298.15 K下NaBr在D-海藻糖和D-纤维二糖水溶液中的活度系数

通过测定由离子选择性电极组成的电池的电动势, 分别求得了298.15 K下NaBr和二糖（D-海藻糖/D-纤维二糖）在NaBr–D-海藻糖/D-纤维二糖–水三元体系中的活度系数, 计算了NaBr和这两种二糖的相互作用参数C1. 基于糖立体结构比较讨论了NaBr与海藻糖、纤维二糖和葡萄糖相互作用的差异.     

葡萄糖与杂环化合物在甲酰胺中的焓相互作用参数

由于糖具有特殊的生物和生理性质 ,在工业生产中已有广泛应用 ,故其溶液热力学性质已成为人们感兴趣的研究课题之一 .糖在水溶液中的热力学性质已见文献报道 [1] ,但在非水体系中的有关数据则较少报道 .研究表明 ,溶剂介质的变化对溶质的溶剂化状态和溶质间相互作用的影响较大 ,选用酰胺为溶剂可以获得模拟蛋白质环境条件下的溶质 -溶剂、溶质 -溶质间相互作用的信息 [2～ 4] .本文利用微量量热法测得了葡萄糖在杂环化合物与甲酰胺的混合溶剂中的溶解焓 .如果把杂环化合物作为 x,葡萄糖作为 y,按照 Mc Millan- Mayer[5 ] 理论 ,1 mol葡萄…     

RbCl由H2O至混合溶剂(H2O-DMF)标准迁移熵的测定

电解质迁移热力学性质的测定,对于离子溶剂化的研究具有重要意义.迁移自由能主要反映离子与溶剂分子间的相互作用,迁移熵则主要反映不同溶剂分子间的相互作用,迁移熵随温度及溶剂组成的改变可为溶剂的原有结构推测及溶液秩序改变提供信息.我们曾运用离子选择性电极测定了部分碱金属卤化物在水及含水混合溶剂中的热力学性质[1-3].本文用离子选择性电极方法,通过测定不同温度下电池的标准电动势,根据溶液热力学原理,求得ＲｂＣｌ由Ｈ2Ｏ至混合溶剂(Ｈ2ＯＤＭＦ)的标准迁移自由能ΔＧｔ及其温度系数,计算ＲｂＣｌ的标准迁移熵ΔＳｔ.结果尚未见…     

用双离子选择性电极测定KCl的平均活度系数

迅速发展的离子选择性电极除为定量分析提供了一种快速、方便的工具外,亦可应用于电解质溶液的热力学研究。Butler等曾用液膜钾电极研究过KCI的活度。本文报道用两支离子选择性电极测定KCl的平均活度系数。实验 1.测量电池的构成由钾离子和氯离子选择电极构成如下无液接电池:相应的电池电动势为:(1)若,则(1)式可写成     

非水溶液盐效应的气液色谱研究——非电解质(烃、芳烃、氯代烃、酮)+盐(NaI、NaSCN、KSCN)+碳酸丙烯酯体系

由于碳酸丙烯酯(PC)具有较宽的液相区间(mp:224.0K,bp:514.9K)、较高的介电常数(64.92,298.15K)和较大的偶极矩(4.94D),它是一个在工业和科学研究中有广泛应用的非质子型极性溶剂。已有大量文献就PC溶液中电解质-PC、非电解质-PC和离子-离子间的相互作用情况作了报导。对于非电解质-电解质-PC三元系中溶质-溶剂间的相互作用情况还缺乏了解。本文希望通过测定非电解质溶质在PC的电解质溶液中的无限稀释活度系数γ_1~∞,对非水溶液中的溶质-溶剂作用情况有新的了解。气液色谱法(CLC)是测定无限稀释溶液活度系数的有效方法之一。作者曾利用GLC测定了一些烃、氯代烃、醇、酮在环丁砜电解质溶液中的无限稀释活度系数和盐效应常数.     

