A lattice scenario for a proton radiography accelerator

A proton radiography system is an accelerator-based facility.Especially high-energy proton radiography is an advanced hydrodynamics diagnostic tool,and it is the trend of radiography technology development.In this paper,a 20 GeV accelerator complex scenario,including a 35 MeV linac,a 1 GeV booster and a 20 GeV main ring,is introduced.The overall physics design of the proton radiography accelerator is described,including the design of each part of the accelerator and the choice of the main parameters.     

高能质子照相的研究进展

高能闪光照相是诊断致密物质内部几何结构和物理特性的最有效技术.高能质子照相在穿透能力、材料识别、空间分辨率等方面都优于X射线照相,已经成为美国先进流体动力学试验装置的优先发展对象.文章详细介绍了高能质子照相方案及其研究进展.     

A design study of a magnifying magnetic lens for proton radiography

Magnifying magnetic lenses can be used in high-energy proton microscopes. The -I lens suggested by Zumbro is analyzed in this paper, and a new type of magnetic lens called a lengthened lens is introduced. Theoretical analysis shows that the lengthened lens can form a magnifying lens, and at the same time the main advantages of a Zumbro lens are inherited. Using the My-BOC beam dynamics code, an example of the design is shown. The results show that the method of designing magnifying magnetic lenses is effective.     

DTL cavity design and beam dynamics for a TAC linear proton accelerator

A 30 mA drift tube linac (DTL) accelerator has been designed using SUPERFISH code in the energy range of 3-55 MeV in the framework of the Turkish Accelerator Center (TAC) project. Optimization criteria in cavity design are effective shunt impedance (ZTT), transit-time factor and electrical breakdown limit. In geometrical optimization we have aimed to increase the energy gain in each RF gap of the DTL cells by maximizing the effective shunt impedance (ZTT) and the transit-time factor. Beam dynamics studies of the DTL accelerator have been performed using beam dynamics simulation codes of PATH and PARMILA. The results of both codes have been compared. In the beam dynamical studies, the rms values of beam emittance have been taken into account and a low emittance growth in both x and y directions has been attempted.     

Advanced muon radiography with compact accelerator system

By using a well-defined mono-energetic, pencil-like, high-energy and intense muon beam, one can realize, via simultaneous measurements of energy-loss and multiple-scattering, a quick and element-selective radiography to detect e.g. a few kg of U which is shielded in a thick Fe container or hidden within 2–3 m of low-Z material. A source of such an ideal beam of muons can be realized in transportable form via truck trailers, by combining a compact 400 MeV electron accelerator for photo π/μ production, a superconducting solenoid for full-solid-angle π/μ capture and transport, a stopping in hot tungsten metal for cooling of energetic μ⁺ to sub-eV μ⁺, and finally a compact linear accelerator for rapid acceleration to 600 MeV. Principle and some details are described.     

Imaging beamline for high energy proton radiography

Proton radiography is a new tool for advanced hydrotesting. This article will discuss the basic concept of proton radiography first, especially the magnetic lens system. Then a scenario of 50 GeV imaging beamline will be described in every particular, including the matching section, Zumbro lens system and imaging system. The simulation result shows that the scenario of imaging beamline performs well, and the influence of secondary particles can be neglected.     

Design studies of a 100 MeV proton linear accelerator

Design details of a 100 MeV proton linear accelerator (Alvarez system) operating at a resonating frequency of 400 MHz have been studied. Increase in the linac operating frequency has become feasible with the possibility of injecting protons from a radio frequency quadrupole accelerator with energies higher than the conventional pre-injectors. Various electrical parameters of such a system have been calculated and compared with the existing linac injectors operating at 200 MHz.     

First experimental research in low energy proton radiography

Proton radiography is a new scatheless diagnostic tool providing a potential development direction for advanced hydrotesting.Recently a low energy proton radiography system has been developed at the Chinese Academy of Engineering Phyiscs(CAEP).This system has been designed to use an 11 MeV proton beam to radiograph thin static objects.This system consists of a proton cyclotron coupled to an imaging beamline,which is the first domestic beamline dedicated to proton radiography experiments.Via some demonstration experiments,the radiography system is confirmed to provide clear pictures with spatial resolution～100μm within 40 mm field-of-view.     

