On the interpretation of the 13C NMR spectra of alkyl vinyl and alkyl propenyl ethers

The ¹³C chemical shifts of the E and Z forms of some alkyl propenyl ethers ROCH=CHMe (R = Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu) have been measured. The chemical shift of the α carbon of the olefinic system is equally dependent on the alkyl group in both isomers, whereas the shift of the β carbon of the Z isomer is essentially less sensitive to the bulkiness of R than that of the E isomer. The results achieved show that the relatively large variation with R in the chemical shifts of the olefinic carbons in alkyl vinyl ethers (ROCHCH₂ should not be ascribed to a changing p-π conjugation, as has been done in some reports in the literature, but preferably to a changing through-space shielding effect of R on the olefinic carbons. Only a small decrease in the conjugation occurs on going from R = Me to R= t-Bu, which results from a slightly nonplanar structure of the C-O-C=C system in the latter case.     

Silver-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of alkyl bromides with alkyl or aryl Grignard reagents

Treatment of secondary or tertiary alkyl bromides with alkyl Grignard reagents in the presence of catalytic amounts of silver bromide and potassium fluoride in CH₂Cl₂ afforded the corresponding cross-coupling products in reasonable yields. Moreover, silver showed catalytic activity for the cross-coupling reactions of alkyl bromides with aryl Grignard reagents.     

Synthesis of alkyl or aryl pyridazinyl ethers

This paper presents the synthesis of some alkyl or aryl pyridazinyl ethers from 2‐alkyl‐4‐halo‐5‐hydroxy‐and 2‐alkyl‐4,5‐dichloropyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones or 3,6‐dichloropyridazine. Reaction of 2‐alkyl‐4‐halo‐5‐hydroxypyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones 1 with 1,2‐dibromoethane or 1,3‐dibromopropane gave the corresponding monopyridazin‐5‐yl ethers 2 and α,ω‐[di(pyridazin‐5‐oxy)]alkanes 3 . Treatment of 4 with 4‐substituted‐phenol afforded 5‐(4‐substituted‐phenoxy)‐2‐(4‐substituted‐phenoxymethyl) derivatives 5 . Reaction of 2‐alkyl‐4,5‐dichloro derivatives 7 with 1 gave the corresponding di(pyridazin‐5‐yl) ethers 8 in good yields. Compound 10 was reacted with catechol to give monopyridazin‐3‐yl ether 11 and/or di(pyridazin‐3‐yl) ether 12 . Also we described the results for the reaction of 2‐alkyl‐4‐chloro‐5‐(4‐substituted‐phenoxy)pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones with nucleophiles.     

A facile one-pot synthesis of alkyl aryl sulfides from aryl bromides

A convenient one-pot synthetic method for the formation of alkyl aryl sulfides from various alkyl halides and lithium aryl thiolates that are prepared in situ by direct halogen-lithium exchange is reported. In particular, the method overcomes many of the problems encountered in previous reports; it is very quick, catalyst-free, and does not involve use of unstable aryl thiols.     

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of trialkylamines with aryl iodides leading to alkyl aryl ketones

A new, simple method for selectively synthesizing alkyl aryl ketones has been developed by palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of trialkylamines with aryl iodides. In the presence of PdCl(2)(MeCN)(2), TBAB, and ZnO, a variety of aryl iodides underwent an oxidative coupling reaction with tertiary amines and water to afford the corresponding alkyl aryl ketones in moderate to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that this method is the first example of using trialkylamines as the carbonyl sources for constructing alkyl aryl ketone skeletons.     

Reaction of trimethyliod osilane with alkyl aryl ethers

Conclusions alkyl aryl ethers react with trimethyliodosilane at 120–135° in the absence of a catalyst to give the corresponding trimethylaroxysilanes and alkyl halide. An increase in the length of the alkyl radical or the insertion of a substituent in the o-position of the aromatic ring hinders the reaction. Deceased. Irkutsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2355–2356, October, 1976.     

Nucleophilic vinylic substitutions on unactivated substrates. : The behaviour of styryl alkyl sulphides and selenides towards sulphur and selenium nucleophiles.

Sodium alkanethiolates or lithium methyl selenide react with styryl alkyl sulphides and selenides, in DMF at 100°C, to give the products of vinylic or aliphatic substitution. The two nucleophilic reagents are extremely selective. In the case of RSNa the attack at the vinylic carbon atom is much faster than that at the aliphatic carbon atom and the (Z)- or (E)- styryl alkyl sulphides are obtained as the result of a stereospecific vinylic substitution which occurs with retention of configuration. On the contrary, in the case of MeSeLi, under the same experimental conditions, the only reaction occurring is the aliphatic substitution which affords the vinyl thiolate anions, as an equilibrium mixture of the (E)- and (Z)- isomers, or the vinyl selenide anions which retain the configuration of the starting styryl alkyl selenides.     

LAH aryl alkyl ether cleavage of BINOL derivatives

Herein we report the cleaving of aryl alkyl ethers on BINOL derivatives, using the common reducing agent LAH. The cleavage of the alkyl oxygen bond is observed when the BINOL derivative is treated with LAH, in refluxing dioxane, for 60 h. The resulting BINOL derivative can then be re-alkylated using a standard Williamson ether synthesis. The same procedure was tested on 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid derivatives and cleavage was not observed, thus suggesting a chelating mechanism for the BINOL ether cleavage.     

