Histopathological Changes of Vocal Folds Induced by Chronic Pollutant Exposure: An Experimental Study

Calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) particles, the main component of chalk, are an important pollutant in the Brazilian school environment. However, there are few reports of the effect of this pollutant in the vocal folds and its influence in voice disorder in the literature. METHODS: Thirty rats (Wistar), randomly divided into two groups, the control group and the experimental group, were submitted to air or to CaCO(3) inhalation, respectively, during 15, 30, and 90 days. Then, the larynx region was dissected and embedded in paraffin, and 5-mum sections were obtained for microscopic analysis. RESULTS: No histopathological alteration was found on the vocal folds in the control group. In the experimental group, a moderate chronic inflammatory infiltrate, characterized by macrophage cells, was found in the vocal folds after 30 and 90 days of the CaCO(3) inhalation. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that the inhalation of pollutant particles, such as CaCO(3), induces inflammatory alterations in the larynx; this can affect the vibration of the vocal folds, which influence vocal function.     

FTIR技术应用于香烟烟气的分析

文章采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合气溶胶流管技术(AFT)和衰减全反射技术(ATR)分别得到香烟整体烟气和气溶胶的红外谱图。通过解析红外谱图可得到丰富的基团振动信息,1 230 cm-1处为酚类化合物的C—O伸缩振动峰,1 735 cm-1处的尖峰为羧酸中羰基的伸缩振动峰。由于烟气中气体占主要比例,所以CO在2 118和2 170 cm-1出现较强的双峰,2 343和2 362 cm-1为CO₂特征吸收峰,其强度远远高于其他峰的强度。而气溶胶谱图中最明显的不同就是CO峰消失,CO₂峰强度也大大减弱。因此将两种技术结合,特别是通过分析对比某些特征峰的变化,得到香烟烟气所发生的化学变化、组分挥发以及形态聚集等动态变化过程。为分析香烟燃烧产物提供了一个新思路,且不需对样品进行预处理,具有方便、快捷、无损等优点。     

卷烟主流烟气中巴豆醛在线光谱分析方法研究

卷烟主流烟气是卷烟燃烧时被人体吸食到体内的主要气体,其减焦降害已成为全社会高度关注的问题。在各种卷烟主流烟气组分中,巴豆醛以其强烈的基因毒性,成为国家规定的卷烟中七种主要有害指标物之一。传统的巴豆醛分析方法大都采用高效液相色谱法等实验室分析方法,需繁琐的样品前处理过程,无法测量巴豆醛的实时浓度,难以准确评估巴豆醛对人体健康的影响。为了快速、准确地检测卷烟主流烟气中的巴豆醛组分,本研究搭建了一套可以直接与吸烟机耦合的傅里叶红外光谱分析系统（FTIR）,并创新性开发过采样数据驱动光谱分析方法（ODDSA）,从复杂、变动的卷烟主流烟气中准确提取巴豆醛的光谱组分信息。ODDSA方法从实验设计入手,采用随机设计的思路尽可能模拟实际卷烟样品的分布范围,以构建具备良好光谱数据结构的样品集。在此基础上,创新性地将高密度小波变换引入红外光谱数据的处理过程中,以时/频双域过采样的方式提升了光谱解析分辨率,进而降低了其他基质组分对巴豆醛光谱信息的干扰。最后,发展改良竞争自适应重加权采样方法,从多倍冗余的高密度小波系数中准确提取待测物质的最佳变量组合,由此构建高质量的巴豆醛光谱定量分析模型。为了验证ODDSA方法的有效性,实验中采集了15种典型市售卷烟品牌,每个品牌在线采集8支样品的主流烟气红外光谱,随后采用随机挑选的25个验证集样本对ODDSA方法进行验证。结果表明,检验集的线性拟合系数为0.971,相对均方根误差为5.5%,其预测精度能有效满足卷烟主流烟气中巴豆醛的在线分析需求,并可拓展到环境二手烟气中其他组分的在线监测,进而为吸烟与健康评估提供全新手段。     

卷烟纸对卷烟烟气有害物质的影响

卷烟纸直接参与燃烧,影响卷烟燃烧的烟气组分,通过改良卷烟纸达到降低烟气有害物质是一个很好的降焦减害措施。本文从卷烟纸的透气度、纸浆原料、填料、燃烧调节剂方面论述了卷烟纸对烟气的影响。     

二阶导数同步荧光光谱测定卷烟主流烟气中的苯并(a)芘

研究了卷烟主流烟气粒相物中苯并(a)芘(BaP)的同步荧光及其一阶和二阶导数光谱, 发现二阶导数同步光谱可明显减少背景及BaP同系物对BaP测定的干扰。据此建立了一种固相萃取-二阶导数同步荧光光谱法测定卷烟主流烟气粒相物中BaP的新方法。方法检测限为0.2 ng·mL-1,平均回收率为80.2%～86.2%,相对标准偏差为2.64%～3.02%。     

纳米孔材料降低卷烟烟气中多环芳烃和亚硝胺的研究进展

介绍了纳米孔材料的特性,并简要综述了纳米孔材料对PAHs和TSNA的吸附和催化降解机理以及纳米孔材料在降低卷烟烟气中PAHs和TSNA的应用研究进展。     

The False Vocal Folds: Shape and Size in Frontal View During Phonation Based on Laminagraphic Tracings

The geometry of the false vocal fold region during phonation is important to the understanding of the aerodynamics and acoustics of voice. The shape and dimensions of this region during phonation were estimated using laminagraphic tracings of the larynx. Laminagrams from two previous studies, one with non-singer subjects (Experiment I, Hollien and Colton, 1969) and the other with singers (Experiment II, Wilson, 1972), were traced, photocopied, and measured. Statistical analysis showed significantly greater false vocal fold height in males than females for both experiments. The false vocal fold gap was also significantly greater in males than females for Experiment II, but reached only borderline significance for Experiment I. For each gender, most of the linear measures were greater in Experiment I when compared to Experiment II; these differences may be passive in nature (due to actual differences in subject size) or active (due to muscle contraction that displaced the false vocal folds during singing).     

