混合流体对流中具有间歇性缺陷的缺陷源摆动的对传波

通过数值模拟,研究了长高比Γ_x=40和分离比ψ-=2.0时有间歇性缺陷的缺陷源摆动的对传波。研究表明:对于给定的相对瑞利数r,在缺陷源摆动的对传波中,缺陷源做"S"型曲线摆动,缺陷源两侧行波分支上存在间歇性缺陷,行波分支上的缺陷数量不固定;随相对瑞利数r增加,缺陷源沿腔体水平方向的摆动振幅不断减小,缺陷源两侧行波分支上的缺陷数量呈减少局势,缺陷源初始摆动方向由向左变为向右;垂直流速最大值δw_(max)和下壁面努塞尔数Nu-1是相对瑞利数r的函数,并给出了它们随着相对瑞利数r的变化关系式。     

具有间歇性缺陷的混合流体行进波对流斑图

本文通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有中等Soret效应的混合流体行进波斑图的动力学特性.当分离比Ψ=-0.3时,首次发现一种没有源缺陷的左右相对传播的CPW(Counter propagating waves)状态向行进波状态的过渡形式,并且在r=1.50-1.60的范围内,行进波对流斑图中存在着间歇性缺陷结构.这种缺陷出现的周期随瑞利数r增大而增加.在缺陷出现的周期内,对流振幅也以行进波的周期在周期的变化,对流振幅的振动次数或行进波的周围数也随相对瑞利数r增大而增加.当r增加到1.65时,行进波对流斑图中的缺陷结构消失.由于缺陷引起的对流振幅的周期性变化也随之消失,而以行进波的周期在整个时间段上周期的振动.     

长矩形截面腔体内具有缺陷的对传行波斑图

在长高比Γ=40、分离比Ψ=-0.6情况下,通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,得到了一种新的有趣斑图,即单侧缺陷摆动对传行波.通过分析单侧缺陷摆动对传行波各物理场随时间变化的等值线图、波形图,讨论了其形成过程及时空动力学特性.进一步对比不同相对瑞利数下的单侧缺陷摆动对传行波,探讨了缺陷数、缺陷周期以及缺陷方向等缺陷特征对相对瑞利数的依赖性.     

小长高比腔体内的摆动行波

通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有Soret效应(分离比ψ=?0.47)和小长高比(Γ=8)腔体中混合流体摆动行波对流的动力学特性。研究表明:在相对瑞利数r3.467时系统出现了行波状态;在r=3.647～6.227的范围内,发现了摆动行波对流;且对流振幅随着时间的变化存在两种不同特性,其摆动周期随瑞利数r增大而减小,对流振幅和努塞尔数随瑞利数r增大而增加;当r增大到r=6.228时,摆动行波过渡到定常对流状态。因此,在行波对流向定常对流过渡的过程中存在摆动行波对流.     

水平流动对周期加热的Rayleigh-Bénard对流的影响

采用二维流体力学基本方程组对普朗特数Pr=0.0272的具有水平流动周期性加热的Rayleigh-Bénard对流特性进行数值模拟.结果说明,当相对瑞利数给定时,对流斑图的形成取决于水平流动强度.由对流斑图随着时间的变化确定了对流周期.随着相对瑞利数的减小,对流周期适应的水平流动强度减小,并且水平流动强度的存在范围减小.随着相对瑞利数的增加,对流周期变小.随着水平流动强度的增加,对流周期变小,并且对流周期变化的梯度变小.随着水平流动强度的增加,两个局部行波对流区的范围减小,水平流动区间增加.然后,随着水平流动强度的进一步增加,第一对流区先消失.当水平流动强度足够大时第二对流区也消失.腔体内形成水平流动.随着相对瑞利数的增大,第一对流区和第二对流区消失的临界水平流动强度也增大.     

具有强SORET效应的混合流体Undulation行进波对流斑图

本文通过流体力学基本方程组的数值模拟,探讨了具有强Soret效应（分离比ψ=-0．6）的混合流体Undulation行进波对流斑图的动力学特性。在相对瑞利数r〈6．436时,首次发现一种没有源缺陷的左右相对传播的CPW（Counter propagating waves）状态向行进波状态的过渡形式。在r=6．436—10.8的范围内,发现了两种不同结构的Undulation行进波对流斑图。当6．436〈r〈10时,出现了腔体内的平均波数在时间上变化且局部波数或当地波数在空间和时间上连续变化的Undulation行进波对流斑图。当r=10—10．8时,出现了腔体内的平均波数在时间上保持为常数而局部波数或当地波数在空间和时间上连续变化的Undulation行进波斑图。在两种状态下,Undulation行进波的摆动周期随瑞利数r增大而减小,它的对流振幅和Nusselt数随瑞利数r增大而增加。在Undulation行进波斑图形成以前,存在以中心为对称的Undulation行进波斑图,它的存活时间依赖于r。当r增加到11．0时,Undulation行进波过渡到定常对流状态。     

