水蒸气处理对ZSM-5酸性及其催化丁烯裂解性能的影响

 考察了水蒸气处理温度和时间对ZSM-5分子筛酸性及其催化丁烯裂解性能的影响. 结果表明,通过水蒸气处理可降低ZSM-5分子筛的酸量和酸强度,明显提高产物中丙烯与乙烯的选择性和收率,抑制副产物芳烃和低碳烷烃的生成. 用柠檬酸脱除水蒸气处理过程中产生的非骨架铝,可提高ZSM-5分子筛孔道的容碳能力,从而提高催化剂的稳定性. 考察了反应条件对催化剂性能的影响,结果表明较佳的反应条件为WHSV=3.5～8.8 h-1,p=0.06～0.1 MPa,θ=600～620 ℃.     

丁烯在纳米H-ZSM-5催化剂上的催化裂解反应

在小型固定床反应器中考察了纳米H-ZSM-5催化剂(晶粒度为20～50nm)对丁烯催化裂解制丙烯反应的催化性能,并与两种微米H-ZSM-5催化剂样品(晶粒度分别为1～2和1～6μm)进行了比较.结果表明,在相同的反应条件下,纳米H-ZSM-5和微米H-ZSM-5催化剂上的初始丁烯转化率及丙烯收率相当,但纳米H-ZSM-5催化剂在反应中的抗积碳失活性能优于微米H-ZSM-5催化剂.在进料质量空速7h-1,常压和560℃的条件下反应,当丁烯转化率和丙烯收率下降50%时,两种微米催化剂上的反应时间仅为28h左右,而纳米催化剂上的反应时间为120h左右.积碳分析结果表明,纳米催化剂上的积碳速率明显低于微米催化剂.     

羊毛-钯配合物催化反式-2-丁烯酸的不对称水合反应 Efficient Asymmetric Hydration of trans-2-Butenoic Acid Catalyzed by Wool-Palladium Complex

 羊毛-钯配合物作为一种生物高分子金属催化剂制备简单,性能稳定,具有很高的立体选择性. 它能有效地催化反式-2-丁烯酸水合,得到手性化合物(S)-(+)-β-羟基丁酸,其产率和光学收率分别为88.4%和93.0%. 钯的负载量、底物/催化剂比、反应温度和反应时间对产物产率和光学收率有很大的影响. 催化剂重复使用多次后,产物产率和光学收率没有明显变化.     

酸性离子液体催化脂肪酸甲酯聚合制备二聚酸甲酯

 以 Brönsted-Lewis 酸性离子液体为催化剂, 用于催化生物柴油中不饱和脂肪酸甲酯聚合制备二聚酸甲酯反应, 考察了催化剂种类、催化剂用量、反应温度和时间等因素对聚合反应性能的影响, 得到较佳的反应条件. 结果表明, 当以 1-(3-磺酸)-丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯锌酸盐[HO3S-(CH2)3-mim]Cl-ZnCl2 (ZnCl2 摩尔分数为 0.67) 为催化剂, 生物柴油 15 g, m(生物柴油):m(离子液体) = 15:1, 于 240 oC 下反应 6 h 时, 二聚酸甲酯收率为 63.2%, 其中三聚体含量小于 5%. 另外, 该催化剂重复使用 5 次后, 二聚酸甲酯收率仍超过 63%, 表明其具有较好的重复使用性能. 离子液体的 Brönsted 和 Lewis 酸位的协同效应显著提高了其催化活性.     

丁烯氧化脱氢制丁二烯 Ⅰ.催化剂及操作条件的研究

本文报导了丁烯氧化脱氢制丁二烯用催化剂及反应条件研究的初步结果。在L-228,L-2312,L-243等几种催化剂上,在适宜的反应条件下,丁二烯单程收卒可达70—80%(体),选择性为90%左右.操作条件的考察表明:在温度410—470℃、丁烯空速100—300小时、氧/丁烯0.50—0.75、水蒸气用量为丁烯进料克分子的4—12倍的范围内,丁二烯收率和反应选择性都比较高。催化剂的稳定性和再生性能尚有待进一步的改进。最后提出了丁烷脱氢制丁二烯新二步法的建议。     

固体超强酸(SO24-/ZrO2)的异丁烷/1-丁烯烷基化反应性能和失活研究

研究了固体超强酸(SO24-/ZrO2)催化剂的酸性及异丁烷-1-丁烯烷基化反应性能, 结果表明, 固体超强酸的酸性与焙烧温度有关, 适当提高焙烧温度有利于样品酸强度的提高, 但焙烧温度过高会导致脱硫, 使样品酸强度和酸量降低. 固体超强酸的异丁烷/1-丁烯烷基化催化反应活性与其酸性相对应, 酸性强, 反应活性高, 但催化剂的活性衰减很快, 这是催化剂表面的快速积炭所致.     

