核苷与碱基的苯胺甲基键合硅胶固定相高效液相色谱分离

建立苯胺甲基键合硅胶固定相(PAMS)高效液相色谱分离核苷与碱基的方法；研究流动相有机溶剂浓度、磷酸缓冲液pH值、离子强度对核苷和碱基在该键合固定相上的色谱保留及分离选择性的影响，用磷酸缓冲液(pH＝4)为流动相快速分离了部分核苷与碱基。     

Use of immobilized amyloglucosidase as chiral selector in chromatography. Control of enantioselective retention and resolution in liquid chromatography

Summary Several mobile phase parameters were investigated for controlling enantioselective retention and resolution on a chiral stationary phase made in-house. The chiral selector was the enzyme amyloglucosidase, which was immobilized onto a silica support via reductive amination. The influences of the mobile phase pH, concentration and type of uncharged organic modifier, ionic strength and column temperature on enantios-electivity were studied. The analysis time for resolving enantiomers could be adjusted with only a minor decrease in enantioselectivity by using a high ionic strength mobile phase buffer. This indicated a retention mechanism involving ion-exchange interactions. It was further confirmed by the decreasing enantioselectivity of amines when using a mobile phase pH below the isoelectric point of the native protein. Interesting effects were observed when the organic modifier concentration was increased and also when the column temperature was raised. Both retention and enantioselectivity increased with increasing concentration of 2-propanol in the mobile phase. Examples are given where both enantioselectivity and retention increased with increasing column temperature. Thermodynamic studies were performed to calculate the entropy and enthalpy constants. The results showed that, depending on mobile phase composition, the enantioselective retention may be caused by differences in entropy or enthalpy.     

CEC separation of insect oostatic peptides using a strong-cation-exchange stationary phase

The separation of several insect oostatic peptides (IOPs) was achieved by using CEC with a strong-cation-exchange (SCX) stationary phase in the fused-silica capillary column of 75 microm id. The effect of organic modifier, ionic strength, buffer pH, applied voltage, and temperature on peptides' resolution was evaluated. Baseline separation of the studied IOPs was achieved using a mobile phase containing 100 mM pH 2.3 sodium phosphate buffer/water/ACN (10:20:70 v/v/v). In order to reduce the analysis time, experiments were performed in the short side mode where the stationary phase was packed for 7 cm only. The selection of the experimental parameters strongly influenced the retention time, resolution, and retention factor. An acidic pH was selected in order to positively charge the analyzed peptides, the pI's of which are about 3 in water buffer solutions. A good selectivity and resolution was achieved at pH <2.8; at higher pH the three parameters decreased due to reduced or even zero charge of peptides. The increase in the ionic strength of the buffer present in the mobile phase caused a decrease in retention factor for all the studied compounds due to the decreased interaction between analytes and stationary phase. Raising the ACN concentration in the mobile phase in the range 40-80% v/v caused an increase in both retention factor, retention time, and resolution due to the hydrophilic interactions of IOPs with free silanols and sulfonic groups of the stationary phase.     

Buffer Choice for Tuning the Selectivity in Reverse Phase Chromatography

Abstract

Retention behaviour of ionogenic species in high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed phase materials was studied, specifically dependence of buffer quality applied to mobile phases. The buffers' effect on retention of organic acids, amino acids and dipeptides is quantified by modelling capacity factors as a function of pH-values. At constant ionic strength, increasing capacity factors were observed going from phosphate to less polar citrate buffer, modification of accessible silanol groups of the stationary phase being responsible for this effect. Application of citrate buffer for separation of a seven-component mixture is demonstrated on the basis of a computerized search for optimum chromatographic performance. The evaluated factor levels (pH, methanol content and ionic strength) differ from those found using phosphate buffer-containing mobile phases.     

色谱法研究杂多酸 4: 杂多酸在反相离子对色谱中的保留行为

本文研究了Keggin型杂多酸盐在四丁基铵-磷酸盐缓冲液-甲醇体系中的色谱保留行为。导出了反相离子对色谱中离子对试剂浓度, 强溶剂浓度及离子强度影响溶质保留值的三个规律式, 并用实验及文献值进行验证, 在所研究的体系中, 不同电荷数的杂多酸阴离子都可有保留, 通过调节适当的离子对试剂浓度及强溶剂浓度,可改善其选择性。     

A Comparison of Silica C and Silica Gel in HILIC Mode: The Effect of Stationary Phase Surface Area

