The eccentric effect of a coaxial viscometer

ＴＨＥＥＣＣＥＮＴＲＩＣＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＡＣＯＡＸＩＡＬＶＩＳＣＯＭＥＴＥＲ＊／／ＧｕｏＺｈｉ－ｒｏｎｇ（郭志荣）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ．ＬｕｎｇｆａｎｇＮｏｒｍａｌＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ．ｆｏｒ,ＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌＴｒａｉｎｉｎｇ．...     

Comparison of a new internal viscosity model with other constrained-connector theories of dilute polymer solution rheology

Complex viscosity ^* = -i predictions of the Dasbach-Manke-Williams (DMW) internal viscosity (IV) model for dilute polymer solutions, which employs a mathematically rigorous formulation of the IV forces, are examined in the limit of infinite IV over the full range of frequency number of submolecules N, and hydrodynamic interaction h ^*. Although the DMW model employs linear entropic spring forces, infinite IV makes the submolecules rigid by suppressing spring deformations, thereby emulating the dynamics of a freely jointed chain of rigid links. The DMW () and () predictions are in close agreement with results for true freely jointed chain models obtained by Hassager (1974) and Fixman and Kovac (1974 a, b) with far more complicated formalisms. The infinite-frequency dynamic viscosity predicted by the DMW infinite-IV model is also found to be in remarkable agreement with the calculations of Doi et al. (1975). In contrast to the other freely jointed chain models cited above, however, the DMW model yields a simple closed-form solution for complex viscosity expressed in terms of Rouse-Zimm relaxation times.     

Orientation behavior of AB and ABC block copolymers under large amplitude oscillatory shear flow

Flow alignment in a large amplitude oscillatory shear field (LAOS) of a lamellar AB and a lamellar ABC block copolymer (A,B are lamellae, C forms cylinders in B-lamellae) has been studied. 2D-small angle X-ray scattering (2D-SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy were used for morphological characterization, and flow birefringence and Fourier-Transform rheology were used to monitor the orientation. The diblock copolymer shows the known frequency-dependent orientation behavior, i.e., a perpendicular or a parallel orientation of the lamellae, while under all conditions for the ABC block copolymer only a perpendicular orientation after a long induction period was found. Due to the introduced third block C the AB lamellar structure with a high viscosity contrast between the A and B domains cannot adapt a parallel orientation of sliding phases. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates shear induced improvement of the microphase separation of the short C block.     

Prediction of incipient shear band trajectories in a thick wall cylinder explosion test

A simple but precise and physical mechanism-based mathematical expression is proposed to predict shear band trajectories in thick wall cylinders subject to external surrounding pressure. The expression is based on the Coulomb-Mohr fracture criterion and can be applied to various compression-sensitive materials, especially ceramics. The predicted result closely matches the experimental observations, which makes this method quite useful in testing material behavior. This expression also permits the extraction of the parameter μ in the Coulomb-Mohr criterion from experimental observations. Furthermore, no pre-assumptions or after-test measurement are necessary in order to carry out the prediction. The only two values needed to conduct the prediction are the initial inner radius and the friction coefficient μ. A comparison between the newly proposed model and existing theory is made to reveal their relations and demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly derived mathematical expression.     

线起爆膨胀柱壳实验加载及诊断技术

基于电爆炸丝引爆炸药、继而驱动尼龙对金属柱壳进行碰撞加载的方式,在金属柱壳中部、半柱高范围内实现了一维柱面膨胀加载。同时,基于沿轴向的加载（或径向速度）一致性和沿环向的加载（或径向速度）轴对称性,提出了一维柱面加载的有效性判据。相比于滑移爆轰加载,一维柱面加载方式具有应力状态相对简单、易简化为二维轴对称问题分析的优点。在柱壳断裂诊断方面,建立了分布式表面速度诊断方法来监测柱壳圆周范围内的初始断裂。其原理为：均匀承载壳体断裂引起的局部承载失效将导致均匀速度曲线簇出现分叉（或演化趋势变化）。与高速分幅照相诊断方法相比,分布式表面速度诊断方法可准确获取柱壳圆周范围内的初始断裂信息（含断裂时刻和断裂位置）。利用建立的线起爆膨胀柱壳实验加载和诊断技术,获得了304钢和45钢柱壳的一维柱面动态拉伸初始断裂性能数据（含断裂应变、平均应变率）,其中,45钢柱壳的断裂应变（或延展性）低于304钢柱壳的。

