限域Pd纳米微粒的增强红外吸收及其对电位响应速度的原位分子探针红外反射光谱研究

Y型沸石分子筛的超笼为微反应器 ,以“瓶中造船”方式合成纳米钯粒子 (nm Pd)。分别以聚氯乙烯(PVC)和Nafion(高氟化树脂 )为粘合剂 ,采用混合滴涂法和分步滴涂法制备载钯分子筛修饰电极。以CO为探针 ,用电化学原位FTIR反射光谱研究吸附态CO的红外光学性能 ,研究发现采用上述两种方法制备的载钯分子筛修饰电极具有同样的CO增强红外吸收特性和不同的电位响应速度 ,表明CO增强红外吸收特性只与钯的纳米尺度有关 ,而分子筛修饰电极的电位响应速度和电子传输能力除与分子筛本身的结构有关外 ,还受粘合剂影响。     

流动注射抑制化学发光法测定痕量强力霉素

基于在NaOH介质中 ,强力霉素对Luminol KMnO4 体系发光反应具有强烈的抑制作用 ,建立起流动注射抑制化学发光测定痕量强力霉素的新方法。强力霉素在 0 0 0 5～ 5 0 μg·mL- 1 浓度范围内 ,采用不同的KMnO4 溶液浓度 ,分段建立起抑制化学发光强度与其浓度间良好的线性关系 ,方法的检出限为 2 0×10 - 3μg·mL- 1 。该方法可用于药片中强力霉素含量的测定     

Morphological effects on mechanical properties of polystyrene-polyvinylchloride blends

The morphological effects on mechanical properties of polystyrene/polyvinylchloride (PS/PVC) polymer blends were investigated through dynamic mechanical analyzer. Study reveals that the peaks of Tan δ curves of pure PVC and pure PS samples fall at temperatures 58.9 ± 0.2°C and 113.1 ± 0.1°C, respectively. Tan δ curves of 30, 50 and 70-wt% of PVC blends show two peaks indicating the immiscibility of PS/PVC blend. It has been observed that peak falling at lower temperature side shifts towards the higher temperature with the increase of PS concentration and the other one which falls at higher temperature side shifts towards lower temperature side with the increase of PVC concentration in PS/PVC blends. The variation in mechanical performance is attributed to the polymer domain interactions resulting from the different morphologies of various blend compositions.     

Effect of Unplasticized Poly Vinyl Chloride (UPVC) Molecular Weight and Graft-Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (g-ABS) Content on Compatibility and Izod Impact Strength of UPVC/g-ABS Blends

In this study three grades of rigid poly vinyl chloride (PVC) having different molar masses were melt blended with graft-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (g-ABS) in different compositions. The effect of PVC molecular weight and g-ABS composition on the compatibility and Izod impact strength of the blends were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed a single glass transition temperature (T_g) for all the blends, representative of miscibility between the PVC phase and the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) phase of g-ABS which, in turn, led to compatibility of the PVC/g-ABS blends. It was observed that in all the PVC grades the blends Izod impact strength increased with increasing g-ABS content. Also, at a given composition of g-ABS, by increasing the molecular weight of the PVC phase the impact strength of the blends increased. The morphology of the fracture surfaces from the impact tests were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs and the results showed that with increasing g-ABS content in the blend, cloudy regions increased and eventually begin to overlap each other, and the deformed material on the fracture surfaces increased. This was attributed to the blend compatibility causing greater energy dissipation in the fracture process.     

Visible chemiluminescence of ammonia premixed flames and its application for flame diagnostics

We report a spatially resolved spectroscopic study of the visible chemiluminescence emission from different premixed ammonia-air-oxygen flames stabilized on a laminar flat flame burner, with equivalence ratio ranging from 0.7 to 1.35 and an O₂/N₂ ratio of 0.4. In the reaction zone of the observed flames, the visible emission was recognized to be the chemiluminescence of excited NH₂* radicals, while in the post-flame zone, two types of chemiluminescence were observed: NO₂* chemiluminescence dominated in the fuel-lean flames and NH₂* chemiluminescence dominated in the fuel-rich flames. The high-resolution spectra of the NO₂* and NH₂* chemiluminescence in the visible region (400-700 nm) were recorded. The intensity of both spectra increased gradually with wavelength. However, the NO₂*-chemiluminescence spectrum appeared to be continuous and unstructured, while the NH₂*-chemiluminescence spectrum consisted of groups of distinct emission lines. Based on the spectral feature, the ratios of the integrated chemiluminescence intensities over the 598-603 nm wavelength range to the intensities over the 586-592 nm range and 447-453 nm range were used to sense equivalence ratio. In addition, slightly different colors of the fuel-lean and fuel-rich flames were observed, due to the fact that NO₂* chemiluminescence had a relatively stronger signal in the blue region than NH₂* chemiluminescence. The difference was used to infer flame equivalence ratio using the flame images recorded by a RGB digital camera, where the ratio of the signal from the red channel to the signal from the blue channel was calculated.     