The mass spectra of some alkyl and aryl oxazoles

The mass spectra of a variety of alkyl and aryl oxazoles have been determined and the spectra analyzed with the aid of deuterium labelling and high resolution mass spectrometry. In contrast to the corresponding benzenoid compounds, the mass spectra of isomeric alkyl oxazoles are distinctive and in this respect are akin to those of the corresponding pyridines. Further analogy to the pyridines is suggested by the unfavorable nature of a carbonium ion adjacent to the 2-position and this effect may be used to locate alkyl substituents attached to the oxazole nucleus. The loss of carbon monoxide from the molecular ions of 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles probably occurs with ring opening and migration of the C-5 substituent (e.g.Br) to the C-4 position.     

Carbon-13 NMR study of enamines and enamino ketones. A direct observation of the conformation of the 2-methylcyclohexanone enamine tautomers

The carbon-13 spectra of a series of cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone and 2-methylcyclohexanone enamines are reported. The influence of the amino component was studied in a series of enamino ketones. The spectra reflect the amount of p-π overlap in the molecules and their conformation. Differences between 5-and 6-membered carbonyl components are evaluated.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and structure of some alkyl vinyl sulphides

The NMR spectra of eight alkyl vinyl sulphides have been analyzed and the parameters compared with those obtained from an analogous series of oxygen derivatives. It is shown that a definite parallelism exists between chemical shifts and H? H coupling. Difference in absolute values have been explained by mesomeric interaction involving the ability of sulphur to accommodate a decet of electrons in its valence shell. By analogy with alkyl vinyl ethers, it is possible to predict a similar correlation between the spectral characteristics and relative reactivity of vinyl sulphides in cationic polymerization.     

Perfluoroalkyl Diphosphenes - Synthons for Diphospha Heterocycles

Abstract

Recent successful work in the field of (2p-3p)π (P=C) and (2p-4p)π (As=C) systems with F or R_F substituents led us to search for unsaturated (3p-3p)π compounds using the stabilizing effect of perfluoroalkyl groups.     

Novel C-C bond cleavage under mild, neutral conditions: conversion of electron-deficient aryl alkyl ketones to aryl carboxylic esters

A novel, unique way to cleave the carbon-carbon bond in aryl alkyl ketones under mild, neutral conditions is described. Treatment of aryl alkyl ketones in a refluxing mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and methanol for 16 h provided aryl carboxylic esters. The scope and limitations of the reaction are discussed. Useful yields of the reaction can be obtained with electron-deficient aryl groups, and the yields are higher when the alkyl group is larger than a methyl group. Studies toward elucidation of the reaction mechanism led to a proposed mechanism that is consistent with all the observations.     

Copper-mediated cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids and alkyl thiols

[reaction: see text] The cross-coupling of aryl boronic acids and alkanethiols mediated by copper(II) acetate and pyridine in anhydrous dimethylformamide affords aryl alkyl sulfides in good yield with a wide variety of substituted aryl boronic acids. The method is applicable to the synthesis of aryl sulfides of cysteine.     

Enantioselective enzymatic reductions of sterically bulky aryl alkyl ketones catalyzed by a NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase

The enantioselective reductions of aryl alkyl ketones, ArC(O)R, with a diverse number of alkyl groups have been achieved with an isolated carbonyl reductase from Sporobolomyces salmonicolor. Of special interest is the observation that ketones with sterically bulky alkyl groups could be reduced to the corresponding alcohols in excellent optical purity. An unusual alkyl chain-induced enantiopreference reversal was observed but was shown to be consistent with the enzyme-substrate docking calculations.     

Palladium-catalyzed coupling of thiol esters with aryl and primary and secondary alkyl organoindium reagents

Thiol esters and organoindium reagents undergo palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling under mild conditions to give ketones in moderate to excellent yields. Aryl and primary/secondary alkyl organoindium reagents can be used as coupling partners. This method has two advantages over the cross-coupling of thiol esters with boron and tin reagents: (1) no added copper reagent is required to mediate the reaction and (2) for the case of alkyl transfer, no added base is required to activate organoindium reagents for cross-coupling as is required for the coupling of alkyl boron reagents with thiol esters.     

Reaction of glyceraldehyde with aryl and alkyl chloroformates

A number of 2,5-bis(aryl- and alkyloxycarbonyloxymethylene)-3,6-bis(aryl- and alkoxycarbonyloxy)-1,4-dioxanes 5a-d have been prepared by the reaction of glyceraldehyde with aryl and alkyl chloroformates. Bis aryl carbonates were also formed under certain conditions in this reaction. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of 5c indicated that it existed in a chair conformation with all the substituents in an equatorial position.     

Synthesis of tetrakis(alkyl,aryl)thioethylenes

Conclusions A convenient method was developed for the synthesis of tetrakis(alkyl,aryl)thioethylenes by reacting tetrachloroethylene with thiolates in aprotic solvents as the medium.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 467–470, February, 1979.     

Amberlyst-15 catalyzed synthesis of alkyl/aryl/heterocyclic phosphonates

A novel and efficient procedure for the synthesis of alkyl phosphonates through one pot condensation of alkyl halide and trialkyl /aryl phosphite in the presence of Amberlyst-15 as catalyst under solvent free conditions was applied.It demonstrated several advantages such as good yields of products,simple operation,convenient separation and inexpensive catalyst.     

1,2,4-Triazole-based tunable aryl/alkyl ionic liquids

Ionic liquids based on aryl-/alkyl-substituted imidazolium salts constitute a new generation of ionic liquids with a high degree of flexibility. The new concept could now also be extended to aryl-/alkyl-substituted 1,2,4-triazolium salts. The two different phenyl-substituted 1H- and 4H-1,2,4-triazoles have been synthesized by a coupling reaction or a one-pot synthesis with diformylhydrazine, respectively. Reaction with alkyl bromides provided the 1,2,4-triazolium bromides, and an anion-exchange reaction led to the corresponding bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salts with melting points well below 100 °C.