In order to assess the effect of silica gel structure on retention in hydrophilic interaction chromatography, a test system was developed which used quaternary ammonium ions as probes with tetramethylammonium acetate (TMAA) as the counter-ion competing against the interaction of the test probes with ionised silanols in the stationary phase. Four silica gel columns and a silica hydride column were examined. Retention times were obtained for the test probes at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 90 % acetonitrile (ACN) with all the mobile phase mixtures containing 10-mM TMAA buffer at pH 6.0. All phases gave “U”-shaped plots for log k against percentage of ACN with the steepest rise in retention occurring between 80 and 90 % ACN. Benzyltrimethylammonium, the smallest quaternary ammonium ion, was the most strongly retained probe at 90 % ACN and was most retained on a high surface area 60 Å Kromasil column and least retained on a 300 Å ACE silica gel column. The ionic strength of the mobile phase was varied at 80 and 90 % ACN and plots of log k against the inverse of buffer strength followed by fitting of second-order polynomial curves allowed an assessment of the contribution from HILIC to the mixed HILIC/ion-exchange retention mechanism. Toluene and pentylbenzene were used to assess the decrease in accessible pore volume due to water absorption in HILIC mode.     

Chitosan-coated silica gel as a new support in high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary A new stationary phase was prepared by immobilizing the chitosan, a natural hydrophilic polymer, on microparticolate silica gel. The effect of the polarity, pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase has been studied in order to find optimal conditions for the separation of nucleotides and aminoacids. The influence of the properties of the mobile phase on the retention was examined, allowing to employ the chitosan-coated silica gel both to anion exchange and adsorption, depending on the pH and the polarity of the eluent used.     

High-performance liquid chromatography of some basic drugs on a n-octadecylphosphonic acid modified magnesia-zirconia stationary phase

The high-performance liquid chromatographic behavior of some basic drugs was studied on a n-octadecylphosphonic acid modified magnesia-zirconia (C18PZM) stationary phase. The effect of mobile phase variables such as methanol content, ionic strength, and pH on their chromatographic behavior was investigated. The retention mechanism of basic drugs on the stationary phase was elucidated. The results indicate that both hydrophobic and cation-exchange interactions contribute to solute retention under most chromatographic conditions. The inherent Br?nsted-acid sites and also the adsorbed Lewis base anionic buffer constituents on accessible ZM surface Lewis acid sites play a role in the retention of ionized solutes by cation-exchange interaction. However, especially at high mobile phase pH, the retention of basic drugs depends mainly on hydrophobic interactions between solutes and support. Separations of the basic drugs on the C18PZM phase by a predominantly reversed-phase retention mode were very promising. The mixed-mode retention feature on this phase, as a result of the adsorbed Lewis base anionic buffer constituents acting as sites for cation-exchange, could also be very useful, e.g. for enhancing the chromatographic selectivity of such analytes. The C18PZM seems to be an excellent alternative to silica-based reversed-phase stationary phase for the separation of strongly basic solutes.     

Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic retention behaviour of catechol amino-acids

For a group of catechol amino-acids varying widely in acid strength and hydrophobicity, the effects of mobile phase composition, pH and ionic strength on their reversed-phase chromatographic separation have been determined, with phosphate buffer as mobile phase. Retention data were measured for 18 catecholamine derivatives. The retardation factors and retention behaviour of all the compounds tested could be explained in terms of the acid dissociation and tautomeric constants.     

Influence of the mobile phase on salmon calcitonin analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography

The retention properties of calcitonins on a reversed-phase column are examined using salmon calcitonin as the model compound. The effect of the concentration of organic modifier, buffer strength, pH of the mobile phase, and ion-pair reagent are studied. In the absence of an ionic modifier in the eluent the calcitonin peak shapes are not symmetrical. The addition of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), however, results in good peak characteristics without the need to add nonvolatile salts. The retention of the calcitonins was found to be very sensitive to the concentration of the organic modifier (acetonitrile) present in the mobile phase. A change of pH between 2 and 5 has only a slight effect of the k' of salmon calcitonin, but the k' increases significantly at higher pH values. The addition of a phosphate buffer to the mobile phase and an increase in the buffer concentration (0-0.2 M) causes a decrease in the retention of salmon calcitonin. Evidence shows that reproducible, quantitatively measurable data can be obtained using reversed-phase chromatography if the ion-pairing reagent and organic modifier concentrations are carefully controlled. The system also shows a good selectivity for the calcitonin series. Therefore, both highly selective methods (qualitative) as well as quantitative methods for analytical, pharmaceutical, and manufacturing use can be developed by adjusting the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) conditions as discussed.     

