浅说物质之间的相互作用

 人们自然会问,物质聚集起来,从微观粒子到巨大的星体,从细菌到人,这些自然界奥妙无穷,千变万化的物理现象都是怎样发生的?原理上,可以用“相互作用”这个概念来回答。20世纪物理学的重大成就之一是人们已经认识到物质世界千变万化的现象,归根到底是通过4种相互作用即万有引力、电磁力、强相互作用和弱相互作用而产生的。万有引力是自然界中存在于任何两个物质之间的吸引力,它的规律由牛顿发现,称为引力定律。     

求自由电荷与感生电荷间相互作用的两种方法

根据《大学物理》１９９３年第９期上“静电中固有能、相互作用能及有关问题”一文中对相互作用能Ｗｉ与静电感应能Ｗｉ的定义,可用Ｗｉ或Ｗ’１求自由虬荷与感生电荷间相互作用,两种方法所得结果相同。     

具有对称和反对称超交换相互作用的一维spin-Peierls系统的基态行为

采用Lanczos数值计算方法研究了具有Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya（DM）相互作用和Kaplan-She khtman-Entin-Wohlman-Aharony（KSEA）相互作用的一维spin-Peierls（s-P）系统的基态 行为.计算结果发现KSEA相互作用总是不利于系统二聚化，并且它还影响DM相互作用对系统 二聚化的贡献，甚至可以抵消其作用；在某些特定条件下, KSEA和DM的共同作用可以破坏系 统的二聚化基态而转化为均匀基态. 关键词： DM相互作用 KSEA相互作用 二聚化     

二静电体系相互作用力与相互作用能一般关系的正确表达式

指出二静电体系的相互作用力的普遍表达式F=-↓△w1=-↓△w并不恰当。正确的表达式应当是Fj=δW1/δqj=-δW1/δqj，其中Fj是沿广义坐标qj方向的广义力，W1是静电场总能量，W1是二静电体系的相互作用能，qj为表征二静电体系相对位移的某一广义坐标。     

弱力和电磁力的统一(Ⅰ)

弱力,又称弱相互作用(简称弱作用),因其强度, 在微观世界起作用的三种基本相互作用中,比强相互作用和电磁相互作用都要弱,故而得名。     

磁偶极子在磁场中相互作用能及相互作用势能的简单计算

通过一简化的物理模型,计算了载流线圈在外磁场中的相互作用能及相互作用势能,且当载流线圈很小时便过渡到磁偶极子的情况。     

链间超交换相互作用下spin-Peierls梯子模型的基态行为

采用Lanczos数值计算方法研究了具有链间海森堡相互作用和链间Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya(DM)相互作用spin-Peierls梯子模型的基态行为.分析了链间海森堡相互作用和链间DM相互作用对系统二聚化的影响.结果发现，这两种链间作用都不利于系统的二聚化，会造成系统基态二聚化的减小，这说明随着系统维度的增大，系统的各向相互作用会限制系统的二聚化，甚至会破坏系统的二聚化相. 关键词： spin-Peierls模型 海森堡相互作用 DM相互作用 二聚化     

绿宝石晶体自旋二重态对基态能级的影响及Jahn-Teller效应

应用不可约张量方法和群的理论构造了三角对称晶场中考虑自旋 轨道相互作用,自旋 自旋相互作用和自旋 其它轨道相互作用的3d3/3d7态离子的可完全对角化的120阶微扰哈密顿矩阵.利用该矩阵计算了绿宝石晶体的基态能级、零场分裂参量,研究了自旋二重态对基态能级的贡献.理论计算值与实验值相符合,证明二重态对基态的贡献是不可忽略的.在此基础上,进一步研究了自旋 自旋相互作用、自旋 其它轨道相互作用和自旋 轨道相互作用对绿宝石晶体的光谱精细结构和零场分裂参量的影响,发现自旋 自旋和自旋 其它轨道相互作用对绿宝石晶体基态能级和零场分裂参量的影响都是不可忽略的.从而通过理论计算值和实验值的比较,证实了在绿宝石晶体中Jahn Teller效应的存在,它能够对光谱精细结构的分裂提出一些更加合理的解释.     

与电象有关的相互作用能和相互作用力

本文对与电象有关的相互作用能、相互作用力和真实电荷情况下的相互作用能、相互作用力进行比较，对三个实例作了具体计算。     

组态相互作用和Breit相互作用对类氖离子2p-3s碰撞激发特性的影响

基于全相对论扭曲波(RDW)电子碰撞激发计算程序REIE06,系统计算了类氖Fe~(16+)、Xe~(44+)和U~(82+)离子基态1s~22s~22p~(61)S_0到激发态1s~22s~22p~53s精细结构能级的碰撞强度,详细研究了组态相互作用和Breit相互作用对碰撞强度的影响,总结了一些有意义的结论 .在目前计算中,由于细致考虑了组态相互作用和Breit相互作用,其部分结果与已有的理论结果进行比较,对实验值的相对误差较小.     

