大弯径比挠性弯管内气固两相流冲蚀特性研究

以90°大弯径比挠性弯管为研究对象,基于离散相模型和General冲蚀模型,利用Fluent数值仿真软件,开展不同工况下气相进口速度、夹带固体颗粒质量流量、弯管肋条及弯径比等影响因素对弯管内气固两相流冲蚀特性的数值模拟研究。研究结果表明：弯管纵切面气固两相流场速度分布存在分离现象;弯管的最大冲蚀速率随气相进口速度的增长呈指数关系,随颗粒质量流量的增长呈线性关系,随肋条数目的增长先减小后略微增大最后趋于稳定;大弯径比弯管内部流场二次流强度小且肋条的存在使弯管的耐冲蚀性能得到一定的提升;弯管冲蚀最严重区域发生在弯管沿流动方向偏转26°左右夹角的区域且呈现出V型冲蚀形貌,这种现象是由于弯管处独特的颗粒运动轨迹决定的;在弯管沿流动方向60°～80°夹角范围内出现沟槽状冲蚀形貌,它是由于颗粒在弯管内的二次及多次碰撞。     

颗粒增强有机硅基复合涂层的冲蚀磨损行为

利用气流喷砂型试验机,对ＳｉＣ和Ａｌ２Ｏ３颗粒增强的有机硅基复合材料涂层（ＳＭＣＣ）的冲蚀磨损行为进行了研究。发现合适的基体组成、增强体颗粒种类及含量使ＳＭＣＣ冲蚀率较纯有机硅树脂涂层降低了１个数量级。冲蚀表面形貌ＳＥＭ分析表明：低速冲蚀时涂层冲蚀磨损机理以显微犁耕为主,并伴有显微切削;而高速冲蚀时的磨损机量主要是微裂纹的产生和扩展造成成涂层的大块剥落,并伴有微切削和微犁耕。     

碳化钨颗粒增强钢基复合材料的冲蚀磨损性能研究

以直径为188～250 μm的石英砂为磨料,在自制颗粒冲蚀磨损试验机上对WC颗粒增强ZG45钢基表层复合材料的气-固两相冲蚀磨损性能进行研究,采用扫描电子显微镜观察其磨损表面形貌.结果表明,在相同冲蚀角条件下,增强相WC颗粒的直径越大,复合材料的耐磨性越差,复合材料在冲蚀角为45°时的冲蚀磨损率最大;而ZG45钢在冲蚀角为15°～30°范围内的冲蚀磨损率达到最大值,此后随着冲蚀角增加而减小;复合材料抗冲蚀磨损性能在较小冲蚀角(15°左右)下优于ZG45钢,在较大冲蚀角(≥30°)时劣于ZG45钢.     

菱形颗粒冲击材料表面冲蚀磨损特性分析

基于弹射试验装置,借助高速摄像机捕捉不同入射条件下单个菱形颗粒冲击金属表面的动态过程,同时结合试验过程建立菱形颗粒冲击金属表面的FEM-SPH耦合数值模型,通过对比试验现象与仿真结果优化数值模型参数,最后借助数值模型进一步分析菱形颗粒在临界冲击、自身初始旋转以及重复冲击等工况下的运动行为及预测的凹坑轮廓形态. 结果表明:优化后的模型能够很好地捕捉颗粒冲击过程中金属表面凹坑的产生及演化规律,并能详细记录颗粒的入射行为及反弹规律,测得颗粒反弹速度和反弹角度误差均在14%以内. 临界冲击工况下颗粒动能损失最大,且冲击角越高,残余动能越少;颗粒初始旋转能够改变其反弹后的运动行为及金属表面材料的失效方式;颗粒重复冲蚀对材料表面的作用机制与后续颗粒的入射条件有密切关系,模型成功捕捉到重复冲蚀导致的材料破坏加深和破坏减缓两种特殊现象.      

含纳米粒子溶液对单晶硅表面的冲蚀磨损损伤实验研究

利用高分辨透射电子显微镜和原子力显微镜观察了含纳米颗粒溶液冲蚀硅片表面损伤行为,考察了纳米颗粒碰撞单晶硅片所导致的微观物理损伤.结果表明:冲蚀30 s后,在高分辨透射电子显微镜下可见硅片表面呈现方向性损伤,并可观察到大量非均匀的晶格缺陷;当冲蚀10 min时,硅片表面出现微观划痕和凹坑,在划痕一端可见原子堆积,亚表面可观察到镶嵌晶粒的非晶损伤层;继续延长冲蚀时间将加剧其表面损伤.     