几种吸附材料去除主流烟气中的挥发性醛酮类化合物

研究了分别添加活性炭、竹炭、海泡石、壳聚糖的卷烟复合滤咀对主流烟气中挥发性醛酮类化合物和其他有害物质(如焦油、一氧化碳等)的吸附效果.研究结果表明:壳聚糖滤嘴的吸附性能大干活性炭,竹炭和海泡石;活性炭的吸附性能优于竹炭和海泡石.对于焦油,海泡石的吸附作用最大,竹炭、活性炭有一定的吸附,壳聚糖则无明显影响.壳聚糖对于烟气...     

分子印迹材料选择性截留卷烟烟气中芳胺的研究

采用分子印迹技术合成了一种对1-萘胺有高度选择性的分子印迹聚合物材料。应用固相萃取吸附试验研究了该聚合物对1-萘胺及其结构类似物的选择特性,表明印迹聚合物材料对4种芳胺类物质表现出良好的选择性结合能力。将所制备的印迹聚合物按不同剂量添加到卷烟嘴棒中,考察其对卷烟烟气中芳胺的截留效果。结果显示,该分子印迹材料能选择性截留卷烟烟气中的1-萘胺、2-萘胺、3-氨基联苯和4-氨基联苯等烟气有害成分;当印迹聚合物添加量为50mg时,卷烟烟气中芳胺的降低率达到30%。     

Cancellation of Simulated Environmental Noise as a Tool for Measuring Vocal Performance During Noise Exposure

It can be difficult for the voice clinician to observe or measure how a patient uses his voice in a noisy environment. We consider here a novel method for obtaining this information in the laboratory. Worksite noise and filtered white noise were reproduced over high-fidelity loudspeakers. In this noise, 11 subjects read an instructional text of 1.5 to 2 minutes duration, as if addressing a group of people. Using channel estimation techniques, the site noise was suppressed from the recording, and the voice signal alone was recovered. The attainable noise rejection is limited only by the precision of the experimental setup, which includes the need for the subject to remain still so as not to perturb the estimated acoustic channel. This feasibility study, with 7 female and 4 male subjects, showed that small displacements of the speaker's body, even breathing, impose a practical limit on the attainable noise rejection. The noise rejection was typically 30 dB and maximally 40 dB down over the entire voice spectrum. Recordings thus processed were clean enough to permit voice analysis with the long-time average spectrum and the computerized phonetogram. The effects of site noise on voice sound pressure level, fundamental frequency, long-term average spectrum centroid, phonetogram area, and phonation time were much as expected, but with some interesting differences between females and males.     

烟幕对成像跟踪干扰效能外场试验测量

利用发烟源结合外场运动目标,构建典型条件下的外场烟幕测量试验,通过多光谱成像传感器采集数据,验证和修正该类型烟幕的消光模型。并且通过采用典型跟踪算法的专用成像跟踪器,测量各种烟幕施放条件下干扰目标得到的跟踪误差。试验数据经过分析及与烟幕经典理论计算方法对比,得到了其干扰效能规律,为该类烟幕的使用和对成像传感器干扰效果提供了可靠的依据。     

从吸食前后香烟中微量元素含量的变化看吸烟的危害

香烟中的烟丝(吸食前)和其燃烧后的烟灰(吸食后),经过HNO₃+HClO₄消解后,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了吸食前后香烟中矿物元素(Cu,Fe,Zn,Mg,Mn,Ca,K,Ni,Cd,Cr,Pb和Co)的含量变化。实验结果表明,香烟中各种矿物元素之间的含量以及吸食前后均有差异, 尤其是对人体有害的铅和镉元素变化较大, 吸食后平均分别降低了26.4%和44.2%。说明香烟中这二种元素吸食以后减少的那部分进入了人体的呼吸系统和空气环境。     

环境因子和变性剂作用下B-藻红蛋白的光谱与荧光特性

文章系统研究了B-藻红蛋白在环境因子和变性剂作用下的特征吸收光谱和荧光发射强度的变化规律,结果表明:B-藻红蛋白分别在pH 4.5~9.5、温度在25~60℃和日光灯照射下(光强2 800 lx)24 h以内相对稳定,其荧光发射强度和特征吸收光谱变化不大;分别在0.5%~3%SDS和0.25%~1%β-巯基乙醇作用下B-藻红蛋白的光谱特性发生了显著变化,荧光发射强度严重衰减,特征吸收峰消失;在10%~70%乙腈或2~8 mol.L-1脲作用下,荧光发射强度有所衰减,但特征吸收光谱峰形未变化,只是峰强度略有减小。简要分析了环境因子和变性剂引起B-藻红蛋白的构象变化的可能原因。