Dynamic modelling of the deformed contact line under partial wetting conditions: Quasi-static approach

We study numerically the motion of contact lines in the context of the “Wilhelmy plate" experiment: a vertical solid plate is withdrawn at constant velocity from a bath of liquid. We apply the contact line dissipation quasi-static model to the relaxation of an initially periodically deformed contact line. The obtained numerical data are compared to the experimental results [1] showing a good agreement.     

Coupling between precipitation and contact-line dynamics: multiring stains and stick-slip motion

The contact line in an evaporating drop can stay pinned to form a single ring or can shrink in a discontinuous stepwise manner and generate multiple rings. We demonstrate the latter with DNA solutions and attribute it to a pinning-depinning cycle that generates new contact lines. The new contact line recedes after depinning and is repinned at an internal precipitate ring that determines the location of the next contact line. Each precursor ring is formed when DNAs are trapped by an internal microstagnation flow and precipitation dynamics hence control this unsteady drop motion.     

Fluxon pinning on a periodical structure of magnetic inclusions in a Josephson contact

The low speed motion of a fluxon in a Josephson contact containing a periodical system of magnetic inclusions is considered. The existence of fluxon pinning at some distance from the magnetic inclusion is shown. This distance depends both on the structure period and on the parameters of the magnetic inclusions. The critical current of fluxon depinning is obtained. The existence of two different types of critical current is shown: the main critical current of the fluxon leaving the inclusion and a small critical current of the fluxon jumping between neighbouring potential minima.     

Coupling and ionization effects on hydrogen spectral line shapes in dense plasmas

A study of hydrogen lines emitted in dense and low temperature plasmas is presented. Coupling and ionization effects in a transition from impact to quasi-static broadening for electrons are analyzed with the help of the Frequency Fluctuation Model (FFM). Electron broadening of Balmer series lines is studied for different densities and temperatures spanning a wide domain from impact to quasi-static limit. It is shown that electronic broadening makes a transition from impact to quasi-static limit depending on plasma conditions and principal quantum number. Even for the Balmer alpha line, at a density equals 10¹⁸ cm^-3 and a temperature equals 1 eV, this transition occurs both in the wings and the core of the line.     

Sonoprocessing of wetting of SiC by liquid Al: A thermodynamic and kinetic study

The sonoprocessing of droplet spreading during the wetting process of molten aluminum droplets on SiC ceramic substrates at 700 °C is investigated in this paper. When wetting is assisted by a 20 kHz frequency ultrasonic field, the wettability of liquid metal gets enhanced, which has been determined by the variations in thermodynamic energy and wetting kinetics. Wetting kinetic characteristics are divided into two stages according to pinning and depinning states of substrate/droplet contact lines. The droplet is static when the contact line is pinning, while it is forced to move when the contact line is depinning. When analyzing the pinning stage, high-speed photography reveals the evidence of oxide films being rapidly crushed outside the aluminum droplet. In this work, atomic models of spherical Al core being wrapped by alumina shell are tentatively built, whose dioxide microstructures are being transformed from face-centered cubic into liquid at the atomic scale. At the same time, the wetting experiment reveals that the oxide films show changes in the period of sonoprocessing from 3rd to 5th second.During the ultrasonic spreading behavior in the late stage, there is a trend of evident expansion of the base contact area. The entire ultrasonic process lasts for no longer than 10 s. With the aid of ultrasonic sinusoidal waves, the wettability of metal Al gets a rapid improvement. Both molecular dynamic (MD) investigations and the experiments results reveal that the precursor film phenomenon is never found unless wetting is assisted by ultrasonic treatments. However, the precursor film appears near the triple line after using ultrasonics in the droplet wetting process, whose formation is driven by ultrasonic oscillations. Due to the precursor film, the ultrasonic wetting contact angle is lower than the non-ultrasonic contact angle. In addition, the time-variant effective ultrasonic energy has been quantitatively evaluated. The numerical expressions of thermodynamic variables are well verified by former ultrasonic spreading test results, which altogether provide an intrinsic explanation of the fast-decreasing contact angle of Al/SiC.     

