助剂Mn对Cu/Al2O3催化剂一氧化碳加氢性能的影响

二甲醚 (ＤｉｍｅｔｈｙｌＥｔｈｅｒ简称ＤＭＥ)是重要的化工原料 ,它可以羰基化制醋酸甲酯、醋酐 ;可作为甲基化试剂用于制药、农药和染料的合成 ,可与苯胺发生烷基化反应生成Ｎ ,Ｎ -二甲基苯胺 ;从二甲醚出发还可以合成乙烯、汽油等。同时 ,二甲醚可以替代部分氯氟卤代烃用作汽溶胶喷射剂和制冷剂 ;高浓度的二甲醚可用作麻醉剂 ;此外 ,二甲醚还可成为城市煤气和液化气的代用品、也可作为汽车燃料。因而 ,二甲醚的生产和应用研究越来越引起人们的关注。最早的二甲醚合成方法是在硫酸作用下的甲醇脱水 ,由于污染大、成本高而被淘汰 ;现在…     

浆态床用CuO/ZrO2催化剂的完全液相法合成及其对CO加氢的催化性能

 利用完全液相法制备了CuO/ZrO2浆状催化剂,通过X射线衍射、氮气吸附和程序升温还原等方法对催化剂的结构和织构性质进行了研究,并考察了CuO/ZrO2催化剂上CO加氢反应的性能. 结果表明,本方法制备的CuO/ZrO2浆状催化剂具有与传统方法制备的固体催化剂相似的相结构; 利用共沸蒸馏法进行表面处理后, CuO/ZrO2催化剂分散均匀且易于还原; CuO/ZrO2浆状催化剂用于CO加氢反应时,不需另外添加甲醇脱水剂就可以直接合成二甲醚,在473 K时CuO/ZrO2对二甲醚的选择性达到92.1%, 并且在15 d的反应中催化剂呈现出良好的稳定性.     

浆态床合成甲醇CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的表面性质

采用并流共沉淀法制备了不同Cu/Zn摩尔比的CuO/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂,考察了其浆态床CO加氢合成甲醇的催化性能.通过N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、程序升温还原及X射线光电子能谱等方法对催化剂表面性质进行了表征.结果表明,催化剂具有体相和表面高分散两种不同还原性质的CuO,表面CuO的含量及其与ZnO的相互作用使催化剂活性增大.当催化剂中Cu/Zn≤1时,随着铜含量的增加,表面高分散的CuO量增加,CuO和ZnO之间相互作用增强,催化剂的活性也随之增大;当催化剂Cu/Zn>1时,增加的铜量主要体现为体相CuO含量的增加,且ZnO结晶度提高,CuO和ZnO之间的相互作用减弱,催化剂的活性随铜含量增大而减小.     

浆态床合成气制二甲醚双功能催化剂的性能

在浆态床合成气制二甲醚过程中，在２８０℃，４ＭＰａ、尾气流量４５００ｍＬ／ｇｃａｔ．ｈ条件下，考察了甲醇合成和甲脱水催化剂组成的双功能催化睦合成的影响，随二者质量比的增加，合成气的转化率，二甲醚生成速率逐渐增加，在催化剂比例４－７时达最高值后降低，随催化剂比例的增加，二甲醚、烷烃的选择性逐渐降低，甲醇选择性逐渐升高，当催化剂比例为４－５时二甲醚生成速率最高达１５－１６ｍｍｏｌ／ｇｃａｔ．ｈ，甲醇当     

使用微观动力学模型优化浆态床合成二甲醚

以合成气为原料,采用Cu-Zn-A l和γ-Al2O3构成的双功能催化剂,对使用浆态床一步法合成二甲醚的系统进行模拟研究。液固两相为全混流,气相为活塞流,组分方程使用四阶精度的Runge-Kutta法并结合C++编程进行求解,通过模拟计算,讨论了压力、温度、催化剂浓度对反应转化率、收率以及DME的选择性的影响,从而寻找合适的反应参数,为工业反应器放大设计和优化操作提供依据。     

