Design Method for Optical Waveguide Filters Having Corrugation Structures by Corrugation Width Modulation

A method to design a corrugated optical waveguide filter by modulating the corrugation width profile is proposed. This method is based on combined applications of the Fourier transformation and the F-matrix formalism. The method achieves the spatial profile of the corrugation width required to design a filter with any specified spectral profile of the reflection coefficient. The idea of the technique is that the spatial variation of the effective refractive index can be transformed, with the help of the F-matrix formalism, to variation of the corrugation width while maintaining a constant amplitude of the refractive index variation. Two examples are given applying the technique to the design of optical waveguide filters with reflectivity profiles of two- and four-rejection bands.     

Time-domain surface profile imaging via a hyperspectral Fourier transform spectrometer

We describe a method for time-domain surface profile measurements via white-light reflection spectroscopy using a hyperspectral Fourier transform spectrometer (HS-FTS). This technique measures the frequency of the spectral modulation of reflected light from a multilayer optical surface and reports the spatially resolved optical thickness. Owing to the Fourier relationship, the Fourier transform spectrometer manifests this spectral modulation as temporal satellites in interferogram space. We show that measurement of the positions of these satellites can be used to reconstruct the optical thickness profile over a surface using the HS-FTS.     

Measurement of absolute phase Shift on reflection of thin films using white-light spectral interferometry

A novel method to measure the absolute phase shift on reflection of thin film is presented utilizing a white-light interferometer in spectral domain. By applying Fourier transformation to the recorded spectral interference signal, we retrieve the spectral phase function Ф, which is induced by three parts： the path length difference in air L, the effective thickness of slightly dispersive cube beam splitter Teff and the nonlinear phase function due to multi-reflection of the thin film structure. We utilize the fact that the overall optical path difference （OPD） is linearly dependent on the refractive index of the beam splitter to determine both L and Teff. The spectral phase shift on reflection of thin film structure can be obtained by subtracting these two parts from Ф. We show theoretically and experimentally that our new method can provide a simple and fast solution in calculating the absolute spectral phase function of optical thin films, while still maintaining high accuracy.     

平面介质波导折射率剖面重建的欠松弛迭代方法

本文研究存在导(行)模时Gel'fand-Levitan-Marchenko方程的数值解法。由于反射系数在复数k平面正虚数轴上有极点,其特征函数中出现指数增长项,应用数值迭代求解到一定距离后便产生发散。为了克服这一困难,我们在迭代中采用了松弛方法,通过引入欠松弛因子延伸了势函数重建的有效距离。应用Schrodinger方程下的比例变换关系,逆散射所重建势函数可以直接用于介质波导折射率剖面设计。     

Extension of the radiation spectrum method for the reflection calculation at the end of a strongly guiding optical waveguide

In this work we extend the radiation spectrum method (RSM) with evanescent modes to use it for the calculation of the reflection coefficient at the end of a strongly guiding dielectric waveguide. The extension is made by considering the coupling between the radiation (or evanescent) modes at both sides of the optical discontinuity. To insure the convergence of the method, this extension is achieved analytically. Using this technique, we show that for small guide width, the generation of evanescent modes results in a complex reflection coefficient. The magnitude and the phase of the reflection coefficient are calculated and compared with the simple theory of the effective index as well as the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. The spectra of the transmitted and reflected fields are also obtained.     

Multilayer X-ray mirrors based on La/B<Subscript>4</Subscript>C and La/B<Subscript>9</Subscript>C

Multilayer X-ray mirrors that are based on La/B₄C and La/B₉C and intended for the reflection of X-ray radiation in the spectral region near λ = 6.7 nm are prepared and studied. Reflection coefficients at a level of 40–60% are achieved for mirrors with various periods. The difference in the interlayer roughnesses reconstructed from the data measured in the hard and soft X-ray spectral regions is explained using a structural model with an asymmetric permittivity profile in a mirror period. A proximate technique is developed to estimate the permittivity profile in a multilayer-structure period using reflectometry data. The effect of antidiffusion Sn, Cr, and Mo barriers on the reflection coefficient of multilayer La/B₄C structures is studied experimentally     

A design method for dielectric multilayer optical filters

A generalized design method for an optical filter consisting of a dielectric multilayer structure is proposed to get an arbitrary profile of the wavelength dispersion of reflectivity or transmittance. The basic concept of the method lies in the fact that the wavelength dispersion of the reflectivity is approximately determined by taking the inverse Fourier transformation of the refractive index profile of the multilayer structure. Construction of a filter with only three different values of refractive index is described.     