摆动行波的时空结构

基于流体力学方程组,对长高比Γ=30腔体内混合流体对流中摆动行波的时空结构进行了数值模拟。结果发现:当分离比Ψ=-0.6,-0.4时,在摆动行波存在的下临界附近,摆动行波的对流滚动有消失也有产生,对流平均波数在周期内变化;在摆动行波存在的上临界附近,摆动行波的对流滚动既无消失也无产生,对流平均波数保持为常数。随着相对瑞利数r的增加,对流滚动的摆动幅度和摆动周期明显减小。当分离比Ψ=-0.6时,摆动行波是准周期的;当分离比Ψ=-0.4时,摆动行波是周期的;当分离比Ψ=-0.2时,在摆动行波存在的下临界附近,观察到了一种沿着行波的对称轴线两侧发生对称的摆动行波的新型对流结构。在摆动行波存在的上临界附近,摆动行波是无周期的。随着分离比负值减小,摆动行波存在的上、下限下移,摆动行波存在的稳定区间Δr减小。     

三种不同对流结构的行波斑图

利用二维数值分析,探讨了长高比Γ=20、分离比ψ=-0.4的三种行波对流斑图。结果表明:在r?(1.67,2.0]范围内出现了具有两个间歇性缺陷的行波斑图,第一缺陷和第二缺陷发生的位置固定;第一缺陷的出现周期随着相对瑞利数r的增加而增加。当相对瑞利数r较小时,第二缺陷的出现周期不确定;当相对瑞利数r较大时,第二缺陷的出现周期随着相对瑞利数r的增加而增加。在r?(2.0,2.59]范围内出现了具有一个间歇性缺陷的行波斑图,缺陷发生的位置不固定;缺陷的出现周期随着相对瑞利数r的增加而增加。在r?(2.59,4.6]范围内出现无缺陷的行波斑图,这说明随着相对瑞利数r的增加,行波对流结构变得简单化;同时发现不同的行波对流结构有不同的对流振幅变化过程。     

大长高比腔体中的摆动行波

通过数值求解流体力学方程组,探讨了大长高比Γ(28)20的腔体中的摆动行波。研究结果表明:对于较小的相对瑞利数r,两端壁处有滚动产生且摆动行波消失,波长在空间上变化较大;对于较大的r,两端壁处不再有滚动产生且摆动行波消失,平均波数不再随着时间变化;随着r的增大,摆动幅度减小,摆动周期变小;随着长高比Γ的增加,摆动行波存在的范围增大;相同相对瑞利数情况下,长高比Γ较大的腔体,摆动行波存在的周期较大。     

混合流体分离比对摆动行波的影响

利用Simple算法对流体力学基本方程组进行了数值模拟,研究了摆动行波的特性。结果表明:在摆动行波存在的范围内,当相对瑞利数r较小时,腔体内沿着空间的平均波数是随着时间周期变化的;当r较大时,腔体内沿着空间的平均波数随着时间增大保持为常数。摆动行波的摆动周期随r的增大而减小;分离比负值越大,变化越平缓,摆动行波出现的范围越大。随着长高比增加,较小分离比时,摆动周期的上、下限明显提高;分离比较大时,摆动行波存在区间对应的r上、下限明显增加。     

矩形倾斜腔体中的两种对流斑图和分区

为了研究矩形倾斜腔体中普朗特数Pr=0.72的流体对流斑图和分区,本文基于流体力学方程组进行了数值模拟。在相对瑞利数r=6.0的情况下,观察了倾角θ=10°和θ=60°时对流斑图随着时间的发展,发现系统存在单圈型对流和多圈型对流两种斑图。流线随着倾角的变化说明:随着倾角增加,对流圈数逐渐减少,对流波长逐渐增加,对流波数减小;然后,随着对流圈数显著地减少,系统由多圈型对流过渡到单圈型对流。根据模拟计算结果,给出了多圈型对流过渡到单圈型对流的临界倾角θc随着相对瑞利数r变化的关系曲线。对流在θ-r平面上分为两个区域:θ<θc时系统是单圈型对流,θ>θc时系统是多圈型对流。对流最大振幅A和努塞尔数Nu随着倾角θ的变化曲线被临界倾角θc分成两段,它们有不同的变化规律。因此,临界倾角也可以由对流最大振幅A或努塞尔数Nu的变化曲线来确定。     