馏分油浆态床加氢处理研究 I 催化剂制备方法

对浆态床加氢催化剂的制备方法、助剂和活性组分负载量进行了考察。研究结果表明,最佳的催化剂（SP25）制备方法为,采用一定粒度的γ-Al2O3微球作载体,浸渍四硫代钼酸铵的络合剂水溶液,120℃干燥12 h,然后浸渍硝酸镍和磷酸二氢铵的水溶液,120℃干燥12 h,在氮气气氛中500℃焙烧3 h。SP25催化剂的主要物性为比表面积212.3 m2/g,孔径11.3 nm,孔容0.60 mL/g,平均粒度17.3μm,骨架密度2.79 g/cm3。制成的催化剂活性组分为硫化态,使用时不需进行预硫化。XRD和H2-TPR表征结果表明,浸渍液中加入络合剂可以提高MoS2在载体表面的分散度。在反应温度350℃,压力6 MPa,反应时间2 h,催化剂加入量6%（占原料油质量）的反应条件下,催化剂对FCC柴油的脱硫率为85.1%,脱氮率为82.0%。     

CO2对浆态床一步法合成二甲醚铜基催化剂稳定性的影响

研究了260℃,5.0MPa和原料气空速4000h-1条件下,不同浓度的CO2对甲醇合成Cu基催化剂稳定性的影响.结果表明,原料气中较高浓度的CO2可导致Cu基甲醇合成催化剂快速失活.原料气中CO2浓度的增大可促进逆水煤气变换反应,导致反应体系中H2O的量增加,不能被及时导出反应体系的H2O使Cu基催化剂的晶体结构和表面特性发生了变化.采用程序升温还原、N2吸附、元素分析、透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱分别对较低浓度和较高浓度CO2反应条件下的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,原料气中较高浓度的CO2可导致催化剂颗粒变大,孔径减小,比表面积降低,催化剂中元素Zn和Al有明显的流失,Cu与ZnO之间的协同作用有所减弱,这些都是导致催化剂失活的重要原因.原料气中较高浓度的CO2在一定程度上抑制了催化剂上积炭的生成.     

浆态床合成二甲醚复合催化剂失活原因探索

在反应温度260 ℃、压力5.0 MPa的条件下,对浆态床反应器中二甲醚合成复合催化剂的失活规律进行了研究.结果表明,Cu基催化剂失活较快是导致浆态床二甲醚合成催化剂不稳定的主要原因.通过分析Cu基催化剂在浆态床反应器和固定床反应器中的活性变化规律,发现在浆态床反应器中不能及时导出反应体系的H2O对催化剂的毒副作用导致了浆态床Cu基催化剂快速失活.对失活催化剂进行的TPR、XRD和SEM-EDS表征结果可以看出,Cu粒子的长大和积炭是Cu基催化剂失活的重要原因,与已有文献报道不同的是并未发现明显的Cu元素流失.     

浆态床反应器中生物质合成气合成二甲醚的研究

进行了浆态床反应器中,甲醇合成催化剂与分子筛混合制复合催化剂上,生物质制取的合成气(简称生物质合成气)一步法合成二甲醚的研究,重点考察了不同脱水组分和工艺条件对催化剂反应性能的影响,同时,结合NH₃-TPD等手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,含有较弱酸性SAPO-11分子筛的复合催化剂更适合生物质合成气原料气杂质多、氢碳比低的特点,在合成二甲醚反应中具有更高的选择性和稳定性。250℃、5 MPa、500 h^-1时,在甲醇催化剂与SAPO-11分子筛比例为3:1的复合催化剂上,合成气合成二甲醚反应35 h内,CO转化率稳定在40%以上,二甲醚在有机产品中的选择性保持在97%左右。     

馏分油浆态床加氢处理研究：ⅡFCC柴油加氢工艺条件及动力学研究

对FCC柴油在浆态床柴油加氢催化剂SP25上的加氢工艺条件进行了优化,并考察了加氢脱硫（HDS）和加氢脱氮（HDN）动力学。结果表明,提高反应温度、提高反应压力、增加催化剂的加入量、延长反应时间都能提高催化剂的加氢精制活性,最佳的FCC柴油浆态床加氢工艺条件为,温度350℃、压力6MPa、催化剂加入量6％、反应时间2h。催化剂循环使用性能的考察结果表明,SP25催化剂具有良好的活性稳定性。动力学研究结果表明,FCC柴油的加氢脱硫反应过程可以分为两个阶段。第一阶段为较易脱除的苯并噻吩类（BTs）硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,反应活化能为70．00kJ／mol;第二阶段为较难脱除的二苯并噻吩类（DBTs）硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,反应活化能为85．65kJ／mol。FCC柴油HDN反应的活化能为79．91kJ／mol。烷基取代的二苯并噻吩类硫化物（特别是DMDBTs）是加氢精制反应中最难脱除的含杂原子（S或N）烃类化合物。     