旋流场中PP单球颗粒力学行为实验测试分析

研究PP(Polypropylene)球形颗粒在旋流场中的力学行为,需要一个比较理想的、稳定的旋流场,为此采用了特殊尺寸的实验转鼓。根据PP球形颗粒在这种强制旋流场中的实验现象、测试数据和颗粒受力平衡分析可知:PP颗粒在雷诺数为180～230范围内的强制旋流场中达到稳定运动状态时,几乎静止在中心水平线附近的某一点,只有颗粒的自转运动;且转鼓转速越高,颗粒的质心位置越靠近旋转中心。依据切向受力平衡条件,利用现有的曳力公式对实验数据进行处理,发现颗粒不能达到受力平衡,且最大误差超过22%。为此,利用实验数据拟合方法,得到了旋流场中颗粒曳力系数的新经验公式,其受力平衡误差均小于0.5%。依据径向受力平衡条件,以径向压力梯度力、附加质量力、浮力与重力之差在径向上的分力之和为基准,与低雷诺数下的Saffman升力和Magnus升力的理论计算结果之和相比较,发现二者也不能达到力平衡条件,最大误差超过了55%。本文根据球形颗粒在旋流场中的升力特征,通过直观的力学分析和量纲分析,定义了颗粒旋流场升力概念,导出了相应的升力系数公式;并利用实验数据拟合得到了升力系数与颗粒雷诺数的经验公式;利用经验公式处理...     

菱形颗粒冲蚀磨损特性试验及仿真研究

本文中针对单个硬质角形颗粒冲击金属材料表面的过程,设计了弹射试验装置,研究菱形颗粒冲击行为及冲蚀机理.采用高速摄像机,捕捉不同冲击速度v_i、冲击角度α_i和方位角度θ_i下颗粒的运动轨迹.建立了基于拉格朗日法的FEM-SPH耦合数值计算模型,借助于模型进一步分析了角形颗粒的运动学行为和变形凹坑形态.结果表明:冲击角α和方位角θ是决定颗粒旋转的关键因素,在某一固定冲击角αi下存在一个临界方位角θcr_i,当θiθ_(cri)时颗粒冲击后发生前旋旋转,当θ_iθ_(cri)时颗粒冲击后发生后旋旋转;冲击诱导的颗粒旋转对冲蚀机理的影响较大,颗粒前旋旋转对金属材料产生"耕犁"作用,后旋旋转对金属材料产生"撬起剔除"作用.颗粒的动能损失受到冲击角α_i和方位角θ_i的影响较大,临界方位角θ_(cri)下颗粒的动能损失最大,凹坑变形最严重.     

液固两相流冲洗油管道的冲蚀磨损特性数值模拟及分析

以液固两相流冲洗油管道为研究对象,采用Realizableκ-ε湍流模型、随机轨道模型,结合液固两相流冲蚀磨损试验,建立修正的冲蚀磨损数理模型,数值预测典型工况下冲洗油管道内速度、压力、冲蚀磨损率等流动参数分布情况,分析了冲蚀磨损的形成机制.研究结果表明:受曲率半径影响,冲洗油管道冲蚀磨损速率随曲率半径的增加而减小;由于颗粒惯性及管内二次流影响,弯头中间区域外侧壁面和出口直管段内侧面磨损较为严重,三通管件的最大冲蚀磨损率位于孔口处,数值预测结果与失效解剖案例吻合.本文建立的冲蚀磨损定量预测方法,适用于压力管道的风险评定及寿命预测.     

用于模拟颗粒增强复合材料破坏过程的梁—颗粒细观模型的实验验证

本文的主要目的是验证梁－颗粒细观模型在模拟混凝土和砂岩类颗粒增强复合材料连续破坏过程的有效性，文中首先介绍了梁－颗粒细数值模型的基本原理，然后给出了由细钢丝粘结成的正方体试验的单轴抗压实验结果，最后用梁－颗粒细观模型对物理实验进行了数值模拟，研究结果表明，物理实验和数值模拟所得到的试件破坏模式和荷载－位移曲线，两者基本一致，从而初步证明了梁－颗粒细观数值模型及模拟颗粒增强复合材料破坏过程，以及解释     

输气管路弯头内壁面冲蚀进化的试验和数值模拟研究

砂粒的连续冲击使输气管路弯头内壁面连续不均匀地发生着冲蚀进化现象.本文作者基于3D成像技术精确描述了R/D=1.5弯头内壁冲蚀进化过程,并采用CFD方法对该过程进行了数值模拟研究.结果显示,随着颗粒冲击,磨损严重的区域向弯头圆心角高角度扩散的速度较大;通过修正Schiller Naumann拽力系数模型可较准确地模拟弯头的冲蚀进化过程(平均误差小于0.15 mm).以上工作对管路的完整性评价具有重要意义.     