束流发射度对质子照相色差模糊的影响

分析了质子照相过程中发射度的增长过程。开展了照相系统设计,针对设计的照相系统,采用理论分析和蒙特卡罗计算的方法,具体分析了各个发射度增长因素的影响程度。分析结果表明：对于高能质子照相,加速器的引出发射度对系统的色差模糊的影响可以忽略,但对于中能质子照相,加速器的引出发射度不可忽略。可通过提高加速器引出系统的聚焦能力和减小散束器的厚度来减小发射度影响。     

快速高能质子照相程序QMCPrad的研制

为了快速模拟高能质子照相过程,利用蒙特卡罗（MC）技术和技巧编写了程序QMCPrad,并开展了QMCPrad与MCNPX的对比计算以及实验E955的模拟验证工作。在模型选取中,修改核反应过程权重的隐式俘获模式和一次抽样模拟穿透客体的多次库仑散射的浓缩历史方式都节约了大量的计算时间。与MCNPX相比,QMCPrad具备模拟质子在磁透镜中输运过程的能力。QMCPrad与MCNPX、实验E955的对比及验证结果表明,QMCPrad能够准确定量地模拟高能质子照相,为质子照相实验设计提供工具。     

激光质子照相特性模拟研究

基于超短激光驱动的质子源的照相技术是传统质子照相技术的发展. 使用FLUKA蒙特卡罗（MC）程序,依据激光质子源的特点,对质子照相进行了定量的模拟研究. 通过对三种典型情况的模拟 （半平面靶及台阶靶,激光惯性约束聚变研究用黑腔,磁场网格照相） 分析了影响质子照相的主要物理因素, 表明了激光质子照相具有对界面敏感,高空间分辨,对磁场敏感的优点. 关键词： 超短激光 质子照相 蒙特卡罗     

质子照相磁透镜的优化设计

对质子照相系统中Zumbro磁透镜的参数进行了优化,使成像系统造成的图像模糊最小化,结果表明:构成Zumbro磁透镜的四极透镜对内外漂移段长度相等时,成像系统获得最小的图像模糊。对成像系统的视场进行了分析,表明视场对Zumbro透镜的参数不敏感。给出了质子能量为20 GeV时Zumbro透镜的参数,Geant4蒙特卡罗计算表明:所给的Zumbro透镜参数能正确成像。     

200 MHz质子带窗四翼型射频四极场加速器结构模拟研究

根据束流动力学设计方案,使用电磁场计算软件CST Microwave Studio对带窗四翼型射频四极场（RFQ）结构进行了模拟研究,分析了加速腔结构参数对其物理特性的影响,得到了200 MHz质子带窗四翼型RFQ优化结构方案。该结构的比分路阻抗为79.5 km,模式间隔达25.802 MHz。与传统的四翼型RFQ比较结果表明：带窗四翼型RFQ具有较低的工作频率范围、良好的电稳定性以及较高的比分路阻抗。     

200MHz质子带窗四翼型射频四极场加速器结构模拟研究

根据束流动力学设计方案,使用电磁场计算软件CST Microwave Studio对带窗四翼型射频四极场(RFQ)结构进行了模拟研究,分析了加速腔结构参数对其物理特性的影响,得到了200MHz质子带窗四翼型RFQ优化结构方案。该结构的比分路阻抗为79.5kΩ·m,模式间隔达25.802MHz。与传统的四翼型RFQ比较结果表明:带窗四翼型RFQ具有较低的工作频率范围、良好的电稳定性以及较高的比分路阻抗。     

激光加速质子束对电磁孤立子的照相模拟研究

激光在次稠密等离子中传输, 由于频率下移而被俘获, 从而产生电磁孤立子. 根据先前理论及PIC 模拟给出的孤立子的演化过程, 对不同阶段孤立子的电磁场分布进行了建模. 使用Geant4蒙特卡罗程序, 模拟研究了激光加速产生的能量为几个MeV的质子束对后孤立子的照相. 分析了质子能量, 质子源尺寸等因素对照相结果的影响, 并利用了TNSA加速产生质子束的分幅特性, 开展了时间分辨的孤立子照相模拟研究. 模拟给出的质子照相结果验证了文献中给出的孤立子静电场模型, 为以后在实验上探测孤立子提供了理论依据. 关键词： 超短激光 质子照相 孤立子 蒙特卡罗方法     