Preparation and Evaluation of the Morphology,Flammability, and Mechanical Properties of the Acrylonitrile‐Butadiene‐Styrene/Poly (vinyl chloride) Blends

Blends of two grades of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) with three different compounds of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) were prepared via melt processing and their morphology, flammability, and physical and mechanical properties were investigated. SEM results showed that the ABS/PVC blend is a compatible system. Also, it can be inferred from fracture surface images that ABS/PVC blends are tough, even at low temperatures. It was found that properties of these blends significantly depend on blend composition and PVC compound type; however, the ABS types have only a small effect on blend properties. On blending of ABS with a soft PVC compound, impact strength, and melt flow index (MFI) increased, but tensile and flexural strength decreased. In contrast, blending of ABS with a rigid PVC compound improved fire retardancy and some mechanical properties and decreased MFI and impact strength.     

掺杂金属颗粒的高分子工质激光推进实验研究

 利用大功率脉冲TEA-CO₂激光器作为光源,对不同元素、浓度以及颗粒直径金属掺入PVC的靶材进行了测试。结果发现,不同元素种类以及不同颗粒直径的金属掺杂后的PVC靶材的冲量耦合系数变化不大,但在不同功率密度处,比冲均有显著提高,其中纳米Fe粉性能最为优异。在功率密度为5×10⁶ W/cm²处,50%纳米Fe粉质量分数的靶材的比冲出现最大值。在大气环境下,对于掺有20%纳米Zn粉质量分数的PVC靶材,其冲量耦合系数随激光功率密度的提高而先升后降,比冲并不优异于比其熔点更高的Fe粉和Ni粉掺杂。     

Modification of a Theoretical Model for the Prediction of the Thermal Expansion Behavior of Particulate Composites: Application to Poly(vinyl chloride)/Talc Composites

The coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/talc composites were tested and the experimental data showed that the CTE of PVC/talc composites were closely related to the talc particle size and its distribution; for a given talc volume fraction, the smaller the talc particle size, and the lower the CTE of the PVC/talc composites. The theoretical equations proposed by Sideridis and Papanicolaou and by Lombardo, which were based on a single, spherical particle size, were found to predict well the CTE of PVC/talc composites, but with the obtained interphase thicknesses were too large to be believed. In order to overcome the shortcomings of these equations, being without variation of filler particle size and its distribution, a modified model was proposed. It was found that the modified model can predict well the CTE of PVC/talc composites, with almost the same and more reliable interphase thicknesses for different talc particle sizes, confirming the correctness of the modified model to some extent.     

龙岩高岭土的苯乙烯原位聚合插层的FTIR和XRD研究

以福建龙岩高岭土为主要原料,用沉降的方法得到平均粒径为1.75μm的沉降高岭土。用DMSO插层高岭土,后用苯乙烯单体取代前驱体中的DMSO分子,产物经四氯化碳洗涤后,在马弗炉中270℃本体聚合2h得到高岭土/聚苯乙烯复合物。红外在1 453,1 499和1 606cm-1的吸收振动峰证明了聚苯乙烯的存在。XRD结果显示高岭土层间距0.712nm,苯乙烯聚合后片状结构已经被剥离。热重显示聚苯乙烯占复合物质量的40%,还有约5%的未除去DMSO和4.8%的羟基,估算出高岭土∶聚苯乙烯=1.375∶1(质量比)。扫描电镜也验证了这种剥离。     

Simple and fast preparation of graphene oxide@ melamine terephthaldehyde and its PVC nanocomposite via ultrasonic irradiation: Chemical and thermal resistance study

Melamine terephthaldehyde modified graphene oxide (MTR-GO) with optimum content was easily prepared via ultrasonication method and used as anti-corrosion additive for Poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC). The effects of ultrasonicated MTR-GO on the mechanical, chemical and thermal resistance of the PVC were thoroughly studied. Change percentage of tensile strength and weight change percentage of PVC (P) and PVC/MTR-GO nanocomposite (PN) in acetone and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) media at two different exposure temperature (20 °C and 50 °C) were examined. The PN sample showed lower change loss percentage of tensile strength in acetone uptake as compared with P sample at 20 °C. In higher temperature (50 °C), P sample was decomposed while PN still showed tensile data. The change loss percentage in tensile strength of PN sample showed 13% change at 50 °C in sodium hypochlorite while P sample showed 63% change for the parameter. Protective behavior of MTR-GO nanofiller on PVC matrix against thermal HCl releasing was investigated by Congo red tests. The results showed that the nanocomposite release less amount of HCl as compare to the neat PVC.     