     

Newtonian drop in a Newtonian matrix subjected to large amplitude oscillatory shear flows

The dynamics of a single Newtonian drop immersed in a Newtonian matrix subjected to large-amplitude oscillatory shear flow is investigated. The ratio of the drop and matrix viscosity is above criticality, and thus break-up is absent under constant shear flow. At small forcing amplitudes the drop shape follows a regular oscillation. As the forcing amplitude increases, multipeaked oscillations of drop shape and orientation are observed. Experimental results are compared with predictions obtained with a phenomenological model. Model predictions are in qualitative good agreement with experimental data. The model suggests that the appearance of higher harmonics in the drop response is mainly due to flow nonaffinity.     

Numerical simulation of shear effect on vortex shedding behind a square cylinder

This paper is concerned with the numerical simulation of the flow structure around a square cylinder in a uniform shear flow. The calculations were conducted by solving the unsteady 2D Navier–Stokes equations with a finite difference method. The effect of the shear parameter K of the approaching flow on the vortex-shedding Strouhal number and the force coefficients acting on the square cylinder is investigated in the range K=0·0–0·25 at various Reynolds numbers from 500 to 1500. The computational results are compared with some existing experimental data and previous studies. The effect of shear rate on the Strouhal number and the force acting on the cylinder has a tendency to reduce the oscillation. The Strouhal number, mean drag and amplitude of the fluctuating force tend to decrease as the shear rate increases, but show no significant change at low shear rate. Increasing the Reynolds number decreases the Strouhal number and increases the force acting on the cylinder. At high shear rate the shedding frequencies of the fluctuating drag and lift coefficients are identical. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Theory of linear viscoelasticity of chiral liquid crystals

The governing equations of monodomain isothermal cholesteric liquid crystals subjected to small amplitude oscillatory rectilinear shear have been derived for three representative helix orientations. The imposition of oscillatory flow excites splay-bend-twist deformations when the helix is aligned along the flow direction, splay-bend deformations when the helix is along the vorticity gradient, and twist deformations when aligned along the velocity axis. The different nature of the excited elastic modes as well as the anisotropic viscosities are reflected in the anisotropy of the linear viscoelastic material functions for small amplitude rectilinear oscillatory shear. When the helix is aligned along the flow direction, cholesteric viscoelasticity is strongest, and exists in a relatively narrow band of intermediate frequencies. When the helix is aligned along the vorticity direction cholesteric viscoelasticity is significant in a relatively broad range of intermediate frequencies. Finally, when the helix is aligned along the velocity gradient direction, cholesteric viscoelasticity is relatively insignificant and only exists in a narrow band of frequencies. The cholesteric pitch controls the location of viscoelastic region on the frequency spectrum, but only when the helix is not oriented along the vorticity axis.     

Prediction of turbulent oscillatory flows in complex systems

The economical prediction of a turbulent oscillatory isothermal flow at transitional Reynolds numbers is considered for an enclosure representative of an idealized electronics system. To assess the accuracy of numerical models, comparison is made with measurements. Normal wall distances, required in some turbulence models, are evaluated using a modified Poisson equation‐based technique. Solutions of the Poisson and fluid flow equations are accelerated using multi‐level schemes, giving valuable time‐savings. The Poisson equation‐based wall distance technique is shown to be effective. Zero‐ to two‐equation turbulence techniques are tested, including zonal and non‐linear eddy viscosity models. Of the nine models tested, the zonal models showed greatest potential. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow past a cylinder: shear layer instability and drag crisis