基于D3He反应产生的单能质子对ICF内爆过程的照相模拟研究

 为实现单能质子对惯性约束聚变(ICF)内爆过程的诊断,使用FLUKA蒙特卡罗程序模拟分析了影响质子对内爆过程诊断的因素。通过设置不同初始质子数目,来分析质子产额对小球图像质量的影响,结果发现,要得到清晰图像,需要10⁹的质子数。参照实验中常用的靶参数,模拟了直接驱动和间接驱动条件下的照相情况,分析了间接驱动情况下,金属腔对质子束的散射会造成内爆小球图像模糊,说明质子照相不适合间接驱动内爆。给出了一种时间分辨的质子照相方法,通过调整质子产生和内爆产生的时间差,实现了对内爆过程前后不同时刻的照相等。模拟表明,D³He反应产生的14.7 MeV的准单能质子具有的脉宽短、尺寸小的优点,可用于ICF内爆过程的动态照相。     

基于D3He反应产生的单能质子对ICF内爆过程的照相模拟研究

为实现单能质子对惯性约束聚变(ICF)内爆过程的诊断,使用FLUKA蒙特卡罗程序模拟分析了影响质子对内爆过程诊断的因素。通过设置不同初始质子数目,来分析质子产额对小球图像质量的影响,结果发现,要得到清晰图像,需要109的质子数。参照实验中常用的靶参数,模拟了直接驱动和间接驱动条件下的照相情况,分析了间接驱动情况下,金属腔对质子束的散射会造成内爆小球图像模糊,说明质子照相不适合间接驱动内爆。给出了一种时间分辨的质子照相方法,通过调整质子产生和内爆产生的时间差,实现了对内爆过程前后不同时刻的照相等。模拟表明,D3He反应产生的14.7 MeV的准单能质子具有的脉宽短、尺寸小的优点,可用于ICF内爆过程的动态照相。     

Optimum angle-cut of collimator for dense objects in high-energy proton radiography

The use of minus identity lenses with an angle-cut collimator can achieve high contrast images in highenergy proton radiography.This article presents the principles of choosing the angle-cut aperture of the collimator for different energies and objects.Numerical simulation using the Monte Carlo code Geant4 has been implemented to investigate the entire radiography for the French test object.The optimum angle-cut apertures of the collimators are also obtained for different energies.     

高能质子照相中基于角度准直器设计的理论研究

角度准直器在高能质子照相中有着重要作用,既可以利用准直器提高图像对比度,又能通过二次成像实现材料诊断及密度重建,因此减小通过准直器后通量值的误差具有重要意义.本文通过理论分析,提出了一种高能质子照相中准直器设计的方法,通过Geant4程序建立了1.6 GeV的质子成像系统,该系统分别使用理想准直器、拉伸型准直器和利用该方法设计的准直器,并对比通过客体后的通量分布.结果表明,在使用理想准直器和该方法设计的角度准直器时,二者得到的客体的通量分布符合较好,而使用拉伸型准直器时,与使用理想准直器得到的结果相差较大.因此利用理想准直器方法设计的准直器可以很好地减小通量误差.     

三腔介质壁质子加速器时序优化模拟及设计

采用自主研发的三维粒子模拟软件对三腔介质壁加速器进行系统仿真, 在此基础上, 计算三个腔质子的渡越时间并实现腔体间的时序优化设计。外加电压峰值100 kV, 顶宽1 ns, 半高宽10 ns, 绝缘微堆厚度2.0 cm, 质子初始束能40 keV, 加速电极添加钨网, 模拟结果显示：当电压持续6.5 ns时, 进入高梯度绝缘微堆的H+通过第一腔能得到最大加速效率90.84%, 相应的渡越时间为5.668 ns;当第二腔电压触发落后第一腔4.5 ns时, H+通过第二腔获得最大加速效率94.77%, 相应的渡越时间为3.545 ns;当第三腔电压触发落后第二腔3.0 ns时, H+通过第三腔获得最大加速效率97.30%, 相应的渡越时间为3.018 ns;最大能量H+渡越三个腔体的总时间为12.231 ns, H+总体加速效率94.31%;当质子束中心进入第一腔时刻落后脉冲电压触发6.5 ns, 且一二腔和二三腔电压触发延时分别为4.5 ns和3.0 ns情形下, 能将2.5 ns长度的质子束中的H+实现90%以上的加速, 4.0 ns长度的质子束中的H+实现80%以上的加速。