Homogenization in mechanical mixing involving polyvinyl chloride. I. Skin removal and breakdown of PVC particulate structure during mixing with miscible polymer

Suspension-polymerized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a powder consisting of particles 100 ～ 150 μm in diameter, called grains. The grains have a unique hierarchical structure consisting of a skin and internal tight agglomerates of about 10 μm diameter. The agglomerate consists of primary particles of about 1 μm diameter, which in turn consist of domains of about 0.1 μm. The domain is composed of microdomains of about 10 nm. In this work, mechanical mixing of PVC with a miscible polymer, nitrile rubber containing 30% acrylonitrile (NBR-30), was conducted in an internal mixer and the significant events in the mixing period of 150 sec were examined with scanning and transmission electron microcopes. The process of mixing was very different from that of two amorphous polymers in that the skins of the PVC grains were first peeled off and then the agglomerates were broken down to the subsequent smaller particles, eventually becoming microdomains dispersed in the rubber. The NBR was found to be an effective medium for the breakdown of the particulate structure of PVC. The high storage modulus of NBR-30 and the strong adhesion due to the molecular mixing at the interface of the two polymers effectively transmitted the stress from the machine to the PVC particles. Also, the viscous heating resulting from the high loss modulus of NBR-30 brought about a temperature rise which weakened the interparticulate bonds and melted some microcrystallites of PVC, thereby facilitaing the disintegration of the PVC particles.     

电激励DF化学激光器光腔流场荧光光谱测量与分析

 观察并记录了增大D₂流量时DF激光光腔流场可见光荧光的变化现象,对光轴处的可见光荧光进行了光谱测量,使用波长为632.8 nm和543.5 nm的He-Ne激光器对光谱仪进行标定。对激光器光腔内介质成分进行了理论分析,并理论计算了DF高次泛频谱线及D原子谱线,通过比对荧光的实验测量光谱与光腔内介质成分谱线,发现荧光是由F,He,D,N,DF及其它激发态介质共同形成的,对光轴处荧光的颜色构成作出了解释。     

Effect of plasticizer and surface topography on the cleanability of plasticized PVC materials

A quantitative radiochemical measuring procedure was used to investigate soil adhesion on laboratory-made polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces. The materials contained different plasticizers and microstructures. Both the quality and amount of plasticizers and the microstructure affected the cleanability of the PVC samples. The surface topography and structures were examined with a contact angle meter, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and a contact profilometer.     

Structure and Properties of Poly(vinyl chloride)/Halloysite Nanotubes Nanocomposites

Poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)/halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending. The effects of HNT content on the mechanical properties, morphology, and rheological properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. The results showed that HNTs were effective in toughening and reinforcing PVC nanocomposites. The notched impact, tensile and flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the nanocomposites were remarkably increased compared with those for the pure PVC. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results illustrated the ductile behavior of the nanocomposites, with a possible cavitation mechanism. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that HNTs were uniformly dispersed in the PVC matrix. Interfacial interaction of hydrogen bonding between the HNTs and PVC matrix was substantiated. The plasticization times of PVC/HNTs nanocomposites were found to be shorter and the equilibrium torque was higher than that for the pure PVC.     

HCCI燃烧过程化学发光光谱研究

在一台经改装单缸光学发动机机上,进行不同喷油策略和进气温度条件下均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧化学发光光谱实验研究。实验保证循环供油量一定,燃用正庚烷作为燃料,转速600 r.min-1,进气压力0.1MPa,控制2个不同的进气温度:95和125℃。化学发光光谱研究结果表明,低温反应阶段化学发光很弱,主要源于甲醛光谱;低温反应后期-负温度系数区-高温反应初始阶段主要发光来源还是甲醛光谱;高温反应阶段发光主要来源于CO—O*连续谱,同时在CO—O*连续谱上出现OH,HCO,CH,HCHO谱峰;高温反应后期化学发光明显减弱。与-30°ATDC喷油相比,-300°ATDC喷油时CO—O*连续谱发光强度更大,HCO和OH生成量更多,燃烧反应进行程度更深。较高进气温度下CO—O*连续谱发光强度更大,HCO和OH生成量更多。     