Experimental Study on Oscillatory Natural Convection in a Hele-Shaw Cell due to Unstably Heated Side

The oscillatory motion of natural convection in a porous medium has been investigated experimentally using a Hele-Shaw cell technique. The cell has been heated on the lower half and cooled on the upper half along the same vertical sidewall. Flows have been visualized using the pH indicator method. Photographs of natural convection patterns as well as average Nusselt number data have been presented for different Rayleigh numbers. Oscillatory motion of natural convection has been observed for large enough Rayleigh numbers and the critical Rayleigh number has been estimated to be between 120 and 450. Scaling analysis has been conducted to understand the heat transfer and the oscillating mechanism. According to the scaling analysis, it has been found that the average Nusselt number is proportional to the square root of the Rayleigh number, and that the oscillation frequency is proportional to the Rayleigh number. Obtained experimental data support the scaling analysis.     

Heat convection from a cylinder performing steady rotation or rotary oscillation – Part II: Rotary oscillation

This paper deals with the problem of combined (forced and natural) convection from a horizontal cylinder performing oscillating rotary motion in a quiescent fluid of infinite extent. While forced convection is caused by cylinder oscillation, the natural convection is caused by the buoyancy driven flow. The heat transfer process is governed by Rayleigh number, Ra, Reynolds number, Re, and the dimensionless frequency of oscillation, S. The study covers Ra up to 10³, Re up to 400 and S up to 0.8. The results showed that, for the same Ra, the time-averaged rate of heat transfer lies in between two limiting values. The first, is the steady state heat rate due to natural convection from a fixed cylinder and the second is the steady state heat rate from a cylinder rotating steadily at a speed equal to the maximum speed of rotational oscillation. The smaller the value of Re the nearer the time-averaged Nusselt number to that of fixed cylinder at the same Ra and the higher Re the lower the average Nusselt number. The effect of frequency is only limited to changing the amplitude of the fluctuating Nusselt number. Received on 15 December 1997     

Double-diffusive convection in an inclined porous layer with a concentration-based internal heat source

The thermosolutal instability of double-diffusive convection in an inclined fluid-saturated porous layer with a concentration-based internal heat source is investigated. The linear instability of small-amplitude perturbations to the system is analyzed with respect to transverse and longitudinal rolls. The resultant eigenvalue problem is solved numerically utilizing the Chebyshev tau method. It is shown that an increasing inclination angle causes a strong stabilization in the transverse rolls irrespective of the internal heat source or vertical solutal Rayleigh number. Furthermore, substantial qualitative changes are demonstrated in the linear instability thresholds with variations in the inclination angle and concentration-based heat source.     

Experimental Investigation of Thermo-Oscillatory Convection

The thermal convection in an air column oscillating with a high frequency in a plane channel whose boundaries are isothermal and have different temperatures is investigated. The experiments were performed for various channel orientations and for a wide range of nondimensional governing parameters, i.e. the gravitational Rayleigh number and the thermo-oscillatory parameter. As follows from the experimental results, for relatively large oscillation amplitudes the latter parameter characterizes the average action of high-frequency oscillations on a non-isothermal incompressible fluid. The regions in which either the thermo-oscillatory or gravitational mechanism of thermal convection predominates are determined. The threshold of excitation of thermo-oscillatory convection under weightlessness conditions is found.     

Effect of Surface Corrugation on Convection in a Three-Dimensional Finite Box of Fluid Saturated Porous Material