Dynamics and hysteresis of the contact line between liquid hydrogen and cesium substrates

We have measured both the hysteresis and the dynamics of the edge of a liquid hydrogen meniscus on several solid cesium substrates. We find that the dynamics of the contact line is thermally activated. For all substrates, we find that the activation energy is of the order of the hysteresis. We show that the pinning of the contact line on mesoscopic defects of the Cs substrate is likely to control both the hysteresis and the dynamics of the contact line at low velocity, close to the depinning threshold. Such a mechanism could be relevant also for simple room-temperature systems.     

Depinning and creep motion in glass States of flux lines

Using dynamical computer simulation, we investigate vortex matter in glass states. A genuine continuous depinning transition is observed at zero temperature, which also governs the low-temperature creep motion. With the notion of scaling, we evaluate in high accuracy critical exponents and scaling functions; we observe a non-Arrhenius creep motion for weak collective pinning where the Bragg glass is stabilized at equilibrium, while for strong pinning, the well-known Arrhenius law is recovered. In both cases, a sharp crossover takes place between depinning and creep at low temperatures.     

Dynamic critical phenomena in two-dimensional fully frustrated Coulomb gas model with disorder

The dynamic critical phenomena near depinning transition in two-dimensional fully frustrated square lattice Coulomb gas model with disorders was studied using Monte Carlo technique. The ground state of the model system with disorder σ=0.3 is a disordered state. The dependence of charge current density J on electric field E was investigated at low temperatures. The nonlinear J-E behavior near critical depinning field can be described by a scaling function proposed for three-dimensional flux line system [M.B. Luo, X. Hu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 267002]. We evaluated critical exponents and found an Arrhenius creep motion for field region Ec/2<E<Ec. The scaling law of the depinning transition is also obtained from the scaling function.     

Renormalization of pinned elastic systems: how does it work beyond one loop?

We study the field theories for pinned elastic systems at equilibrium and at depinning. Their beta functions differ to two loops by novel "anomalous" terms. At equilibrium we find a roughness zeta = 0.208 298 04 epsilon + 0.006 858 epsilon(2) (random bond), zeta = epsilon/3 (random field). At depinning we prove two-loop renormalizability and that random field attracts shorter range disorder. We find zeta = epsilon/3(1 + 0.143 31 epsilon), epsilon = 4 - d, in violation of the conjecture zeta = epsilon/3, solving the discrepancy with simulations. For long range elasticity zeta = epsilon/3(1 + 0.397 35 epsilon), epsilon = 2 - d, much closer to the experimental value (approximately 0.5 both for liquid helium contact line depinning and slow crack fronts) than the standard prediction 1/3.     

Roughness and dynamics of a contact line of a viscous fluid on a disordered substrate

We have studied the roughness and the dynamics of the contact line of a viscous liquid on a disordered substrate. We have used photolithographic techniques to obtain a controlled disorder with a correlation length ξ = 10μm. Liquids with different viscosity were used: water and aqueous glycerol solution. We have found that the roughness W of the contact line depends neither on the viscosity nor on the velocity v of the contact line for v in the range 0.2-20μm/s. W is found to scale with the length L of the line as L ^ζ with a roughness exponent ζ = 0.51±0.03. This value is similar to the one obtained with superfluid helium. In the present experiment, we have checked that the motion of the contact line is actually overdamped, so that the phenomenological equation first proposed by Ertas and Kardar should be relevant. However, our measurement of ζ is in disagreement with the predicted value ζ = 0.39. We have also analyzed the avalanche-like motion of the contact line. We find that the size distribution does not follow a power law dependence. Received 18 April 2002     

Motions of the flux lines in high-T c superconductors from NMR linewidth,relaxation and spin echo decay

The motion of the flux lines (FL) in high temperature superconductors and their relationship with the NMR quantities are reviewed and discussed in the light of recent⁸⁹Y NMR experiments in YBCO-type compounds. In particular measurements involving the⁸⁹Y spin echo attenuation induced both by the thermal excitation of the FL’s and by motions driven by DC current and pulsed magnetic fields are presented, with preliminary results and lines of interpretation. Flux line motion as observed with¹⁹⁹Hg NMR in HgBa₂CuO_4+δ high temperature superconductor is discussed.     

