10¹⁶ cm⁻³, respectively.     

Optical emission studies of sulphur plasma using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

We present the optical emission studies of sulphur (S) plasma generated by the first (1064 nm) and second (532 nm) wavelengths of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The target material was placed in front of laser beam in air at atmospheric pressure. The experimentally observed line profiles of neutral sulphur have been used to extract the electron temperature (T _e ) using the Boltzmann plot method, whereas the electron number density (N _e ) has been determined from the Stark broadening. The electron temperature is calculated by varying, distance from, the target surface along the line of propagation of plasma plume and also by varying the laser irradiance. Beside we have studied the variation of number density as a function of laser irradiance as well as its variation with distance from the target surface. It is observed that electron temperature and electron number density increases as laser irradiance is increased.