Theory of filled polymers and the problem of modifying the structure and properties of polymers with fillers

An attempt is made to explain the effect of fillers on the structure and properties of polymers. The effect of fillers on the state of thermodynamic equilibrium and the stability of polymer structure and properties is also considered.Kiev Shevchenko State University. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 6, pp. 1031–1041, November–December, 1970.     

The supramolecular structure of polymers and its effect on their mechanical properties

A study is made of the conditions of formation of various supramolecular structures in polymers and their effect on the mechanical properties. The nonuniformity and instability of the structure, and hence of the mechanical properties, may be controlled by means of artificial crystallization nuclei.Mekhanika polimerov, Vol. 1. No. 1. pp. 5–16, 1965The research was carried out at the L. Ya. Karpov Physicochemical Research Institute.     

Relationship between the molecular structure and certain mechanical properties of oriented polymers

The correlations between the molecular structure and intermolecular energy and the fatigue and elastic properties of fibers are considered. It is shown that the maximum of these properties corresponds to an optimal value of the intermolecular energy.Leningrad Branch of the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Synthetic Fibers. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 734–735, July–August, 1969.     

Supermolecular structure of teflon and its role in the manufacture of metal-polymer antifriction materials

The question of the formation of supermolecular structures in teflon is considered. It is shown that during processing they become oriented, causing anisotropy of the material properties. The realtive rheological characteristics of the anisotropic materials are given as a function of the directionality of the force field. Specimens are obtained on the basis of the experimentally determined laws and certain properties of a polymer-metal antifriction material consisting of a high tin, porous bronze impregnated with teflon are investigated.Institute of the Chemistry of High Molecular Compounds, AS UkrSSR, Kiev. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 1122–1124, November–December, 1968.     

Structure and properties of polymers

The history of the development of the structural mechanics of polymers is reviewed and the more important of its future tasks are noted.Institute of Heteroorganic Compounds, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 3, pp. 387–394, May–June, 1972.     

Strength properties of oriented amorphous linear polymers in relation to their structure

Tensile tests have been conducted at room temperature on uniaxially oriented films of a number of amorphous linear polymers. It has been shown that the mechanical properties of the oriented polymers in the glassy state are chiefly determined by two parameters of the structure—the degree of orientation of the macromolecule segments and the concentration of stressed chains per unit volume, irrespective of the molecular weight of the polymer and the orientational stretching conditions.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 455–460, 1967     

Control of the mechanical properties of polymers by modification of their supramolecular structure

Modern ideas on the main types of supramolecular structure in polymers and their various characteristics are discussed, and the possibility of controlling these formations by introducing small amounts of finely dispersed solids is considered. It is noted that crystalline polymers containing artificial nuclei are more resistant to the action of heat and various mechanical influences.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 2, No. 5, pp. 643–650, 1966Presented at the First Conference on Polymer Mechanics (Riga, November 1965).     

Deformation properties of polymers

The basic relations of the local strains theory are used to construct expressions for the deformation properties of polymers. The local strains function is assumed to be piecewise-linear, and nonlinear relations ₁₁(e₁₁) qualitatively describing the deformation of polymers are obtained.Mekhanika Polimerov, Vol. 1, No. 6, pp. 49–53, 1965     

Structure and rheological properties of polymers

The viscoelastic properties of linear flexible-chain polymers with a narrow distribution, for which M > 5M_c (M_c corresponds to the formation of a three-dimensional entanglement network), their mixtures, and concentrated solutions are examined. It is established that under the influence of deformation the polymer may undergo a transition to the rubbery state, which thus defines the limit of its flow state; this transition is also observed in mixtures and concentrated solutions of high-molecular-weight polymers with a narrow distribution. The relative simplicity of the rheological properties of linear high-molecular-weight polymers and their mixtures is determined by the sharpness of the transition to the rubbery state. It has been found that in mixtures of high-molecular-weight polymers the apparent viscosity mechanism associated with a decrease in dissipative losses on transition of the high-molecular-weight components to the rubbery state is dominant; on a broad range of molecular weights (M > M_c), and moreover for polymer solutions, the decrease in entanglement network density under the influence of deformation acquires considerable importance. It is established that the separate effect of the high-molecular-weight components on the viscoelastic properties of their mixtures contradicts the idea of a random network of macromolecular chains. Attention is drawn to the temperature dependence of the viscosity of polymers with a narrow distribution and the dynamic properties of their mixtures. Problems of theoretical and practical interest associated with the particular rheological properties of polymer systems at high deformation rates are defined.     

Mechanical properties of polymers at 4.2°K and their dependence on chemical structure and the conditions of physical structure formation

Values of the modulus of elasticity, proportionality limit, and fracture strains and stresses have been measured at 4.2°K for polymers with different chemical structure and for a series of physically modified polymers. Relations have been established between the cryogenic values of the mechanical properties, the chemical structure of the macromolecules, and the conditions of formation of the physical structure of the polymer.     

Predicting the deformation properties of polymers

Physically well-founded relations, following from a consideration of the molecular-kinetic nature of the relaxation processes, are proposed for the time-temperature superposition principle. It is shown that the well-known Williams—Landel—Ferry relation is a particular case of more general formulas.V. I. Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, Problem Laboratory of Polymer Plastics. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 6, pp. 1106–1109, November–December, 1971.     

Deformation properties of some glass-like polymers

Problems of deformation in amorphous, glass-like polymers are considered. The deformation and strength properties of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) were studied, for different temperatures and conditions of deformation. It was established that the long-term resistance to deformation of glass-like polymers subjected to forced elastic deformation, as judged by the time lapse to "neck" formation, is described by a longevity equation, allowance being made for the displacement of the origin with respect to the coordinates.Yu. V. Mirgorod participated in the experimental part of this work.Tambovsk Institute of Chemical Machine Construction and Experimental Laboratory of Polymer Physics, V. I. Lenin State Pedagogic Institute, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 4, pp. 717–720, July–August, 1972.     

Shrinkage properties of some rigid polymers

Experimental results from a study of the shrinkage of polymers based on epoxy and polyester resins during the polymerization process are presented. The shrinkage was determined by wire strain gauges from the moment of transition of the polymer into a solid medium. An equation has been found which satisfactorily describes the laws governing chemical shrinkage with time."Plastopolimer" Scientific-Manufacturing Union, Leningrad. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 2, pp. 236–240, March–April, 1972.     

Friction properties of physically modified polymers

The effectiveness of using physical methods of modifying the surface layers of polymers in order to improve their friction properties is demonstrated.Institute of Mechanics of Metal—Polymer Systems, Academy of Sciences of the Belorussian SSR, Gomel'. L. Ya.Karpov Scientific-Research Physicochemical Institute, Moscow. Translated from Mekhanika Polimerov, No. 5, pp. 839–842, September–October, 1974.     

Magneto-electro-active polymers: material properties and structural effects

This contribution presents a constrained minimization formulation of incompressible finite-strain magneto-electro-elasticity. We employ this formulation in multiscale (FE²) simulations where we analyze the effective magneto-electric coupling properties of soft-matter based magneto-electric composites. (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Fractial parameterization of the structure of filled polymers

It is suggested to consider the structure of a filled polymer as a set of two or more multifractals. It is shown experimentally that the basic factor determining the fractal dimension of distribution of a disperse filler in the polymer is the size distribution of filler particles.Moscow State Open University, Moscow, Russia. Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp 269–290, 1999.