Chromatographic behavior of epirubicin and its analogues on high-purity silica in hydrophilic interaction chromatography

Hydrophilic interaction chromatography has been applied for the separation of epirubicin and its analogues using high-purity silica column with aqueous-organic mobile phase. Parameters affecting the chromatographic behavior of the solutes such as organic modifier, buffer pH, ionic strength and sample size, have been investigated. Of utmost importance for successful separation of these analogues is the choice of organic modifier, since it impacts both the solvent selectivity and the ionization of silica silanols as well as buffer solution, and consequently the retention behavior of solutes. Acetonitrile was shown to offer superior separation of these analogues to methanol, isopropanol or tetrahydrofuran. Results of the effects of organic modifier, buffer pH and ion strength indicate that the retention mechanism is a mixed-mode of adsorption and ion exchange. In addition, an irreversible adsorption of these compounds was found on silica in the weakly acidic or neutral mobile phases, and the effect of various factors on irreversible adsorption was also preliminarily discussed. More significantly, these basic compounds have exhibited peaks with a slanted front and a sharp tail, a typical overloading peak profile belonging to the behavior of competitive anti-Langmuir isotherm by increasing the sample size at the experimental conditions.     

A dual-column HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of DHPG (9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine) and its mono and diesters in biological samples

A convenient method for the simultaneous determination of various DHPG species present in biological samples is presented. This method utilizes a cation exchange column (25 cm X 4.6 mm i.d.) coupled in series to a short reversed-phase column (5 cm X 4.6 mm i.d.). The mobile phase consists of methanol:0.005M ammonium phosphate buffer, pH 2.5. There is a large polarity difference between DHPG and its esters due to the non-polar side chain of the ester moiety. The simultaneous determination of the diesters, monoesters, and DHPG in these samples using only the cation exchange or the reversed-phase column is not possible without time-consuming gradient elution. In the reversed-phase mode alone, the esters are highly retained relative to DHPG, whereas the esters are only slightly retained on a cation exchange column and are insensitive to changes in pH and ionic strength of the mobile phase. However, a combination of these two columns provides interesting selectivity for these compounds and offers a unique way of controlling the retention times of these species relative to each other. The retention time of esters can be selectively altered (with respect to DHPG) by changing the composition of methanol in the mobile phase. In contrast, the retention time of DHPG is controlled by changing the buffer strength and pH of the mobile phase.     

Liquid chromatography at critical conditions in ternary mobile phases: Gradient elution along the critical line

In ternary mobile phases consisting of acetone, methanol, and water, the retention of PEG on reversed‐phase columns is independent on molar mass at certain compositions of the mobile phase. Along this critical adsorption line, the retention of polypropylene glycol varies quite strongly, which can be utilized in the separation of block copolymers. Gradient elution along the critical line allows a baseline separation of all oligomers in polypropylene glycol up to approximately 25 propylene oxide units. The same resolution can be achieved in the separation of ethylene oxide‐propylene oxide block copolymers, regardless of the length of the ethylene oxide block.     

流动相的pH值和离子强度对牛血清蛋白高效液相色谱手性柱分离性能的影响

利用羰基咪唑-柱上衍生法制得牛血清蛋白(BSA)生物手性柱,并研究它在高效液相色谱中对3种对映异构体(色氨酸、匹多莫德及4-苯基-1,3-恶唑烷-2-硫酮(L-苯))的手性分离性能.实验结果表明:随着pH值从5.0上升到7.0,由于L-色氨酸与BSA有固定的作用位点,使得其保留值随着pH值的增加而大幅增大.而D-色氨酸与BSA无固定作用位点,其保留值随pH变化基本不变,分离度由1.15上升到8.91,增加了6.8倍;酸性样品匹多莫德与BSA主要是静电作用,与色氨酸相反,其对映体的保留值随着pH的增加逐渐减小,分离度逐渐下降,pH 7.0时为单峰,pH 5.0时Rs=1.27;中性样品L-苯的分离度随着pH值的增加有小幅增大.随着离子强度的减小,3对对映体的保留都增强,分离度增大,增加的幅度依次为色氨酸＞匹多莫德＞L-苯.     

High-performance liquid chromatography of sulfonamides and quinolones on p-tert-butyl-calix[6]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase

The high-performance liquid chromatographic behavior of some sulfonamides and quinolones was studied on a p-tert-butyl-calix[6]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase. The effect of mobile phase variables such as methanol content, ionic strength and pH on their chromatographic behavior was investigated. The retention behavior of sulfonamides on the stationary phase was compared with that on both Zorbax C₁₈-bonded silica gel and γ-(ethylenediamino)propyltriethoxylsilane-bonded silica gel (diamino-bonded phase). The retention mechanism of sulfonamides and quinolones on the stationary phase was also discussed. The results indicate that the stationary phase behaves as a reversed-phase packing and its separation selectivity is much better than that of not only Zorbax C₁₈ phase but also diamino-bonded phase. Some sulfonamides and quinolones were separated on the stationary phase, but the separation of sulfonamides is far more successful.     