Threshold Fragmentation under Dipole Forces

The threshold law for N-body fragmentation under dipole forces is formulated. It emerges from the energy dependence of the normalization of the correlated continuum wave function for N fragments. It is shown that the dipole threshold law plays a key role in understanding all threshold fragmentation phenomena since it links the classical threshold law for long-range Coulomb interactions to the statistical law for short-range interactions. Furthermore, a tunnelling mechanism is identified as the common feature which occurs for all three classes of interactions, short-range, dipole and Coulomb.     

Nuclear Forces in the Odd Parity Sector and the LS Forces from Lattice QCD

The first lattice QCD calculation for the spin-orbit potential as well as the central and the tensor potentials in parity odd sector is presented for the two-nucleon system. These potentials are extracted from the Nambu-Bethe-Salpeter (NBS) wave functions for total angular momenta ${J^{P}=A_1^{-}(0^-),T_1^{-}(1^-),T_2^{-}\oplus E^{-}(2^-)}$ based on the representation theory of the cubic group.     

Nuclear Forces and Neutron Stars

Earlier work on nuclear forces is applied to astudy of cooled massive neutron stars. Nuclear forcesinside these stars cannot be neglected and theirinfluence on neutron star states is considered. One important property of nuclear forces is theirability to be repulsive, which results in the phenomenonof nuclear saturation. It is shown that this propertycan provide the balance of gravitational and nuclear forces in cooled massive neutronstars.     

Forces along Equidistant Particle Paths

Two particles on the sphere leave the equator moving due south and travel at a constant and equal speed along a geodesic colliding at the south pole. An observer who is unaware of the curvature of the space will conclude that there is an attractive force acting between the particles. On the other hand, if particles travel at the same speed (initially parallel) along geodesics in the hyperbolic plane, then the particle paths diverge. Imagine two particles in the hyperbolic plane that are bound together at a constant distance with their center of mass traveling along a geodesic path at a constant velocity, then the force due to the curvature of the space acts to break the bond and increases as a quadratic function of the velocity. We consider this problem for the sphere and the hyperbolic plane and we give the exact formula for the apparent force between the particles. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Lattice QCD Towards Nuclear Forces

Recent studies of nuclear forces based on lattice QCD are presented. Not only the central potential but also the tensor potential is deduced from the Nambu?CBethe?CSalpeter wave function measured with lattice QCD. This method is applied to various kinds of nuclear potentials, such as ${V_{NN}, V_{\Lambda N}, V_{p{\Xi}^0},V_{\Lambda\Lambda-N\Xi-\Sigma\Sigma}}$ (coupled-channel potential), and ${V^{\{{\bf {27},{8}_s,{1},{10},\overline{10},{8}_a}\}}}$ (flavor representation potential). The energy dependence and the angular momentum dependence of the quenched V _NN is studied. A challenge for three-nucleon force from lattice QCD is also presented.     

Critical Casimir Forces in Colloidal Suspensions

Some time ago, Fisher and de Gennes pointed out that long-ranged correlations in a fluid close to its critical point T _c cause distinct effective forces between immersed colloidal particles which can even lead to flocculation [C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris B 287:207 (1978)]. Here we calculate such forces between pairs of spherical particles as function of both relevant thermodynamic variables, i.e., the reduced temperature t=(T–T _c )/T _c and the field h conjugate to the order parameter. This provides the basis for specific predictions concerning the phase behavior of a suspension of colloidal particles in a near-critical solvent.     

Three-Body Forces and Neutron-Rich Exotic Nuclei

Physics of three-body forces in connection to exotic nuclei will be discussed. Three-nucleon forces (3NF), especially Fujita–Miyazawa 3NF, are shown to be the key for the solution to the long-standing problem of oxygen drip line, which deviates from basic trend towards the stability line. Three-body forces produce repulsive modifications to effective interaction between valence neutrons, and make the ground states less bound. The oxygen drip line is then located at the right place. The relation to the neutron matter is presented. Applications to Ca isotopes will be presented. The shell evolution due to the 3NF depicts the raising of single-particle energies and the widening of splitting among the orbits. This is in contrast to the so-called shell quenching. The 2⁺ levels are calculated for Ca isotopes, suggesting about the same sub-magic structure for N = 32 and 34.     

几种电动势的分析

电动势是一个既重要又抽象的物理量，教材中有四处论述到它，即电池的电动势，导体切割磁感线运动产生的动生电动势和磁通量变化所产生的感生电动势，以及自感电动势，本文就上述四种电动势进行具体分析。     

Michelangelo Wave Packets and Interference Forces

The spreading of a quantum mechanical particle in the absence of a classical force is a well-known effect.However, there exist situations when this phenomenon is suppressed or even completely stimulated. In the present talk we first briefly summarize various non-spreading wave packets emphasizing in particular the Michelangelo wave packets which have recently been verified experimentally. We then turn to the example of contracting wave packets in D = 2 dimensions. Here the shrinking effect results from quantum interference which is very peculiar in D = 2. In particular, we show that this interference force can be understood in terms of correlations of position and momentum which do not exist in classical physics.