Unravelling the Promotional Effect of La2O3 in Pt/La-TiO2 Catalysts for CO2 Hydrogenation

This work reports the preparation of a La₂O₃-modified Pt/TiO₂ (Pt/La-TiO₂) hybrid through an excess-solution impregnation method and its application for CO₂ hydrogenation catalysis. The Pt/La-TiO₂ catalyst is characterized by XRD, H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), TEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman, EPR, and N₂ sorption measurements. The Pt/La-TiO₂ composite starts to catalyze the CO₂ conversion reaction at 220 °C, which is 30 °C lower than the Pt/TiO₂ catalyst. The generation of CH₄ and CO of Pt/La-TiO₂ is 1.6 and 1.4 times greater than that of Pt/TiO₂. The CO₂ temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) analysis confirms the strengthened CO₂ adsorption on Pt/La-TiO₂. Moreover, the in situ FTIR experiments demonstrate that the enhanced CO₂ adsorption of Pt/La-TiO₂ facilitates the formation of the active Pt–CO intermediate and subsequently boosts the evolution of CH₄ and CO. The cycling tests reveal that Pt/La-TiO₂ shows reinforced stability for the CO₂ hydrogenation reaction because the La species can prevent Pt nanoparticles (NPs) from sintering. This work may provide some guidance on the development new rare-metal-modified hybrid catalysts for CO₂ fixation.     

Effects of ZrO2 on the Performance of CuO-ZnO-Al2O3/HZSM-5 Catalyst for Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from CO2 Hydrogenation

A series of composite catalysts were prepared by the wet mixing method,and the mass ratio of CuO-ZnO-Al_2O_3-ZrO_2 component to HZSM-5 zeolite(molar ratio of SiO_2 to Al_2O_3 being 25)was 2:1. The CuO-ZnO-Al_2O_3-ZrO_2(CuO/ZnO/Al_2O_3=3/6/1 by weight)component was prepared by a modified‘two-step’co-precipitation inethod.The effects of ZrO_2 on the performance of CuO-ZnO-Al_2O_3/HZSM-5 catalyst for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO_2 hydrogenation were investigated.It was found that ZrO_2 improved the properties of CuO-ZnO-Al_2O_3/HZSM-5 as a structural promoter.     

SiO_2助剂对CuO-ZnO/HZSM-5催化CO_2加氢制DME性能的影响

采用均匀沉淀法制备了不同SiO_2含量的CuO-ZnO作为CO_2加氢合成甲醇的活性组分,接着采用研磨法将其与HZSM-5分子筛均匀混合形成双功能催化剂,考察了不同SiO_2含量催化剂在CO_2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能.通过XRD、N_2等温吸附脱附、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD、N_2O滴定对催化剂结构进行表征,研究了SiO_2含量对催化剂结构及表面酸性的影响.结构表征表明助剂SiO_2的加入增加了催化剂的比表面积,提高了催化剂的还原性,使催化剂的表面酸性较为合适,同时在一定程度上能够抑制催化剂活性组分的聚集,从而有效促进了催化剂的催化活性.     

Water‐Enhanced Synthesis of Higher Alcohols from CO2 Hydrogenation over a Pt/Co3O4 Catalyst under Milder Conditions

The effect of water on CO₂ hydrogenation to produce higher alcohols (C₂–C₄) was studied. Pt/Co₃O₄, which had not been used previously for this reaction, was applied as the heterogeneous catalyst. It was found that water and the catalyst had an excellent synergistic effect for promoting the reaction. High selectivity of C₂–C₄ alcohols could be achieved at 140 °C (especially with DMI (1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone) as co‐solvent), which is a much lower temperature than reported previously. The catalyst could be reused at least five times without reducing the activity and selectivity. D₂O and ¹³CH₃OH labeling experiments indicated that water involved in the reaction and promoted the reaction kinetically, and ethanol was formed via CH₃OH as an intermediate.     