丝氨酸在蔗糖水溶液中的稀释焓

利用LKB 2277生物活性检测仪分别测定了298.15 K时丝氨酸在不同组成的蔗糖水溶液中的稀释焓, 利用McMillan-Mayer理论,计算了丝氨酸在不同组成的蔗糖水溶液中的焓对相互作用系数,并与其在葡萄糖水溶液中的焓对相互作用系数h2进行了比较.结果表明,丝氨酸在蔗糖和葡萄糖水溶液中的焓对相互作用系数h2都是负值,并且随着糖浓度的增加,h2系数的绝对值逐渐减少.根据溶质-溶质相互作用和溶质-溶剂相互作用对结果进行了解释.     

含水混合溶剂中HCl活度系数的MSA计算

多组分体系热力学性质的研究是人们感兴趣的课题.七十年代初在Debye-Hückel 理论及统计力学的基础上发展起来的Pitzer 理论,不但解决了多组分体系中电解质的活度系数问题,而且还可以适用于真正的中高浓度.但该理论所涉及到的表征粒子间相互作用的三个参数必须通过精确的实验数据并采用可靠的拟合方法方可求得.七十年代后期发展起来的平均球近似(MSA)方法是一种计算电解质水溶液的热力学性质的有效方法.近年来,国外已有人将这种方法应用于单一或混合电解质水溶液中电解质活度系数的计算并取得了令人满     

D-甘露醇与D-山梨醇在氯化钠水溶液中的稀释焓

应用等温流动微量热法测定了298.15 K时互为旋光异构体的D-甘露醇与D-山梨醇在不同浓度的氯化钠水溶液中的稀释焓, 利用 McMillan-Mayer 理论计算了D-甘露醇与D-山梨醇在不同浓度的氯化钠水溶液中的焓对相互作用系数. 结果表明, D-甘露醇和D-山梨醇在氯化钠水溶液中的焓对相互作用系数h2均为正值, h2的值随着氯化钠浓度的增加皆逐渐增大, 但D-山梨醇的焓对相互作用系数h2增大的速率[dh2 /dm(NaCl)]比 D-甘露醇的要大. 根据两多元醇分子构象结构的差异， 溶质-溶质相互作用和溶质-溶剂相互作用对结果进行了解释.     

D-甘露醇与D-山梨醇在纯水和卤化钠水溶液中的稀释焓

应用等温流动微量热技术测定了298.15 K下D-甘露醇和D-山梨醇在纯水和卤化钠水溶液中的稀释焓,利用M cM illan理论计算了D-甘露醇和D-山梨醇在纯水和卤化钠水溶液中焓相互作用系数.结果表明,D-甘露醇和D-山梨醇在纯水和卤化钠水溶液中的二阶焓相互作用系数均为正值,并随着卤离子半径的变化而相应变化;且同种溶剂中,D-甘露醇的二阶焓相互作用系数要大于D-山梨醇的.结合两分子结构的差异,通过溶质-溶质相互作用和溶剂-溶质相互作用对这一结果进行了讨论.     

盐酸在氨基酸水溶液中热力学性质的研究——Ⅰ.甘氨酸+盐酸+水体系

生物体液可看作是由多种离子与氨基酸、蛋白质组成的混合电解质溶液,研究电解质或离子与这些氨基酸、蛋白质间的相互作用对了解生物体液内复杂的作用机理,揭示许多生命现象具有重要意义。1978年以来,Kelley采用有液体接界的电池研究了几种氨基酸或肽与一些碱金属氯化物的相互作用自由能,为研究电解质与氨基酸、蛋白质间的相互作用奠定了基础。研究溶质的迁移热力学性质是了解溶质-溶剂间相互作用以及溶液微观结构的常用手段。以氨基酸水溶液作为含水离子溶剂,用电动势法研究电解质从水到该溶液中的迁移热力学性质,进而研究电解质与氨基酸间的相互作用是可行的,目前这方面的研究工作很少见文献报导。本文通过测定电池:     