Flow past a circular cylinder for Re=100 to 10⁷ is studied numerically by solving the unsteady incompressible two‐dimensional Navier–Stokes equations via a stabilized finite element formulation. It is well known that beyond Re ～ 200 the flow develops significant three‐dimensional features. Therefore, two‐dimensional computations are expected to fall well short of predicting the flow accurately at high Re. It is fairly well accepted that the shear layer instability is primarily a two‐dimensional phenomenon. The frequency of the shear layer vortices, from the present computations, agree quite well with the Re^0.67 variation observed by other researchers from experimental measurements. The main objective of this paper is to investigate a possible relationship between the drag crisis (sudden loss of drag at Re ～ 2 × 10⁵) and the instability of the separated shear layer. As Re is increased the transition point of shear layer, beyond which it is unstable, moves upstream. At the critical Reynolds number the transition point is located very close to the point of flow separation. As a result, the shear layer eddies cause mixing of the flow in the boundary layer. This energizes the boundary layer and leads to its reattachment. The delay in flow separation is associated with narrowing of wake, increase in Reynolds shear stress near the shoulder of the cylinder and a significant reduction in the drag and base suction coefficients. The spatial and temporal power spectra for the kinetic energy of the Re=10⁶ flow are computed. As in two‐dimensional isotropic turbulence, E(k) varies as k^?5/3 for wavenumbers higher than energy injection scale and as k^?3 for lower wavenumbers. The present computations suggest that the shear layer vortices play a major role in the transition of boundary layer from laminar to turbulent state. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two‐dimensional prediction of time dependent,turbulent flow around a square cylinder confined in a channel

This paper presents two‐dimensional and unsteady RANS computations of time dependent, periodic, turbulent flow around a square block. Two turbulence models are used: the Launder–Sharma low‐Reynolds number k–ε model and a non‐linear extension sensitive to the anisotropy of turbulence. The Reynolds number based on the free stream velocity and obstacle side is Re=2.2×10⁴. The present numerical results have been obtained using a finite volume code that solves the governing equations in a vertical plane, located at the lateral mid‐point of the channel. The pressure field is obtained with the SIMPLE algorithm. A bounded version of the third‐order QUICK scheme is used for the convective terms. Comparisons of the numerical results with the experimental data indicate that a preliminary steady solution of the governing equations using the linear k–ε does not lead to correct flow field predictions in the wake region downstream of the square cylinder. Consequently, the time derivatives of dependent variables are included in the transport equations and are discretized using the second‐order Crank–Nicolson scheme. The unsteady computations using the linear and non‐linear k–ε models significantly improve the velocity field predictions. However, the linear k–ε shows a number of predictive deficiencies, even in unsteady flow computations, especially in the prediction of the turbulence field. The introduction of a non‐linear k–ε model brings the two‐dimensional unsteady predictions of the time‐averaged velocity and turbulence fields and also the predicted values of the global parameters such as the Strouhal number and the drag coefficient to close agreement with the data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On separated shear layer of blunt circular cylinder

Separated shear layer of blunt circular cylinder has been experimentally investigated for the Reynolds numbers (based on the diameter) ranging from 2.8×10³ to 1.0×10⁵, with emphasis on evolution of separated shear layer, its structure and distribution of Reynolds shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy. The results demonstrate that laminar separated shear layer experiences 2–3 times vortex merging before it reattaches, and turbulence separated shear layer takes 5–6 times vortex merging. In addition, relationship between dimensionless initial frequencies of K-H instability and Reynolds numbers is identified, and reasons for the decay of turbulence kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress in reattachment region are discussed. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Key Laboratory for Hydrodynamics of NDCST.     

Bending integral expressions of a cylinder with cracks

ＢＥＮＤＩＮＧＩＮＴＥＧＲＡＬＥＸＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＳＯＦＡＣＹＬＩＮＤＥＲＷＩＴＨＣＲＡＣＫＳＷａｎｇＸｉａｏ－ｃｈｕｎ（王晓春）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃｓ,ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ）（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＮｏｔ...     