爆炸烟云中粒子运动的数值模拟

以10 kg TNT爆炸装置在开阔无风地带爆炸为背景,使用Autodyn计算得到爆炸后1 ms时的爆轰产物状态,为爆炸烟云中粒子运动的数值模拟研究提供了可靠的源项几何模型和物理参数;而后使用GAMBIT建立了双层源项模型;最后将模型网格导入Fluent软件,建立离散粒子模型,计算得出了1、10、50、100 m粒径的粒子运动轨迹,系统分析了烟云在上升过程中各粒径粒子的分布和运动趋势,给出了不同高度的粒子浓度,为源项分析提供了理论基础。     

线性力下质点运动轨迹的几何分析

在质点所受的作用力为线性变化的情形下,当初始时刻作用力、末端时刻作用力与时间间隔上总位移三者不在同一平面时,质点运动轨迹必为空间挠曲线和正则的简单曲线,否则,必为平面曲线,且曲率和挠率处处不等于零。当质点运动轨迹为平面曲线时,给出了质点的运动轨迹曲线,有尖点、拐点和自交点的条件,并讨论了相关的性质,这些性质在几何上是直观的。     

Slow motions of a solid spherical particle close to a viscous interface

In order to investigate the hydrodynamic interaction between an interface and a spherical particle and its dependence on the type of interface, it is essential to compute the drag and torque exerted on the sphere in the vicinity of the interface. In this paper, the problem of all slow elementary motions (relative translation and rotation) and stationary movement of a spherical particle next to a solid, viscous or free interface is considered. For low capillary numbers and different values of surface dilatational and shear viscosities in a curvilinear co-ordinate system of revolution with bicylindrical co-ordinates in meridian planes, the problem reduces from three to two dimensions. The model equations and boundary conditions, which contain second-order derivatives of the velocities, transform to an equivalent well-defined system of second-order partial differential equations which is solved numerically for medium and small values of the dimensionless distance to the interface. Very good agreement with the asymptotic equation for a translating sphere close to a solid interface could be achieved. The numerical results reveal in all cases the strong influence of the surface viscosity on the motion of the solid sphere. For small distances from the interface, the drag and torque coefficients change significantly depending on the surface viscosity.     

The movement and thermal history of an aluminium particle in a RF plasma generator

In previous studies on plasma-particle interaction, as far as we know, the rf plasma flow and temperature fields are all simulated by the non-self-consistent one-dimensional electromagnetic (1-D EM) field model. In the present paper, the complete self-consistent two-dimensional electromagnetic (2-D EM) field model incorporating the axial Lorentz force component, which is neglected in the 1-D model, is firstly adopted to calculate the aluminium particle trajectory and thermal history in atmospheric rf Ar plasma with the particle evaporation effect included. The crucial effect of reverse flow within the coil region on the particle trajectory is discovered and the results show that the 2-D EM field model must be adopted instead of the 1-D model when the plasma-particle interaction is studied. The effect of carrier gas flux on the particle movement and heating are also studied, resulting in some useful conclusions for both plasma theory and application. recommended by Prof. Wu Chengkang The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

聚合物/金属摩擦界面迁移过程的数值模拟

聚合物材料在与金属对偶件滑动接触时,会在摩擦界面上发生界面迁移,导致在金属对偶件表面形成一层转移膜.转移膜的存在能够有效地降低聚合物材料的磨损.本文基于离散单元法,利用二维颗粒流程序(PFC2D),对PTFE/45钢界面迁移过程进行数值模拟分析.模拟结果表明:PTFE与45钢组成摩擦副时,会在45钢表面形成一层转移颗粒层.一开始转移颗粒数逐渐增大,一段时间后随着转移颗粒层的形成与完整,转移颗粒数趋于一个定值且保持动态平衡,磨损颗粒增加速率显著下降,并维持在一个稳定的值.     