丝光沸石-氧化铝双组元负载钼催化剂上的1-丁烯歧化反应

在固定床反应器上考察了氢型丝光沸石(HM)-氧化铝双组元负载MoO3催化剂上的1-丁烯歧化反应性能,通过氨程序升温脱附、X射线衍射和氢程序升温还原对样品进行了表征.实验结果表明,在110℃,0·1MPa,WHSV=1·5h-1及TOS=1h的反应条件下,MoO3没有歧化反应活性.Al2O3,HM-Al2O3和HM载体上只生成异构产物,并且载体酸性越强,异构产物越多.MoO3/HM几乎没有歧化活性,而MoO3/Al2O3催化剂上生成了一定量的歧化产物,且各产物收率相近.MoO3/HM-Al2O3具有最高的歧化活性,1-丁烯转化率为84·9%,丙烯和戊烯收率分别为28·5%和20·6%.催化剂本身的酸性和载体表面Mo物种存在状态是影响1-丁烯歧化制丙烯反应性能的两个关键因素.     

水热处理对MCM-22催化剂酸性、孔结构及甲苯/甲醇烷基化性能的影响

采用XRD, NH3-TPD, IR和低温氮气吸附等方法研究了分别以纯水蒸气和质量分数为6％的氨水蒸气处理MCM-22分子筛催化剂后, 其酸性和孔结构的变化, 并以甲苯、甲醇烷基化为探针反应考察了催化剂的催化性能. 研究结果表明, 在两种不同介质中和处理温度不高于400 ℃条件下, 催化剂的总酸量变化不大, 强酸中心有所增加; 处理温度高于500 ℃后, 催化剂的总酸量明显下降, 强酸中心基本消失; 经水热处理后, MCM-22分子筛催化剂中形成了孔径不均匀的二次孔, 平均孔径增大. 随着处理温度的提高, 催化剂的活性降低, 对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的选择性上升. 经500 ℃纯水蒸气处理5 h的MCM-22催化剂, 具有适宜的酸强度和酸类型分布, 有利于甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的进行, 且催化剂维持了较高的催化活性并具有一定的对位选择性(甲苯转化率和对二甲苯选择性分别29.22％和42.16％).     

固载化ZnCl2催化合成3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇

采用碾磨-活化法制备了SiO₂-ZnCl₂(Silzic)催化剂,并将其用于异丁烯与甲醛Prins缩合合成3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇(MBOH)。系统研究了温度、物料比、时间和催化剂的组成及用量对该反应的影响。结果表明,在不同的条件下,甲醛都保持着99%以上的高转化率;然而,不同的条件对MBOH的选择性和收率的影响程度不同,其中,反应温度、催化剂的酸量是影响该反应的关键因素;物料比和反应时间对MBOH的选择性和收率的影响相对较小。实验得到最佳的反应条件为,反应温度210 ℃、二氧六环8 g、三聚甲醛1.5 g、n(异丁烯)/n(三聚甲醛)=7:1、30 mg 1 mmol/g Silzic 和反应时间2 h,在此条件下MBOH的选择性和收率可分别达到93.8%和93.4%。当催化剂循环使用五次时,MBOH的收率降为85.2%,表明该催化剂具有一定的重复使用性。     

不同分子筛上1-己烯骨架异构化反应性能的研究

以HZSM-35、HZSM-5、HM和Hβ四种分子筛为1-己烯骨架异构化催化剂,比较研究了四种催化剂的异构化性能,对其构效关系进行了关联。结果表明,相比于HZSM-5和Hβ分子筛,HZSM-35和HM具有适宜的酸量,有效孔径为0.4-0.6 nm,而且无晶穴、无交叉孔道,具有良好的择形催化效应,在转化率高达95%的同时,C_5-和C₇₊等副产物的收率在20%左右,异己烯收率可达40%-50%。进一步对四种分子筛进行酸碱改性处理,结果显示,虽然酸性质略有改变,但是一维孔结构的HZSM-35和HM分子筛的异构化性能仍明显优于多维孔结构的HZSM-5和Hβ分子筛,说明在酸性质一定的前提下,孔结构对异构化反应起关键作用。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。