Studies on the chromatographic behavior of nucleosides and bases on p-tert-butyl-calix[8]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase by HPLC

The chromatographic behavior of some nucleosides, pyrimidines and purines on a new p-tert-butyl-calix[8]arene-bonded silica gel stationary phase (CABS) were studied by high performance liquid chromatography. Their retention behavior on CABS were compared with those on ODS. The influence of mobile phase variables, such as methanol content, pH and ionic strength on the retention behavior were studied. Some nucleosides, pyrimidines and purines on CABS were successfully separated. The results show that the calix[8]arene-bonded phase exhibits high selectivities for the above analytes in high aqueous mobile phases. According to the chromatographic data, it is indicated that hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen-bonding interaction, and dipole-dipole interaction are mainly responsible for the retention behavior. In addition, in some extent, the vertical stacking action of the analytes on CABS can also change the retention behavior. CABS was superior to ODS in the routine fast separation of nucleosides and bases.     

Effects of the operation parameters on Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography separation of phenolic acids on zwitterionic monolithic capillary columns

Strongly polar phenolic acids are weakly retained and often poorly separated in reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography. We prepared zwitterionic polymethacrylate monolithic columns for micro-HPLC by in situ co-polymerization in fused-silica capillaries. The capillary monolithic columns prepared under optimized polymerization conditions show some similarities with the conventional particulate commercial ZIC-HILIC silica-based columns, however have higher retention and better separation selectivity under reversed-phase conditions, so that they can be employed for dual-mode HILIC-RP separations of phenolic acids on a single column. The capillary polymethacrylate monolithic sulfobetaine columns show excellent thermal stability and improved performance at temperatures 60–80 °C. The effects of the operation conditions on separation were investigated, including the type and the concentration of the organic solvent in the aqueous-organic mobile phase (acetonitrile and methanol), the ionic strength of the acetate buffer and temperature. While the retention in the RP mode decreases at higher temperatures in mobile phases with relatively low concentrations of acetonitrile, it is almost independent of temperature at HILIC conditions in highly organic mobile phases. The best separation efficiency can be achieved using relatively high acetate buffer ionic strength (20–30 mmol L⁻¹) and gradient elution with alternately increasing (HILIC mode) and decreasing (RP mode) concentration of aqueous buffer in aqueous acetonitrile. Applications of the monolithic sulfobetaine capillary columns in alternating HILIC-RP modes are demonstrated on the analysis of phenolic acids in a beer sample.     

Analysis of selected ionic liquid cations by ion exchange chromatography and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography

The chromatographic behavior of 8 ionic liquids - 7 homologues of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium and 4-methyl-N-butylpyridinium - has been investigated with a strong cation exchange adsorbent. In particular, the dependence of the retention properties of these solutes on mobile phase composition, pH, and buffer concentration was evaluated with the aim of optimizing and improving the selectivity and retention of solute separation. While using the SCX stationary phase, several interactions occurred with varying strengths, depending on the mobile phase composition. Cation exchange, nonspecific hydrophobic interactions, and adsorption chromatography behavior were observed. Reversed phase chromatography occurred at low concentrations of acetonitrile, electrostatic and adsorption interactions at higher organic modifier concentrations. Elevated buffer concentrations lowered the retention factors without affecting the selectivity of ionic liquids. Obtained results were further compared to the chromatographic behaviour of ionic liquids in the reversed phase system. All analyzed ionic liquids follow reversed-phase behavior while being separated. Much lower selectivity in the range of highly hydrophilic compounds is obtained. This suggests preferred use of ion chromatography for separation and analysis of compounds below 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl side chain.     

The study of properties of HPLC determination of polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles

The study of the separation of polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycles (PANHs) by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with an octadecyl stationary phase is presented. The retention behaviour of a mixture of PANHs was studied under different chromatographic conditions. A mixture of phosphate buffer/acetonitrile was used as mobile phase in isocratic and gradient modes. The effect of different pH mobile phase in the range from 2.5 to 6.5 has been investigated to describe retention changes of PANHs as a function of their acid/base properties. Different concentrations of phosphate buffer as a component of the mobile phase were used to study the effect of ionic strength. Very good RP-HPLC separation of 24 PANHs and 16 EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was obtained without a pre-separation step in a test mixture and the extract of a real soil sample. Limits of detection of PANHs obtained by two detection techniques, ultraviolet-diode array detection (UV-DAD) and fluorescence detector (FD), are compared. The proposed method is tested with a real soil sample.     

Separation of some platinum(II) complexes by ionic strength gradient on a solvent-generated ion-exchange sorbent.

The compatibility of ionic strength gradient with solvent-generated ion-exchange chromatography on an octadecylsilica sorbent was proven for a mobile phase containing octanesulphonate. Only a slight baseline shift was observed during the gradient of the phosphate buffer, even at 210 nm. An equilibration time of 3 min between the runs was sufficient to obtain retention times with a reproducibility better than 1%. The compounds separated were cisplatin, carboplatin and related neutral and cationic platinum(II) complexes, including transplatin and the aquation products of cisplatin.