支持向量回归算法在光纤光栅非均匀应变重构中的应用

当布拉格光栅轴向存在大的应变梯度时,其反射光谱的形状会被扭曲.甚至出现多峰,发展非均匀应变分布重构方法对于结构健康监测技术具有重要意义.但采集反射光谱时的测试噪声会显著影响应变分布重构的精度.为此,提出了采用支持向量机对含噪的反射光谱进行回归预处理,并运用适应度排序改进的遗传优化算法结合传输矩阵反射光谱构建方法识别布拉格光栅轴向非均匀应变分布的方法.该方法将反射光谱视为时间序列.利用支持向量回归的全局优化和泛化能力进行噪声抑制.从而回归出有效的反射光谱;通过传输矩阵方法将光栅轴向应变分段均匀化,利用改进的遗传算法进行并行重构.对多种应变分布形式下的应变重构进行了仿真研究,结果表明,支持向量机方法可以有效地进行反射光谱同归,提高非均匀应变分布重构的精度.     

基于完全波形的反射和吸收特征的非线性光谱相似性度量与检索——非线性光谱角制图

提出了一种新的光谱相似性度量方法,即非线性光谱角制图。该方法一方面利用核主成分分析(PCA)方法实现非线性变换和去除波段间的强相关性;另一方面,在变换空间中合并光谱的反射特征和吸收特征。最后,用光谱角制图方法对合并后的反射和吸收特征向量进行相似性度量。实验表明该方法在光谱相似性度量和检索中是有效的。     

Anisotropy of optical constants of ZnSe/BeTe heterostructures with no common atoms at the interfaces

The in-plane anisotropy of the refractive index and absorption coefficient in the blue-green spectral region in ZnSe/BeTe type-II heterostructures with no common atoms at the interface has been studied by ellipsometry in reflection. It was established that the relative difference (anisotropy) in the refractive index and absorption coefficient remains nonzero throughout the range covered and reaches 0.6% for the refractive index and 85% for the absorption coefficient. It was found that, in contrast to excitonic transitions involving a heavy hole, the anisotropy in absorption for the light-hole exciton is larger in magnitude and is of the opposite sign.     

Characteristics of a three-mirror interference system with a noninverted response function in reflected light

It is demonstrated that a reflection interferometer with optical properties of a three-mirror system in transmitted light can be created by including a phase grating in the structure of an input mirror. The response function is determined, a technique for the selection of parameters for the formation of spectral characteristics of the reflection coefficient is considered, and results of calculations are presented.     

Real time en face Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography with direct hardware frequency demodulation

We demonstrate en face swept source optical coherence tomography (ss-OCT) without requiring a Fourier transformation step. The electronic optical coherence tomography (OCT) interference signal from a k-space linear Fourier domain mode-locked laser is mixed with an adjustable local oscillator, yielding the analytic reflectance signal from one image depth for each frequency sweep of the laser. Furthermore, a method for arbitrarily shaping the spectral intensity profile of the laser is presented, without requiring the step of numerical apodization. In combination, these two techniques enable sampling of the in-phase and quadrature signal with a slow analog-to-digital converter and allow for real-time display of en face projections even for highest axial scan rates. Image data generated with this technique is compared to en face images extracted from a three-dimensional OCT data set. This technique can allow for real-time visualization of arbitrarily oriented en face planes for the purpose of alignment, registration, or operator-guided survey scans while simultaneously maintaining the full capability of high-speed volumetric ss-OCT functionality.     

Automatic refractive index profiling of fibers by phase analysis method using Fourier transform

Automatic fringe pattern analysis is a powerful and inexpensive digital image-processing technique. It is used to analyze the fringe pattern obtained by different optical techniques, such as multiple-beam Fizeau fringes. To perform accurate and fast automatic measurement of fiber refractive index profile, phase analysis method has been used with the Fourier transform technique. In this paper, the refractive index profiles of polyethylene fibers with different draw ratios are presented by two methods, fringe shift method and phase analysis method. A comparison between the results obtained is presented.     

The analysis of volume reflection gratings using optical thin-film techniques

In this paper the use of thin-film techniques to model volume reflection grating structures is described and analysed. The results obtained using this technique for the uniform refractive index modulation case are compared with those obtained using the more familiar coupled-wave theory. The shape of the resultant spectral profile may be modified by the introduction of swelling or shrinkage, absorption or non-uniform index modulation within the volume of the grating structure. Results showing the effect of each are presented. Finally, the performance of experimental thick (>100 m) volume gratings in dichromated gelatin is discussed and the most recent improvements in the resultant spectral profiles are described. These results show that the thin-film modelling technique is useful for the modelling of volume reflection grating structures.     

