共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
将无机化学中的脱水缩合反应进行分类:发生在无机含氧酸之间的脱水缩合反应;发生在无机含氧酸酸式盐之间的脱水缩合反应和酸化含氧酸盐溶液而发生的脱水缩合反应。介绍了缩合反应及缩合反应产物的应用。 相似文献
2.
3.
近几个世纪,传统釜式反应为我们解决了大量化工产品需求的问题。但其本身存在着很多的缺点,如安全隐患、环境污染、能源消耗巨大、占地面积大以及工艺放大困难等。连续流微反应以其高效的传质传热、精确控温控时、安全稳定、无放大效应以及反应的实时监控等优点,能很好地解决传统釜式反应存在的问题。本文对连续流微反应在最近五年的研究进展进行了概述,特别对连续流中的硝化反应、叠氮基丙烯酸酯的热解反应、格氏反应与类格氏反应、偶联反应、胺化反应、氧化还原反应、缩合反应、环化反应、多步骤反应及常用连续流微反应器进行了介绍。同时,对连续流微反应的优缺点进行了简要评述。 相似文献
4.
5.
催化裂化过程中热裂化反应与二次反应的研究 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
利用连续式小型提升管催化裂化实验装置,研究了重油催化裂化过程中热裂化反应和二次反应的特点;考察了反应温度、剂油比和油气停留时间对热裂化和二次反应(氢转移和异构化反应)的影响;给出了不同反应条件下催化裂化过程中的过裂化点,考察了过裂化点前后热裂化反应在催化裂化过程中所占比例及氢转移和异构化反应的变化。结果表明,降低反应温度,缩短停留时间,增加剂油比可以抑制催化裂化过程中不利的热裂化反应,有利于氢转移和异构化反应的发生;在由反应温度、剂油比和停留时间引起的过裂化点前后,热裂化、氢转移和异构化反应表现出各自的变化特点。 相似文献
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
离子液体催化邻二甲苯氯甲基化反应 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
制备了8种不同链长的溴化烷基咪唑盐和4种丁基类甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐、四氟硼酸盐、全氟丁基磺酸盐及氯化盐离子液体,研究了咪唑盐类离子液体催化邻二甲苯、氯化氢、多聚甲醛为起始原料的氯甲基化反应. 考察了离子液体类型、催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间对反应的影响. 反应产物采用气相色谱法进行定量分析;采用GC-MS测试技术进行了定性分析. 结果表明,[C12mim]Br(溴化1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑盐)是最适合的催化剂. 其最佳反应条件是:离子液体摩尔分数为4%(与邻二甲苯的摩尔比),温度70 ℃,反应时间10 h,产物收率可达89.8%,TON数达到22.4. 相似文献
11.
Petrus W. Lindenburg Ubbo R. Tjaden Jan van der Greef Thomas Hankemeier 《Electrophoresis》2012,33(19-20):2987-2995
In this work, we demonstrate the applicability of electroextraction (EE) to urine metabolites. To investigate which urine metabolite classes are susceptible to EE, off‐line EE experiments were carried out with a prototype device, in which urine metabolites were electroextracted from ethyl acetate into water. The obtained extracts were examined with direct infusion MS and the results demonstrated that several compound classes could be extracted, amongst which amino acids and acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines were selected for evaluation of the performance of EE. For this, the EE setup was adapted to capillary EE (cEE) to be able to analyze large urine sample series, and it was coupled online to LC‐MS. cEE‐LC‐MS of acylcarnitines was optimized and characterized. The recovery, linearity, repeatability, and detection limit of the cEE‐LC‐MS method was good to excellent. To demonstrate the versatility of EE for sample preparation in analytical procedures, extracts were injected into a CZE‐MS system, resulting in detection of the acylcarnitines along with more than 100 presumed metabolite peaks. The results presented here indicate that EE can be used as a fast sample preconcentration technique of low abundant urine metabolites, in combination with both LC and CZE. 相似文献
12.
13.
We present a combined first-principles calculation and molecular dynamics simulation study of an excess electron (EE) in condensed phase of a microhydrated protonated amino group in proteins in this work. The protonated amino group, -NH(3)(+), is modeled by a CH(3)NH(3)(+) and an amount of water molecules are included to form various microhydrated CH(3)NH(3)(+) clusters, and the states and the dynamics of the trapped EE are analyzed. In addition to the localized and delocalized states observed, the N-H/O-H bond cleavage phenomena followed by escape of a H atom are also observed for some hydrated clusters in which the -NH(3)(+) group exposes on the surface of the cluster and directly participates in binding an EE. The state-to-state conversion is controlled by thermal motion of molecules in the clusters, and the cleavage of the N-H or the O-H bond and the H escape are determined by the binding modes of the EE. The H-escape nature could be attributed to the dissociation of the N-H or O-H bond induced by the trapped EE which transfers to their antibonding orbitals. This work provides a microscopical picture of the EE trapping at a microhydrated hydrophilic group in proteins, long-range electron migration, and the H-evolving mechanisms relevant for the lesions or damages of proteins or DNA. This is the first step in considering increasingly larger peptide fragments for further investigation of the detailed lesion/damage or charge migration mechanisms. Further work about this topic is underway. 相似文献
14.
15.
化学反应处理的计算模型 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了一种将同类反应上升为合成反应知识和在计算机上实现反合成分析的方法,反合成分析是合成设计中最关键的一步,在本工作中采用了基于谋略键寻找的合成设计方法。它有逻辑宜于在计算机上实现的优点。为了实现这个方法,我们首次提出了一种能中肯地描述合成反应的计算模型—反应知识的分类模型。这一模型由三条规则定义:规则A-反应类型;规则B-发生反应的外部条件;规则C-不适宜采用这个反应的情况;这种计算模型能够将海量反应数据中最重要最基本的信息提炼出来,转换成计算机能处理的知识。它也包含有反应适用范围的信息,从而提高了析分过程的外推能力。 相似文献
16.
17.
镉的高灵敏显色体系研究及表面活性剂作用机理 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
本文以2-氯-4-硝基苯重氮氨基偶氮苯(CNDAA)为显色剂, 研究了镉的高灵敏显色体系及表面活性剂的作用机理。研究结果表明: 对于Cd(II)-CNDAA配合物, 非离子型、阴离子型及阴-非混合型表面活性剂对此有显著的增溶增敏作用, 并以Cd(II)-CNDAA-SF显色体系建立了光度法测定微量镉的高灵敏新方法, 并对几种测定方法进行了比较, 筛选出显色条件宽容、选择性好的体系。该体系用于铝合金样品中镉的测定, 结果满意。另外, 还提出了Cd(II)-CNDAA配合物的结构, 对表面活生剂对体系的作用作了描述, 并阐明了试剂的酸性离解常数(pK~a)与显色酸度以及方法的选择性三者之间的关系。 相似文献
18.
本文求得了适用于不同γ(式(6))和P(式(9))的最大电流表达式,并提出了准稳态的定量标准,还推导了微环电极上线性扫描伏安法准稳态可逆波方程式,经验证,理论和实验结果相符合 相似文献
19.