Numerical study of vortex shedding from a rotating cylinder immersed in a uniform flow field

A numerical study is made of the unsteady two‐dimensional, incompressible flow past an impulsively started translating and rotating circular cylinder. The Reynolds number (Re) and the rotating‐to‐translating speed ratio (α) are two controlled parameters, and the influence of their different combinations on vortex shedding from the cylinder is investigated by the numerical scheme sketched below. Associated with the streamfunction (ψ)–vorticity (ω) formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, the Poisson equation for ψ is solved by a Fourier/finite‐analytic, separation of variable approach. This approach allows one to attenuate the artificial far‐field boundary, and also yields a global conditioning on the wall vorticity in response to the no‐slip condition. As for the vorticity transport equation, spatial discretization is done by means of finite difference in which the convection terms are handled with the aid of an ENO (essentially non‐oscillatory)‐like data reconstruction process. Finally, the interior vorticity is updated by an explicit, second‐order Runge–Kutta method. Present computations fall into two categories. One with Re=10³ and α≤3; the other with Re=10⁴ and α≤2. Comparisons with other numerical or physical experiments are included. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Instability of the separated shear layer in flow past a cylinder: Forced excitation

The receptivity of the separated shear layer for Re = 300 flow past a cylinder is investigated by forced excitation via an unsteady inflow. In order to isolate the shear layer instability, a numerical experiment is set up that suppresses the primary wake instability. Computations are carried out for one half of the cylinder, in two dimensions. The flow past half a cylinder with steady inflow is found to be stable for Re = 300. However, an inlet flow with pulsatile perturbations, of amplitude 1% of the mean, results in the excitation of the shear layer mode. The frequency of the perturbation of the inlet flow determines the frequency associated with the shear layer vortices. For a certain range of forced frequencies the recirculation region undergoes a low‐frequency longitudinal contraction and expansion. An attempt is made to relate this instability to a global mode of the wake determined from a linear stability analysis. Interestingly, this phenomenon disappears when the outflow boundary of the computational domain is shifted sufficiently downstream. This study demonstrates the need of carefully investigating the effect of the location of outflow boundaries if the computational results indicate the presence of low‐frequency fluctuations. The effect of Re and amplitude of unsteadiness at the inlet are also presented. All computations have been carried out using a stabilized finite element formulation of the incompressible flow equations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Condensation heat transfer in a rotating horizontal cylinder with a scraper

A dryer used in the drying process of paper production is usually a rotating horizontal cylinder in which steam condenses. This study concerns some experiments and analyses of condensate flow and heat transfer in a dryer with a scraper.

A laminar film model and a solid film model are introduced for the theoretical analyses. In the former the condensate flow is assumed to be laminar. In the latter the condensate film is assumed to adhere to the cylinder wall. In the analysis with the laminar film model, the film thickness diverges at relatively slow rotations. A criterion for the critical condition at which the divergence commences is proposed. From the solid film model, analytical expressions can be derived for the film thickness and the heat transmission coefficient through the condensate film and the cylinder wall.

The experiments are conducted with an acrylic resin cylinder and a stainless steel cylinder. The experimental result on heat transmission agrees with the analytical result for the solid film model if a condensate film about 25 μm thick remains in spite of scraping.     

Torsion problems for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack

Using the method of singular integral equation and the crack-cutting technique, the rigorous solutions are obtained for a cylinder with a rectangular hole and a rectangular cylinder with a crack, which exactly satisfy the boundary conditions and the conditions at the corner points. After that the torsional rigidities and the stress intensity factors at the crack tip are determined. Next, for the doubly connected circular cylinder with a rectangular hole the expressions for the singular stresses around the concave corner points are derived and the generalized stress intensity factors are then defined. Since the crack-cutting technique is used in this paper, the solution of the matching rectangular cylinder is also obtained and its numerical results coincide with those in references. Thus the method proposed here is verified. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China