A micro scale geometrically non-linear Timoshenko beam model based on strain gradient elasticity theory

In this study, a micro scale non-linear Timoshenko beam model based on a general form of strain gradient elasticity theory is developed. The von Karman strain tensor is used to capture the geometric non-linearity. Governing equations of motion and boundary conditions are derived using Hamilton's principle. For some specific values of the gradient-based material parameters, the general beam formulation can be specialized to those based on simple forms of strain gradient elasticity. Accordingly, a simple form of the microbeam formulation is introduced. In order to investigate the behavior of the beam formulation, the problem of non-linear free vibration of a simply-supported microbeam is solved. It is shown that both strain gradient effect and that of geometric non-linearity increase the beam natural frequency. Numerical results reveal that for a microbeam with a thickness comparable to its material length scale parameter, the effect of strain gradient is higher than that of the geometric non-linearity. However, as the beam thickness increases, the difference between the results of the classical beam formulation and those of the gradient-based formulations become negligible. In other words, geometric non-linearity plays the essential role on increasing the natural frequency of a microbeam having a large thickness-to-length parameter ratio. In addition, it is shown that for some microbeams, both geometric non-linearity and size effect have significant contributions on increasing the natural frequency of non-linear vibrations.     

A NONLINEAR MICROBEAM MODEL BASED ON STRAIN GRADIENT ELASTICITY THEORY

A micro scale nonlinear beam model based on strain gradient elasticity is developed.Governing equations of motion and boundary conditions are obtained in a variational framework.As an example,the nonlinear vibration of microbeams is analyzed.In a beam having a thickness to length parameter ratio close to unity,the strain gradient effect on increasing the natural frequency is predominant.By increasing the beam thickness,this effect decreases and geometric nonlinearity plays the main role on increasing the natural frequency.For some specific ratios,both geometric nonlinearity and size effects have a significant role on increasing the natural frequency.     

A nonlinear microbeam model based on strain gradient elasticity theory with surface energy

A microscale nonlinear Bernoulli–Euler beam model on the basis of strain gradient elasticity with surface energy is presented. The von Karman strain tensor is used to capture the effect of geometric nonlinearity. Governing equations of motion and boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton’s principle. In particular, the developed beam model is applicable for the nonlinear vibration analysis of microbeams. By employing a global Galerkin procedure, the ordinary differential equation corresponding to the first mode of nonlinear vibration for a simply supported microbeam is obtained. Numerical investigations show that in a microbeam having a thickness comparable with its material length scale parameter, the strain gradient effect on increasing the beam natural frequency is higher than that of the geometric nonlinearity. By increasing the beam thickness, the strain gradient effect decreases or even diminishes. In this case, geometric nonlinearity plays the main role on increasing the natural frequency of vibration. In addition, it is shown that for beams with some specific thickness-to-length parameter ratios, both geometric nonlinearity and size effect have significant role on increasing the frequency of nonlinear vibration.     

A size-dependent Kirchhoff micro-plate model based on strain gradient elasticity theory

A size-dependent Kirchhoff micro-plate model is developed based on the strain gradient elasticity theory. The model contains three material length scale parameters, which may effectively capture the size effect. The model can also degenerate into the modified couple stress plate model or the classical plate model, if two or all of the material length scale parameters are taken to be zero. The static bending, instability and free vibration problems of a rectangular micro-plate with all edges simple supported are carried out to illustrate the applicability of the present size-dependent model. The results are compared with the reduced models. The present model can predict prominent size-dependent normalized stiffness, buckling load, and natural frequency with the reduction of structural size, especially when the plate thickness is on the same order of the material length scale parameter.     