过氧化氢－次氯酸钠氧化鲁米诺发光的研究

过氧化氢－次氯酸钠可氧化碱性鲁米诺而产生强比学发光，对影响发光的诸因素及化学发光机理进行了研究，并探讨了该化学发光反应在过氧化氢测定中的应用     

聚氯乙烯溶液浓度的拉曼光谱检测

借助拉曼光谱,对聚氯乙烯(PVC)-环己酮溶液的浓度进行了检测.通过偏最小二乘法(PLS)分析发现,第一项 PLS 成分(factor 1)的得分与 PVC 溶液浓度成正比关系,factor 1 的载荷分布能有效地反映出溶液浓度与溶液中的 PVC 和环已酮含量的关系.建立了 PVC 溶液浓度的 PLS 回归预测模型,模...     

Effect of Surface Structure of Nano-CaCO3 Particles on Mechanical and Rheological Properties of PVC Composites

To study the effect of different surface structures on resultant mechanical and rheological properties, nano-CaCO₃ particles were treated with isopropyl tri-stearyl titanate (H928), isopropyl tri-(dodecylbenz-enesulfonyl) titanate (JN198), and isopropyl tri-(dioctylpyrophosphato) titanate (JN114). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanic analysis (DMA), carried out to characterize the effective interfacial interaction between the nano-CaCO₃ particles and a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix, indicated that JN114 treated nano-CaCO₃ particles had the strongest interfacial interaction with a PVC matrix, while H928 treated nano-CaCO₃ had the weakest. The rheological and mechanical properties of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites were investigated as a function of surface structure and filler volume fraction. The tensile yield stress and elongation at break decreased with the increasing of calcium carbonate content while tensile modulus increased. PVC filled with JN114 treated nano-CaCO₃ had the highest tensile modulus and tensile yield stress, while those filled with H928 treated nano-CaCO₃ had the highest elongation at break at the same filler content. The impact strength of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites increased with the increasing of CaCO₃ content, and PVC composites filled with JN198 treated nano-CaCO₃ particle had a higher impact strength than those with JN114 or H928 treated, with the value reaching 23.9 ± 0.7 kJ/m² at 11 vol% CaCO₃, four times as high as that of pure PVC. Rheological properties indicated that a suitable interfacial interaction and a good dispersion of inorganic filler in a PVC matrix could reduce the viscosity of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites. The interfacial interaction was quantitatively characterized by semiempirical parameters calculated from the tensile strength of PVC/nano-CaCO₃ composites to confirm the results from the SEM and DMA experiments.     

Physical and conductivity properties of poly (vinyl chloride) ionomers

Poly (vinyl chloride)(PVC) is a cheapest plastic. Importance of PVC based ionomer has been gradually being popularizing due to compatibility of PVC with a number of salts to replace polyethylene oxide based ionomer. Under present investigation few of chloride group of PVC chain have been replaced by basic thiouronium group and these thiouronium groups are further oxidized to sulfonate group. Introduction of thiouronium group in PVC is confirmed through FTIR and further its oxidation to sulfonate group is also confirmed by FTIR. Conductivity in different stoichiometric ratio of PVCTU and PVCSO₃H was studied and found that PVCTU: PVCSO₃H in 1:1 ratio has conductivity near to pure PVC (10⁻⁹ Ohm-1 cm⁻¹) and increases with proportion of PVCSO₃Na in the mixture (10⁻⁶ Ohm⁻¹ cm⁻¹) for pure PVC, PVCTU has less conductivity not much significant.     

Size-Dependent HCl Generation of PVC/SiO2 Micro- and Nanocomposites

In this study HCl generation of polyvinyl (chloride) (PVC)/SiO₂ composites during its combustion was investigated. SiO₂ with different particle sizes were used as HCl absorbers and their HCl uptake ability results were compared to that of CaCO₃. It was found that the amount of released HCl gas during PVC combustion decreased in the presence of SiO₂. The HCl uptake ability of SiO₂ improved with decreasing of its particle size. Although thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that SiO₂ particles decreased the first thermal degradation temperature (T _onset) of PVC by initiating dehydrochlorination of PVC at lower temperatures, SiO₂ particles had more effective HCl uptaking ability than that of CaCO₃. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that some aggregates whose size was less than 100 nm were formed when Si-25 nm was used as filler. When SiO₂ with micron size was added to PVC as filler, more uniform and better distribution of the SiO₂ on the surface was observed.