The diffusive motion of silver ions in α-AgI: Results from quasielastic neutron scattering

The diffusive motion of silver ions in σ-AgI at 250°C has been studied by quasielastic cold neutron scattering. Spectra were taken in the range of wavevector transfer 0.5 < Q < 2.2Å^?1 for elastic scattering. The quasielastic line shapes contain a narrow and a broad component. They are compared to model calculations allowing for the superposition of two kinds of motion on two different time scales, a local random motion and a translational motion of the jump-diffusion type. The model closely fits the data. The local random motion takes place on a time scale of the order of 10^?12 s, with amplitudes of the order of 1 Å. It is probably caused by rapid fluctuations of the local potentials due to the diffusive motion of the other cations. The translational motion results in a mean displacement of the silver ion over a distance of the order of a lattice constant (5 Å) with a correlation time of the order of 10^?11s. This correlation time is composed of a residence time and a time-of-flight, which are both of comparable magnitude.     

Domain wall motion in perpendicular anisotropy nanowires with edge roughness

We study field-driven domain wall (DW) motion in nanowires with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy using finite element micromagnetic simulations. Edge roughness is introduced by deforming the finite element mesh, and we vary the correlation length and magnitude of the roughness deformation separately. We observe the Walker breakdown both with and without roughness, with steady DW motion for applied fields below the critical Walker field H(c), and oscillatory motion for larger fields. The value of H(c) is not altered in the presence of roughness. The edge roughness introduces a depinning field. During the transient process of depinning, from the initial configuration to steady DW motion, the DW velocity is significantly reduced in comparison to that for a wire without roughness. The asymptotic DW velocity, on the other hand, is virtually unaffected by the roughness, even though the magnetization reacts to the edge distortions during the entire course of motion, both above and below the Walker breakdown. A moving DW can become pinned again at some later point ('dynamic pinning'). Dynamic pinning is a stochastic process and is observed both for small fields below H(c) and for fields of any strength above H(c). In the latter case, where the DW shows oscillatory motion and the magnetization in the DW rotates in the film plane, pinning can only occur at positions where the DW reverses direction and the instantaneous velocity is zero, i.e., at the beginning or in the middle of a positional oscillation cycle. In our simulations pinning was only observed at the beginnings of cycles, where the magnetization is pointing along the wire. The depinning field depends linearly on the magnitude of the edge roughness. The strongest pinning fields are observed for roughness correlation lengths that match the domain wall width.     

IRREVERSIBILITY LINE AND THERMAL DEPINNING IN YBa2Cu3O7-δ

By measuring magnetic torque moment in a field-sweeping process, the temperature and field dependence of the critical current density j (with a criterion of electric field) and the normalized relaxation rate Q = d lnj/d ln E of a YBa₂Cu₃O_7-δ thin film were obtained. With a minimum current density (j_min = 10A·cm^-2) the irreversibility lines at different sweeping rates were determined. It was found that these irreversibility lines cannot be fitted to either the melting line or the vortex-glass transition. All the data can be interpreted by the thermally-assisted-flux-flow model. Further investigation shows that, at irreversible tem-perature and field, U_c is much smaller than k_BT, which indicates that the thermal depinning is the real origin of the irreversibility line.     