基于Cosserat理论的四边简支自由振动微平板尺度效应研究

微观下材料内部结构将极大地影响材料的力学性能,对微纳米器件中典型的微平板结构尺度效应进行研究具有十分重要的意义.论文基于Cosserat理论推导出了微平板自由振动的微分方程,并根据四边简支边界条件假设振型函数,给出了固有频率的计算公式,对不同尺寸微平板固有频率的尺度效应进行了仿真分析.结果表明,考虑了尺度效应的微平板自由振动固有频率要高于经典理论中的固有频率.当特征长度与微平板厚度大小相当时,微平板固有频率表现出明显的尺度效应,并随着特征长度的增加而增大.同时,自由振动的尺度效应将随着微平板厚度的减小而逐渐增强,振动模态及长宽比不影响尺度效应.论文的研究将为微结构与系统的应用提供一定的理论基础.     

Non-linear analysis of functionally graded plates in cylindrical bending under thermomechanical loadings based on a layerwise theory

A layerwise theory is used to analyze analytically displacements and stresses in functionally graded composite plates in cylindrical bending subjected to thermomechanical loadings. The plates are assumed to have isotropic, two-constituent material distribution through the thickness, and the modulus of elasticity of the plate is assumed to vary according to a power-law distribution in terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. The non-linear strain–displacement relations in the von Kármán sense are used to study the effect of geometric non-linearity. The equilibrium equations are solved exactly and also by using a perturbation technique. Numerical results are presented to show the effect of the material distribution on the deflections and stresses.     

MEMS系统中微平板结构声振耦合性能研究

微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical system,MEMS) 是指内部微结构尺寸在微米甚至纳米量级的微电子机械装置,是一个独立的智能系统. 长宽厚均处于微米量级的微平板为MEMS 中的典型结构,其声学和力学特性直接影响MEMS 的性能. 针对同时受声压激励和气膜力(通过考虑相同尺寸微平板振动引入) 作用的四边简支微平板结构,应用Cosserat 理论和Hamilton 原理,建立了考虑微尺度效应(本征长度和Knudsen 数)影响的声振耦合理论模型,并通过多重Fourier 展开法求解了耦合方程,得到了系统的传声损失结果. 通过频域分析,考虑微平板的不同振动频率、振动幅度和板间距,系统研究了不同尺度效应下微结构中气体薄膜所产生的阻尼力对微平板结构传声特性的影响. 研究发现尺度效应对于微结构的声振特性影响巨大,振动行为对微结构的传声特性也有很大影响,控制并减小微平板的振动幅度以及增大微平板的间距都能够提高微平板的声振性能. 研究结果为MEMS 中微平板的稳定性优化设计提供了理论参考.      

Non-local free and forced vibrations of graded nanobeams resting on a non-linear elastic foundation

We consider in this paper the free and forced vibration response of simply-supported functionally graded (FG) nanobeams resting on a non-linear elastic foundation. The two-constituent Functionally Graded Material (FGM) is assumed to follow a power-law distribution through the beam thickness. Eringen׳s non-local elasticity model with material length scales is used in conjunction with the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory with von Kármán geometric non-linearity that accounts for moderate rotations. Non-linear natural frequencies of non-local FG nanobeams are obtained using He׳s Variational Iteration Method (VIM) and the direct and discretized Method of Multiple Scales (MMS), while the primary resonance analysis of an externally forced non-local FG nanobeam is performed only using the MMS. The effects of the non-local parameter, power-law index, and the parameters of the non-linear elastic foundation on the non-linear frequency-response are investigated.     

A new Kirchhoff plate model based on a modified couple stress theory

In this paper a new Kirchhoff plate model is developed for the static analysis of isotropic micro-plates with arbitrary shape based on a modified couple stress theory containing only one material length scale parameter which can capture the size effect. The proposed model is capable of handling plates with complex geometries and boundary conditions. From a detailed variational procedure the governing equilibrium equation of the micro-plate and the most general boundary conditions are derived, in terms of the deflection, using the principle of minimum potential energy. The resulting boundary value problem is of the fourth order (instead of existing gradient theories which is of the sixth order) and it is solved using the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS) which is a boundary-type meshless method. Several plates of various shapes, aspect and Poisson’s ratios are analyzed to illustrate the applicability of the developed micro-plate model and to reveal the differences between the current model and the classical plate model. Moreover, useful conclusions are drawn from the micron-scale response of this new Kirchhoff plate model.     