CO_2加氢制二甲醚La_(1-y)Zr_yCu_(0.7)Zn_(0.3)O_x/HZSM-5催化剂的性能研究

先采用溶胶凝胶法制备了La_(1-y)Zr_yCu_(0.7)Zn_(0.3)O_x(y代表Zr/La+Zr的摩尔比,分别为0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5),接着采用研磨法将其与HZSM-5分子筛均匀混合形成La_(1-y)Zr_yCu_(0.7)Zn_(0.3)O_x/HZSM-5催化剂,考察了不同Zr含量催化剂在CO2加氢合成二甲醚反应中的催化性能.并以XRD、N2等温吸附脱附、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD对催化剂结构进行表征,研究了Zr含量对催化剂结构及表面酸性的影响.结果表明,催化剂性能与Zr含量有密切联系,适量的Zr可以促进催化剂中活性组分的分散,降低活性组分的晶粒尺寸,加强了活性组分与其它组分之间的相互作用,提供合适的表面酸性,从而能促进CO2的转化,提高二甲醚的选择性,降低副产物CO的选择性.此外还考察了反应温度、空速对催化剂反应性能的影响及催化剂的稳定性.     

制备方法对 Ni-Al2O3催化剂在 CO2-CH4重整反应中 催化性能的影响

为提高镍基催化剂的干法重整活性,采用溶液燃烧法、等体积浸渍法、胶体磨循环浸渍法和水热-沉积法制备了SCM、IMP、T310和HTP四种催化剂,在800 ℃考察了其在CO₂-CH₄重整反应中的催化性能,并结合ICP-AES、N₂吸附-脱附、XRD、H₂-TPR和TEM等表征手段对催化剂进行分析。结果表明,水热-沉积法和胶体磨循环浸渍法制备的催化剂比表面积较大,分别为190.83和182.21 m²/g,可为反应提供较多的接触面积,进而提高催化剂的初始活性(HTP试样CH₄和CO₂初始转化率相对较高,分别达85.15%和90.84%);而溶液燃烧法和等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂具有较多的NiAl₂O₄尖晶石,其还原峰面积占总还原峰面积90%以上,还原后可获得更多晶粒粒径更小的稳定活性组分Ni(SCM和IMP试样稳定性更好,反应50 h后活性超过HTP和T310试样,100 h后CH₄转化率方降至50%以下)。因此,决定催化剂稳定活性的更重要的因素应该是活性组分Ni晶粒粒径的大小及其抗烧结能力的强弱。     

The Interplay between Structure and Product Selectivity of CO2 Hydrogenation

Identification of the active structure under reaction conditions is of great importance for the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts. However, this is often hampered by their structural complexity. The interplay between the surface structure of Co₃O₄ and the CO₂ hydrogenation is described. Co₃O₄ with morphology‐dependent crystallographic surfaces presents different reducibility and formation energy of oxygen vacancies, thus resulting in distinct steady‐state composition and product selectivity. Co₃O₄‐0 h rhombic dodecahedra were completely reduced to Co⁰ and CoO, which presents circa 85 % CH₄ selectivity. In contrast, Co₃O₄‐2 h nanorods were partially reduced to CoO, which exhibits a circa 95 % CO selectivity. The crucial role of the Co₃O₄ structure in determining the catalytic performance for higher alcohol synthesis over CuCo‐based catalysts is demonstrated. As expected, Cu/Co₃O₄‐2 h shows nine‐fold higher ethanol yield than Cu/Co₃O₄‐0 h owing to the inhibition for methanation.     

Structure and Properties of Sol—Gel Derived CuNiMnZrO2 Catalysts for CO Hydrogenation

Two CuNiMnZrO2 catalysts (crystallized or non-crystallized) were prepared by co-hydrolyzing zirconium n-propoxide with Cu(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2 and Ni(NO3)2 in an ethanol solution in the presence of diglycol. The physical and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized using BET, XRD,TEM, XPS and CO-DRIFT techniques. It was found that the non-crystallizied CuNiMnZrO2 catalyst demonstrated highly dispersed active phases and high activity for CO adsorption, which resulted in good performance for synthesis of higher alcohols in CO hydrogenation compared to crystallized CuNiMnZrO2.     

A Raman Study of Spinel LiMn2O4

A Raman study was carried out for LiMnzO4, which was synthesized via the mixture of Mn3O4 and LiNO3 sintered at different temperatures. It is shown that there are two kinds of Raman spectra for LiMn2O4 at different sintering temperatures, while the X-ray diffraction patterns of LiMnzO4 sintered at different temperatures are the same. Five Raman bands observed for the materials sintered below 500 ℃ are consistent with the theoretical prediction for spinel structure based on the group theory. Only two Raman bands were observed for the materials sintered at temperatures higher than 500 ℃. The best preparation condition for obtaining a good spinel LiMn2O4 is suggested based on the Raman study.