Activities of Individual Ions From Infinite Dilution to Saturated Solutions

A new procedure, which provides a closer approximation for the junction potentials than the Henderson equation, is tested to reduce new emf data for the chloride ion in CsCl solutions and previously measured data for individual ions in aqueous solutions of KCl, NaCl, and NaBr. The liquid junction potential is calculated from numerical integration of its basic equation without assuming constant mobility or using concentrations instead of activities. The mean ionic activity coefficients of the salts, obtained from the activity coefficients of the individual ions, show good agreement with values reported in the literature. The activity coefficients of the individual chloride ion at 25°C in aqueous solutions of CsCl up to 3 molal and in KCl solutions were measured using a chloride ion-selective electrode. It has been confirmed that the activity of the chloride ion is equal to the activity of the cation in CsCl solutions and, contrary to the prediction of hydration theory, it is higher than the activity of the cation in aqueous KCl solutions. The New Hydration Theory has been developed to overcome the shortcomings of the older hydration theory and has been used to smooth the experimental activity coefficients of the individual ions in aqueous solutions and to extrapolate them up to the saturated solution.     

Volumetric properties and volumetric interaction parameters for the CsCl–monosaccharide (d-galactose,d-xylose and d-arabinose)–water systems at T=298.15 K

Density measurements have been carried out at T=298.15 K for the CsCl–monosaccharide (d-galactose, d-xylose and d-arabinose)–water systems. The apparent molar volume of saccharides V_φ,S in the ternary solutions, the corresponding infinite dilution apparent molar volume V_φ,S^∘, and the standard transfer volume Δ_tV_φ,S^∘ of saccharides from water to aqueous CsCl solutions have been determined. The McMillan–Mayer theory was employed to relate the excess thermodynamic functions to a series of interaction parameters to obtain the volumetric interaction parameters of CsCl with monosaccharide in water. These parameters are interpreted by the group additivity principle and the stereochemistry of these monosaccharide molecules.     

The enthalpy and entropy interaction parameters of cesium chloride with saccharides ( -glucose, -fructose and sucrose) in water at 298.15 K

The transfer enthalpies have been measured for cesium chloride from pure water to aqueous saccharides ( -glucose, -fructose and sucrose) solutions at 298.15 K. The McMillan–Mayer theory was employed to relate the excess thermodynamic function with a series of interaction parameters of solutes to obtain the enthalpy pair interaction parameters of cesium chloride with saccharides in water. Entropy interaction parameters can be evaluated through the enthalpy interaction parameters and the Gibbs free energy parameters. These parameters are discussed in detail to provide some information for the interaction of solute–solute and solute–solvent in CsCl–saccharide–water ternary system, and to investigate the influence of the size of metal ions and the number of hydroxyl in saccharides on these parameters.     

Volumetric Properties and Volumetric Interaction Parameters of the CsCl‐saccharides (D‐glucose,D‐fructose)‐water Solutions at 298.15 K

Densities have been measured for the CsCl‐saccharide (D‐glucose, D‐fructose)‐water systems at 298.15 K. These data were used to calculate the apparent molar volume of CsCl (V_φ,E) and the saccharides (V_φ,S), and the infinite dilution apparent molar volume V_φ,E⁰ and V_φ,S⁰ in the studied solutions. In addition, the standard transfer volume Δ_tV_φ,E⁰ of CsCl from water to aqueous saccharides solutions, and Δ_tV_φ,S⁰ of saccharides from water to CsCl solutions have been evaluated and discussed using the structural interaction model. The volumetric interaction parameters for CsCl with saccharide in water were obtained and analyzed by the group additivity principle and the stereochemistry of the saccharide molecules.     