Resistivity,fluctuation-enhanced conductivity,and irreversibility line of high-quality Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 single crystals

We present measurements of the resistivity tensor components ρ_a (T) and ρ_c (T) of high-quality Tl₂Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O₁₀ single crystals wit T_c = 118 … 121 K. The in-plane resistivity ρ_a as well as the out-of-plane resistivity ρ_c show a metal-like temperature dependence with an anisotropy ratio ρ_c/ρ_a of up to 10³. The coherence length ξ_c (0) = 0.15 nm could be determined from an analysis of the fluctuation conductivity above T_c. From measurements of the ac-susceptibility in magnetic fields up to 10 Tesla the temperature dependence of the depinning line could be obtained. The diffusion coefficient of the flux lines obtained from the frequency dependence of the depinning temperature shows a thermally activated behaviour of the flux motion in the field range 0.1 T ? B ? 10 T.     

Sliding behavior of water droplets on line-patterned hydrophobic surfaces

We prepared line-patterned hydrophobic surfaces using fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) and octadecyltrimethoxysilane (ODS) then investigated the effect of line direction on sliding behavior of water droplets by direct observation of the actual droplet motion during sliding. Water droplets slide down with a periodic large deformation of the contact line and sliding velocity fluctuation that occurred when they crossed over the 500-μm ODS line regions in FAS regions on a Si surface tilted at 35°. These behaviors are less marked for motion on a 100-μm line surface, or on lines oriented parallel to the slope direction. Smaller droplets slide down with greater displacement in the line direction on 500-μm line patterning when the lines were rotated at 13° in-plane for the slope direction. This sliding behavior depended on the droplet size and rotation angle, and is accountable by the balance between gravitational and retentive forces.     

Can nonlinear elasticity explain contact-line roughness at depinning?

We examine whether cubic nonlinearities, allowed by symmetry in the elastic energy of a contact line, may result in a different universality class at depinning. Standard linear elasticity predicts a roughness exponent zeta = 1/3 (one loop), zeta = 0.388 +/- 0.002 (numerics) while experiments give zeta approximately = 0.5. Within functional renormalization group methods we find that a nonlocal Kardar-Parisi-Zhang-type term is generated at depinning and grows under coarse graining. A fixed point with zeta approximately = 0.45 (one loop) is identified, showing that large enough cubic terms increase the roughness. This fixed point is unstable, revealing a rough strong-coupling phase. Experimental study of contact angles theta near pi/2, where cubic terms in the energy vanish, is suggested.     

Spatial variations of the mean and statistical quantities in the thermal boundary layers of turbulent convection

We have studied the dynamics of the contact line of a viscous liquid on a solid substrate with macroscopic random defects. We have first characterized the friction force f₀ at microscopic scale for a substrate without defects; f₀ is found to be a strongly nonlinear function of the velocity U of the contact line. In presence of macroscopic defects, we find that the applied force F(U) is simply shifted with respect to f₀(U) by a constant: we do not observe any critical behavior at the depinning transition. The only observable effect of the substrate disorder is to increase the hysteresis. We have also performed realistic numerical simulation of the motion of the contact line. Using the same values of the parameters as in the experiment, we find that the experimental data is qualitatively well reproduced. In light of experimental and numerical results, we discuss the possibility of measuring a true critical behavior.Received: 6 October 2003, Published online: 19 February 2004PACS: 46.65. + g Random phenomena and media - 64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena - 68.08.Bc Wetting     

胶原蛋白温度效应的Raman光谱研究

在不同温度下对Ⅰ型胶原蛋白进行了拉曼光谱测定。结果表明：随温度的升高，多数谱线向低波数移动，但CH2的变形振动谱线1302cm^-1向高波数移动，苯丙氨酸的特征振动谱线1003cm^-1的波数基本保持不变。同时还给出了拉曼谱线强度随温度的变化关系，得到了0，40，68，90℃四个变性峰，其中40，68℃的峰与DSC(差示扫描量热法)和SHG(二次谐波法)的测量结果一致，0℃的峰为冰冻相变，90℃的变性峰为胶原的二级结构被破坏所致。当温度达到150℃时，谱线强度显著降低，大部分谱线消失，胶原的一级结构遭到破坏。实验还发现胶原纤维在低温区具有较好的复性特性。