Numerical evaluation of overestimation of the interface thickness around ellipsoidal particle

When interfacial layers are viewed as a separate phase, the interface thickness plays an essential role in assessing physico-mechanical properties of particulate materials. However, the interface thickness from sectional analysis is often overestimated, due to the irregularity of surface textures of grains in opaque materials that gives rise to the normal of a cross-sectional plane non-perpendicular to the surface of grains. Hence, the determination of the overestimation degree is very critical to precisely obtain the interface thickness. This article develops a numerical model for the overestimation degree of the interface thickness around an ellipsoidal grain with an arbitrary aspect ratio, by applying an accurate sectional analysis algorithm, and quantitative stereology and geometrical probability theories. Furthermore, on the basis of the developed numerical model, the influence of ellipsoidal particle shape on the overestimation degree is quantitatively characterized.     

Numerical simulation of fluid–particle hydrodynamics in a rectangular spouted vessel

A three-dimensional, Eulerian simulation was developed to describe isothermal, two-phase flow of the continuous (water) and dispersed (solid particles) phases in a rectangular spouted vessel. The mass and momentum conservation equations for each phase were solved using the finite volume technique, which treats each phase separately, while coupling them through drag, turbulence, and energy dissipation due to particle fluctuations. Particle–particle interactions via friction were also included.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THREE DIMENSIONAL GAS-PARTICLE FLOW IN A SPIRAL CYCLONE

The three-dimension gas-particle flow in a spiral cyclone is simulated numerically in this paper. The gas flow field was obtained by solving the three-dimension Navier-Stokes equations with Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). It is shown that there are two regions in the cyclone, the steadily tangential flow in the spiral channel and the combined vortex flow in the centre. Numerical results for particles trajectories show that the initial position of the particle at the inlet plane substantially affects its trajectory in the cyclone. The particle collection efficiency curves at different inlet velocities were obtained and the effects of inlet flow rate on the performance of the spiral cyclone were presented. Numerical results also show that the increase of flow rate leads to the increase of particles collection efficiency, but the pressure drop increases sharply.     

Numerical prediction of rock mass damage due to accidental explosions in an underground ammunition storage chamber

Accidental detonations in an underground ammunition storage chamber inside a rock mass may cause severe damage to the rock mass around the chamber, adjacent tunnels and chambers, ground surface, and in the worst case cause sympathetic detonation of explosives in adjacent storage chambers. To prevent such damage, underground ammunition storage chambers are often situated at minimum depth below the ground surface, and spaced at minimum distance from each other, so that damage, should it occur, is limited to the accidental chamber. Different codes and regulations for ammunition storage chambers specify minimum embedment depth and separation distance for underground ammunition storage chambers. They are usually given in terms of the rock mass properties and the weight of explosive stored in chambers. Some empirical formulae, usually based on the peak particle velocity of the stress wave or the maximum strain of the rock mass, are also available to estimate the damage zones in the rock mass from an explosion. All these empirical methods do not include the effects of explosion details, such as the loading density, chamber geometry and explosive distribution. In this paper, a previously calibrated numerical model is used to estimate the damage zones in a granite mass resulting from an accidental explosion in an underground ammunition storage chamber. Effects of various explosion conditions on rock mass damage are investigated. On the basis of the numerical results, some empirical formulae are derived to predict damage zones around the explosion chamber, as well as safe embedment depth of the storage chamber and safe separation distance between adjacent chambers. The numerical results are also compared with available empirical formulae and code specifications. It should be noted that the characteristics of stress wave propagation around an ammunition storage chamber has been published in a preceding paper (Int. J. Blast. Fragm. 5:57–90, 2001.     

Numerical prediction of particle slip velocity in turbulence by CFD-DEM simulation

Turbulent environment improves the flotation recovery of fine particles by promoting the particle–bubble collision rate, which directly depends on the particle slip velocity. However, the existing slip velocity models are not applicable to fine particles in turbulence. The mechanism of turbulence characteristics and particle properties on the slip velocity of fine particles in turbulence was unclear. In this study, a coupled ANSYS FLUENT and EDEM based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) were used to simulate the slip velocity of fine particles in the approximately homogenous isotropic turbulence, which was excited by the grid. The reliability of the used CFD-DEM simulation method was validated against the slip velocity measured by the particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. In particular, the effects of the particle shapes, particle densities, and turbulence intensities on the slip velocity have been investigated with this numerical method. Numerical results show that particle shapes have no significant effect on fine particles between 37 and 225 μm. The slip velocity of the spherical particles increases with the turbulence intensity and particle density. Based on the simulated data, a model which has a correlation coefficient of 0.95 is built by using nonlinear fitting.