Enthalpy and entropy interaction parameters of sodium chloride with some monosaccharides in water

Dilution enthalpies of sodium chloride and some monosaccharides (glucose, ga-lactose, xylose, arabinose, and fructose) in water and mixing enthalpies of aqueous sodium chloride and these monosaccharide solutions were measured by using an improved precision semimicro-titration calorimeter. Transfer enthalpies of sodium chloride from water to aqueous saccharide solutions were evaluated as well as enthalpy interaction parameters of sodium chloride with these monosaccharides in water. Combined with Gibbs energy interaction parameters, entropy interaction parameters were also obtained. The results show that interactions of the saccharides with sodium chloride depend on the stereochemistry of saccharide molecules. These interaction parameters can identify stereochemical structure of saccharide molecules.     

Activity coefficients of DL-valine in aqueous solutions of KCl at 25°C. Measurement with ion selective electrodes and modelling

Electrochemical cells with two ion selective electrodes, a cation and an anion ion selective electrode, versus a double junction reference electrode were used to measure the activity coefficients of DL-valine at 298.15 K, up to 0.5 molality, in aqueous solutions of KCl up to 1.0 molality. The results obtained in this work are compared with those reported before for the activity coefficients of DL-valine in aqueous solutions of NaCl. The experimental data were correlated using the model proposed previously by Khoshkbarchi and Vera for the activity coefficients of amino acids in aqueous electrolytes solutions.     

电动势法对LiCl-MgCl2-H2O体系热力学性质的研究

用自制的锂离子选择电极和经典的Ag-AgCl电极, 以电动势法测定了25 ℃时离子强度为0.05—6.0 mol·kg~(-1)范围的LiCl-MgCl_2-H_2O三元体系中LiCl的平均活度系数. 由实验数据, 求出了Pitzer方程、Harned方程和Scatchard方程的参数和系数. 用上述方程计算了LiCl 在该体系中的活度系数, 并与实验值进行比较, 标准偏差小于0.008. 与等压法测定的渗透系数拟合的Pitzer方程参数计算值比较在实验误差范围内. 同时计算了MgCl_2在该体系中的平均活度系数和混合溶液的渗透系数.     

Thermodynamics of saturated aqueous solutions including mixtures of NaCl,KCl, and CsCl

The activity coefficients for saturated aqueous KCl, CsCl and mixtures of NaCl with each of these electrolytes are calculated from solution properties using the ion interaction model as well as from the solubility. The agreement between the two sets of results for both single and mixed electrolytes is, in general, good when it is considered that the saturated solution molatities are often much higher than those whose properties were used in the evaluation of the ion interaction parameters. Also, for pure KCl (aq) the agreement is good up to 300°C, an extrapolation 50°C above the range of data on which the equations were based.     

Statistical associating fluid theory coupled with restrictive primitive model extended to bivalent ions. SAFT2: 2. Brine/seawater properties predicted

Statistical associating fluid theory coupled with restricted primitive model (SAFT2) represents the properties of aqueous multiple-salt solutions, such as brine/seawater. The osmotic coefficients, densities, and vapor pressures are predicted without any additional parameters using the salt hydrated diameters obtained for single-salt solutions. For a given ion composition of brine, the predicted vapor pressure, osmotic coefficient, activity of water, and density are found to agree with the experimental data.     

不同温度下水溶液中树胶醛糖与HCl相互作用的体积性质

采用密度法研究了在278.15—318.15 K(间隔10 K)下树胶醛糖+HCl+水三元溶液的密度、树胶醛糖在盐酸(0.2—2.1087 mol/kg)中的表观摩尔体积VΦ,A、标准表观摩尔体积VΦ,A0和树胶醛糖与HCl的体积相互作用参数. 研究结果表明, 树胶醛糖在盐酸中的VΦ,A和VΦ,A0均随HCl浓度的增加而线性增大. 在一定温度下, 树胶醛糖从纯水到盐酸水溶液的标准转移表观摩尔体积均为正值, 且随盐酸浓度的增加而增大. 在所测温度范围内, 树胶醛糖在盐酸中的VΦ,A0随温度T的变化关系可表示为VΦ,A0=b0+b1(T-273.15)0.84. 树胶醛糖与HCl对体积相互作用参数VEN大于零, 但数值很小且对温度变化不甚敏感.