Large amplitude free flexural vibrations of laminated composite skew plates

Here, the large amplitude free flexural vibration behaviors of thin laminated composite skew plates are investigated using finite element approach. The formulation includes the effects of shear deformation, in-plane and rotary inertia. The geometric non-linearity based on von Karman's assumptions is introduced. The non-linear governing equations obtained employing Lagrange's equations of motion are solved using the direct iteration technique. The variation of non-linear frequency ratios with amplitudes is brought out considering different parameters such as skew angle, number of layers, fiber orientation, boundary condition and aspect ratio. The influence of higher vibration modes on the non-linear dynamic behavior of laminated skew plates is also highlighted. The present study reveals the redistribution of vibrating mode shape at certain amplitude of vibration depending on geometric and lamination parameters of the plate. Also, the degree of hardening behavior increases with the skew angle and its rate of change depends on the level of amplitude of vibration.     

Three-dimensional vibrations of annular thick plates with linearly varying thickness

The free vibration of annular thick plates with linearly varying thickness along the radial direction is studied, based on the linear, small strain, three-dimensional (3-D) elasticity theory. Various boundary conditions, symmetrically and asymmetrically linear variations of upper and lower surfaces are considered in the analysis. The well-known Ritz method is used to derive the eigen-value equation. The trigonometric functions in the circumferential direction, the Chebyshev polynomials in the thickness direction, and the Chebyshev polynomials multiplied by the boundary functions in the radial direction are chosen as the trial functions. The present analysis includes full vibration modes, e.g., flexural, thickness-shear, extensive, and torsional. The first eight frequency parameters accurate to at least four significant figures for five vibration categories are obtained. Comparisons of present results for plates having symmetrically linearly varying thickness are made with others based on 2-D classical thin plate theory, 2-D moderate thickness plate theory, and 3-D elasticity theory. The first 35 natural frequencies for plates with asymmetrically linearly varying thickness are compared to the finite element solutions; excellent agreement has been achieved. The asymmetry effect of upper and lower surface variations on the frequency parameters of annular plates is discussed in detail. The first four modes of axisymmetric vibration for completely free circular plates with symmetrically and asymmetrically linearly varying thickness are plotted. The present results for 3-D vibration of annular plates with linearly varying thickness can be taken as benchmark data for validating results from various plate theories and numerical methods.     

考虑表面效应的双层圆板的自由振动分析

考虑微生化传感器中谐振器的结构特点,基于Kirchhoff薄板理论与表面弹性理论推导了考虑表面效应的双层圆板的自由振动方程.使用伽辽金法得到了近似解.分析了硬化与软化表面效应与表面残余应力对双层圆板固有频率的影响.结果表明,与已有简化的单层圆板模型相比,现有考虑表面效应的双层板模型会得到与之不同的固有频率.随着板厚与上...     

基于应变梯度中厚板单元的石墨烯振动研究

基于应变梯度理论建立了单层石墨烯等效明德林(Mindlin) 板动力学方程,推导了四边简支明德林中厚板自由振动固有频率的解析解. 提出了一种考虑应变梯度的4 节点36 自由度明德林板单元,利用虚功原理建立了单层石墨烯的等效非局部板有限元模型. 通过对石墨烯振动问题的研究,验证了应变梯度有限元计算结果的收敛性. 运用该有限元法研究了尺寸、振动模态阶数以及非局部参数对石墨烯振动特性的影响. 研究表明,这种单元能够较好地适用于研究考虑复杂边界条件石墨烯的尺度效应问题. 基于应变梯度理论的明德林板所获得石墨烯的固有频率小于基于经典明德林板理论得到的结果. 尺寸较小、模态阶数较高的石墨烯振动尺度效应更加明显. 无论采用应变梯度理论还是经典弹性本构关系,考虑一阶剪切变形的明德林板模型预测的固有频率低于基尔霍夫(Kirchho) 板所预测的固有频率.      