The problem of finite amplitude thermal convection in a three-dimensional finite box of fluid saturated porous material is investigated, when the lower boundary of the fluid is corrugated. The nonlinear problem of three-dimensional convection in the box for the values of the Rayleigh number close to the classical critical value and for small values of the amplitude of the corrugations is solved by a perturbation technique. The preferred mode of convection is determined by stability analysis. In the absence of corrugation three-dimensional modes of convection can be either stable or unstable depending on the values of the aspect ratios of the box, while two-dimensional rolls are always stable, provided that the box aspect ratios allow the existence of such modes of convection. In the presence of boundary corrugation with the appropriate form, different three-dimensional or two-dimensional modes of corrugation can be stable or unstable. For a rough boundary with local roughness sites, the location, size, and number of the roughness elements plus the wave numbers of the convection modes and the box aspect ratios can all play a role leading to either stable or unstable particular three- or two-dimensional flow patterns. For a wavy boundary, resonant wave-vector excitation can lead to the preference of stable two- or three-dimensional flow patterns whose wave vectors are in a subset of those due to the wavy boundary, while nonresonant wave-vector excitation can lead to the preference of stable flow patterns whose wave vectors are not generally in a subset of those due to the wavy boundary. Heat transported by convection can either be enhanced or be reduced by certain proper forms of the corrugations and by appropriate values of the box aspect ratios. Due to the surface corrugation highly subcritical modes of convection are stable, while highly supercritical modes of convection are unstable. Received 24 July 1998 and accepted 11 April 1999     

Instability of small-amplitude convective flows in a rotating layer with free boundaries

The stability of steady convective flows in a horizontal layer with free boundaries, heated from below and rotating about a vertical axis, is studied in the Boussinesq approximation (Rayleigh-Bénard convection). The flows considered are convective rolls or square cells that are sums of two perpendicular rolls with equal wave numbers k. It is assumed that the Rayleigh number is almost critical in order for convective flows with a wave number k: R = R _c (k) + ε² to arise, the amplitude of the supercritical states being of the order of ε. It is shown that the flows are always unstable relative to perturbations that are the sum of one long-and two short-wave modes corresponding to linear rolls turned through small angles in opposite directions.     

Penetrative convection in sublayer of water including density inversion

Numerical solutions of stability and convective flow in an infinite horizontal water layer, including density inversion, have been obtained using a finite element code. The evolution of the temperature field and flow pattern near the onset of convection are studied in detail. It is known that natural convection develops primarily in the lower unstably stratified layer. Of interest is the penetration of the convection rolls into the upper stably stratified layer and concurrent liquid entrainment as a function of the increasing Rayleigh number at different aspect ratios. Individual convection rolls may grow and expand before splitting up into two roll cells. It is shown that changing the aspect ratio influences critical Rayleigh number, flow symmetry, flow pattern, and transitions between flow patterns. Numerical results on heating from above or from below, agree well with available results in the literature. A correlation to predict critical Rayleigh numbers is given for the case of heating from above.     

Study of Heat Transport in a Porous Medium Under G-jitter and Internal Heating Effects

In this article we study the combined effect of internal heating and time-periodic gravity modulation on thermal instability in a closely packed anisotropic porous medium, heated from below and cooled from above. The time-periodic gravity modulation, considered in this problem can be realized by vertically oscillating the porous medium. A weak non-linear stability analysis has been performed by using power series expansion in terms of the amplitude of gravity modulation, which is assumed to be small. The Nusselt number has been obtained in terms of the amplitude of convection which is governed by the non-autonomous Ginzburg?CLandau equation derived for the stationary mode of convection. The effects of various parameters such as; internal Rayleigh number, amplitude and frequency of gravity modulation, thermo-mechanical anisotropies, and Vadász number on heat transport has been analyzed. It is found that the response of the convective system to the internal Rayleigh number is destabilizing. Further it is found that the heat transport can also be controlled by suitably adjusting the external parameters of the system.     

Dynamics of a system comprising an orthotropic layer and orthotropic half-plane under the action of an oscillating moving load

This paper investigates the dynamic response to a time-harmonic oscillating moving load of a system comprising a covering layer and half-plane, within the scope of the piecewise-homogeneous body model utilizing of the exact equations of the linear theory of elastodynamics. It is assumed that the materials of the layer and half-plane are anisotropic (orthotropic), and that the velocity of the line-located time-harmonic oscillating moving load is constant as it acts on the free face of the covering layer. Our investigations were carried out for a two-dimensional problem (plane-strain state) under subsonic velocity for a moving load in complete and incomplete contact conditions. The corresponding numerical results were obtained for the stiffer layer and soft half-plane system in which the modulus of elasticity of the covering layer material (for the moving direction of the load) is greater than that of the half-plane material. Numerical results are presented and discussed for the critical velocity, displacement and stress distribution for various values of the problem parameters. In particular, it is established that the critical velocity of the moving load is controlled mainly with a Rayleigh wave speed of a half-plane material and the existence of the oscillation of the moving load causes two types of critical velocity to appear: one of which is less, but the other one is greater than that attained for the case where the mentioned oscillation is absent.