基于激光驱动等离子体光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统

近红外傅里叶变换光谱仪作为一种常用的科研级近红外光谱检测仪器,广泛应用于各个科研领域。目前的近红外光谱仪着重于光谱分辨率方面的提升,在光谱信噪比提升方面关注较少。光谱信噪比直接影响光谱线指数测量精度的优劣,光谱信噪比越高,光谱线指数测量精度越高,越有利于对微量物质进行精细光谱比对。因此,提升光谱仪的光谱信噪比是十分必要的。对比常用的钨灯光源,激光驱动等离子体光源(LDLS)不仅在近红外区域具有高光照强度的优点,而且其独特的高频调制输出信号在经锁相放大器调制解调后能够很好的抑制背景信号对干涉光谱所带来的影响。高亮度与辐射调制的结合使得以LDLS作为光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统在光谱信噪比方面获得显著提升。基于上述原因,提出利用新型激光驱动等离子体光源作为光谱信号输出源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统,并与含有调制能力的钨灯光源搭建的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统进行了信噪比的比较实验。首先利用钨灯光源由斩波器高频调制再经过锁相放大器解调的方式,对锁相放大器积分时间进行优化并通过计算干涉光谱信噪比进行评估,分别对比了积分时间为0.5,1,5,10和20 ms的干涉光谱信噪比与对称度,确定后续系统中的锁相放大器最佳积分时间为5 ms,该状态下钨灯光源所实现的干涉光谱信噪比经计算约为90∶1;其次利用激光驱动等离子体光源代替钨灯光源和斩波器,在最佳积分时间下进行干涉光谱信噪比对比评估,结果表明激光驱动等离子体光源的干涉光谱信噪比与传统钨灯光源相比提升111倍;最后,利用近红外标准片对系统进行光谱测量准确性评估,结果表明利用该光源的近红外傅里叶变换光谱系统的近红外吸收峰值误差<0.5 nm,具有高光谱准确性与分辨能力。     

Arbitrary chirped fiber Bragg gratings on application of filtering for optical communications

This paper presents an analysis of how to obtain narrow transmission band in the centre of the spectrum of the arbitrary chirped fiber Bragg grating (ACFBG). Grating chirp coefficient and refractive index profile are the critical parameters in contributing to performance of fiber Bragg grating. The reflection spectra and transmission band were analyzed with different refractive index profile. Apodization techniques are used to get optimized reflection spectra. The simulations are based on solving coupled mode equations by transfer matrix method that describes the interaction of guided modes.     

运用傅里叶变换对差分吸收光谱的解析

利用差分吸收光谱技术原理,设计了相应的差分吸收光谱监测装置,对环境中存在两种主要污染气体SO₂和NO₂进行了监测。在对所测光谱进行分析时,提出了用傅里叶变换的信号分析方法来解析上述两种气体的吸收光谱。在光谱分析过程中,主要包括光谱信号的去噪处理和慢变化的拟合两大步骤。差分吸收光谱仪所测到的原始光谱经傅里叶变换后,频谱中的低频部分对应的就是原始光谱中的慢变化部分,而噪声谱主要集中在变换后频谱的高频部分,所以可以通过截取一定频率段的频谱后再通过逆傅里叶变换来去除气体吸收光谱中的慢变换部分和噪声部分,进一步处理后可以得到气体的差分吸收光谱,从而反演计算出对应的气体浓度。通过分析比较,该方法是一种新的差分吸收光谱解析方法,可以更好地拟合出原始光谱中的慢变化部分,与此同时,在去除噪声影响,提高信噪比方面有很好的作用。     

任意各向异性介质光栅的严格模式理论分析

将“逆规则”傅里叶级数展开法和反射透射系数阵递推算法进行推广。对任意面形及任意入射角的电磁各向异性介质光栅衍射特性进行研究，该方法物理概念清晰，数值计算稳定收敛，计算速度快，并与其它方法的计算结果进行了比较。     

偏振光谱BRDF建模与仿真

在偏振光条件下,物体的表面反射受到折射率、表面粗糙度、入射角等多种因素的影响。针对粗糙物体表面在不同波段光照下表现出不同的偏振反射特性,提出一种基于Kirchhof理论的偏振光谱BRDF模型。利用已知材质在不同波长下的复折射率,对其折射率和消光系数部分分别反演出的对应光谱模型,进而得到复折射率的光谱模型;同借鉴经典的表面粗糙度测量方法,结合菲涅耳反射公式,推导出表面粗糙度的光谱模型,将得到的复折射率和粗糙度光谱模型与BRDF模型相结合,推导出偏振光谱BRDF建模。模型分别在折射率随波长变化、粗糙度为常量,折射率、粗糙度均随波长变化以及原模型三种情况下进行仿真对比实验,并将所得到的数据与其他资料进行对比。其结果表明,该模型能够较为准确的反映物体表面的偏振反射特性,并且能够描述偏振度随波长变化趋势的光谱特征,能够为偏振遥感、物质分类等方面的应用提供可靠依据。     

不同组分比例的高光谱混合象元反射光谱形态特征研究

实验条件下,利用地物多角度二向反射平台及ASD地物波谱仪获取了由清水与荷叶组成的高光谱混合象元反射光谱,通过选择反射光谱形态指标,分析了24组不同组分比例下高光谱混合象元反射光谱形态指标变化规律,并得到以下结论：选择的光谱形态指标之间存在着较大的相关性,按照0.05及以上置信水平和可决系数R2>0.5的条件对光谱形态指标进行剔除,确定了最能体现反射光谱特征的形态指标;不同波段范围内,各光谱形态指标随混合象元成分比例的变化规律有所差异;聚类分析结果表明,纯象元(清水)过渡到混合象元存在临界值,当混合象元组分比例小于此临界值时,主要体现纯象元反射光谱特征,大于临界值时才表现混合象元的反射光谱特征。