Surface effect on the biaxial buckling and free vibration of FGM nanoplate embedded in visco-Pasternak standard linear solid-type of foundation

In this study, nonlocal elasticity theory in conjunction with Gurtin–Murdoch elasticity theory is employed to investigate biaxial buckling and free vibration behavior of nanoplate made of functionally graded material (FGM) and resting on a visco-Pasternak standard linear solid-type of the foundation. The material characteristics of simply supported FGM nanoplates are assumed to be varied continuously as a power law function of the plate thickness. Hamilton’s principle is implemented to derive the non-classical governing equations of motion and related boundary conditions, which analytically solved to obtain the explicit closed-form expression for complex natural frequencies and buckling loads. Finally, attention is focused on considering the influences of various parameters on variation of damped natural frequency and buckling load ratio such as nonlocal parameter, surface effects, geometric parameters, power law index and properties of visco-Pasternak foundation and it is clearly demonstrated that these factors highly affect on vibration and buckling behavior.     

Non-linear vibration analysis of an elastic plate subjected to heavy fluid loading in magnetic field

In the present study, the non-linear vibration of an elastic plate subjected to heavy fluid loading in an inclined magnetic field is investigated. The structural non-linearity, fluid non-linearity, and the effects of magnetic field are all incorporated in the formulations to derive the governing equation of the plate. The method of multiple scales is adopted to determine the eigenvalues and mode shapes of the linear vibration, and then the amplitude of the non-linear vibration response of the plate is calculated. Based on the assumptions of ordering and formulations of multiple scales, it can be concluded that the linear dynamic behavior of the plate under heavy fluid loading but weak near-resonant loading is influenced by the effects of the fluid loading, linear structural rigidity and linear magnetic field, furthermore, the non-linear dynamic behavior of the plate under heavy fluid loading but weak near-resonant loading is dominated and controlled by the effects of the fluid loading, non-linear structural rigidity and non-linear magnetic field. Both thick and thin plates are investigated; the contributions due to the structural non-linearity and acoustic linear radiation damping are of the same order for a rather thick plate. For a thin plate, the structural non-linearity completely controls the behavior of the plate, which implies that in this case the effect of fluid loading is considerably negligible. In general, it can be concluded that both the effects of magnetic field and structural non-linearity play important roles only on the first few modes of the plate.     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of laminated composite Mindlin micro/nano-plates resting on orthotropic Pasternak medium using DQM

The nonlocal nonlinear vibration analysis of embedded laminated microplates resting on an elastic matrix as an orthotropic Pasternak medium is investigated. The small size effects of micro/nano-plate are considered based on the Eringen nonlocal theory. Based on the orthotropic Mindlin plate theory along with the von Kármán geometric nonlinearity and Hamilton's principle, the governing equations are derived. The differential quadrature method (DQM) is applied for obtaining the nonlinear frequency of system. The effects of different parameters such as nonlocal parameters, elastic media, aspect ratios, and boundary conditions are considered on the nonlinear vibration of the micro-plate. Results show that considering elastic medium increases the nonlinear frequency of system. Furthermore, the effect of boundary conditions becomes lower at higher nonlocal parameters.     

TWO KINDS OF SCALE EFFECTS OF VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF NANO-PLATE1)

利用非局部应变梯度理论研究了纳米板横向自由振动特性。通过迭代法获得非局部应力的渐近表达式,利用哈密顿变分原理推导了纳米板的振动控制方程。针对四边简支边界条件,运用双重三角级数法给出了板固有频率的表达式,然后研究了非局部参数、材料特征参数、几何尺寸对纳米板自振频率的影响。数值结果表明：非局部效应会弱化纳米板的等效刚度,因而使板的固有频率降低,应变梯度效应则与之相反,两类效应仅在纳米尺度下对自振频率有显著影响;板几何尺寸的改变也会对其振动频率产生重要影响。     

Analysis of plate in second strain gradient elasticity

The bending analysis of a thin rectangular plate is carried out in the framework of the second gradient elasticity. In contrast to the classical plate theory, the gradient elasticity can capture the size effects by introducing internal length. In second gradient elasticity model, two internal lengths are present, and the potential energy function is assumed to be quadratic function in terms of strain, first- and second-order gradient strain. Second gradient theory captures the size effects of a structure with high strain gradients more effectively rather than first strain gradient elasticity. Adopting the Kirchhoff’s theory of plate, the plane stress dimension reduction is applied to the stress field, and the governing equation and possible boundary conditions are derived in a variational approach. The governing partial differential equation can be simplified to the first gradient or classical elasticity by setting first or both internal lengths equal to zero, respectively. The clamped and simply supported boundary conditions are derived from the variational equations. As an example, static, stability and free vibration analyses of a simply supported rectangular plate are presented analytically.     

A non-classical Kirchhoff plate model incorporating microstructure,surface energy and foundation effects

A new non-classical Kirchhoff plate model is developed using a modified couple stress theory, a surface elasticity theory and a two-parameter elastic foundation model. A variational formulation based on Hamilton’s principle is employed, which leads to the simultaneous determination of the equations of motion and the complete boundary conditions and provides a unified treatment of the microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects. The new plate model contains a material length scale parameter to account for the microstructure effect, three surface elastic constants to describe the surface energy effect, and two foundation moduli to represent the foundation effect. The current non-classical plate model reduces to its classical elasticity-based counterpart when the microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects are all suppressed. In addition, the newly developed plate model includes the models considering the microstructure dependence or the surface energy effect or the foundation influence alone as special cases and recovers the Bernoulli–Euler beam model incorporating the microstructure, surface energy and foundation effects. To illustrate the new model, the static bending and free vibration problems of a simply supported rectangular plate are analytically solved by directly applying the general formulas derived. For the static bending problem, the numerical results reveal that the deflection of the simply supported plate with or without the elastic foundation predicted by the current model is smaller than that predicted by the classical model. Also, it is observed that the difference in the deflection predicted by the new and classical plate models is very large when the plate thickness is sufficiently small, but it is diminishing with the increase of the plate thickness. For the free vibration problem, it is found that the natural frequency predicted by the new plate model with or without the elastic foundation is higher than that predicted by the classical plate model, and the difference is significant for very thin plates. These predicted trends of the size effect at the micron scale agree with those observed experimentally. In addition, it is shown both analytically and numerically that the presence of the elastic foundation reduces the plate deflection and increases the plate natural frequency, as expected.     

Effect of the geometry on the non-linear vibration of circular cylindrical shells

The non-linear vibration of simply supported, circular cylindrical shells is analysed. Geometric non-linearities due to finite-amplitude shell motion are considered by using Donnell's non-linear shallow-shell theory; the effect of viscous structural damping is taken into account. A discretization method based on a series expansion of an unlimited number of linear modes, including axisymmetric and asymmetric modes, following the Galerkin procedure, is developed. Both driven and companion modes are included, allowing for travelling-wave response of the shell. Axisymmetric modes are included because they are essential in simulating the inward mean deflection of the oscillation with respect to the equilibrium position. The fundamental role of the axisymmetric modes is confirmed and the role of higher order asymmetric modes is clarified in order to obtain the correct character of the circular cylindrical shell non-linearity. The effect of the geometric shell characteristics, i.e., radius, length and thickness, on the non-linear behaviour is analysed: very short or thick shells display a hardening non-linearity; conversely, a softening type non-linearity is found in a wide range of shell geometries.