介孔金属氧化物/复合物的合成方法

介孔金属氧化物及其复合物由于其特有的组成与结构, 在催化、传感、光、电、磁等领域有着广泛的应用, 是近年来国内外跨学科领域研究的热点。本文对近几年来介孔金属氧化物及其复合物的合成方法进行了归纳总结, 其合成途径大致可以分为软模板法、硬模板法及纳米晶粒组装法。     

模板剂在合成纳米材料中的应用与发展

模板法在纳米材料的合成过程中已成为一种非常重要的技术。利用其结构导向、骨架填充、平衡和匹配电荷等作用,可以达到精确地调控纳米材料孔道的大小、形状及结构的目的。本文主要对模板剂的种类进行了详细的分类,重点介绍了硬模板法和软模板法在合成纳米材料过程中的现状及特点,并具体介绍了模板剂在合成纳米生物材料及纳米催化剂、电化学、化工合成等方面的应用;阐述了模板法在介孔材料合成过程中的重要性,指出了目前模板剂方法存在的优缺点;提出了模板剂在超分子功能材料、光化学反应及催化工业等方面应用的纳米材料合成中的发展趋势和良好前景。     

以介孔氧化硅薄膜为模板电沉积合成新型纳米结构

首次以不同孔道结构的介孔氧化硅薄膜为模板,采用电化学沉积的方法,合成了金属铜和半导体氧化锌的纳米材料,并对其结构进行了表征．以六方孔道结构的介孔氧化硅模板获得了直径为7nm的金属铜纳米线阵列;以笼状体心立方孔道结构的模板获得了具有哑铃状形貌的铜单质纳米颗粒．对于氧化锌纳米结构,电化学沉积过程使得氧化锌完全填充氧化硅模板的孔道,分别得到了具有六方和体心立方介孔结构的Zn0/SiO2纳米复合物薄膜．     

有序介孔碳材料的软模板合成、结构改性与功能化

有序介孔碳材料在吸附、分离、催化以及能量存储/转化等方面具有广阔的应用前景。相较于复杂的硬模板路线,基于两亲性嵌段共聚物和聚合物前驱体间（如酚醛树脂）自组装的软模板路线是合成有序介孔碳材料更为有效的方法。本文讨论比较了溶剂挥发诱导自组装法、水相协同自组装法和无溶剂法等三种典型软模板路线的基本过程和特点,并介绍了近年来在新型碳前驱体应用、介孔碳的结构改性和功能化等方面的一些重要进展,最后总结了介孔碳的合成研究中所需解决的关键问题。     

介孔氮化碳材料合成的研究进展

石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)是一种新型的无金属材料,因其具有众多特殊的理化性质,在多相催化、光催化、燃料电池和气体储存等领域显示出了潜在的应用前景。与直接热聚合法制得的块状g-C₃N₄相比,介孔g-C₃N₄拥有高比表面和丰富的介孔孔道,能暴露更多的表面活性位,继而提升其在催化反应等应用方面的性能。热聚合法是合成g-C₃N₄的最为便利的方法。其中,热聚合法合成介孔g-C₃N₄的工艺分为硬模板法、软模板法和无模板法。本文对近十年来国内外这三种合成工艺的研究进展进行了综述。特别是针对硬模板法,从前驱体合成机理、产品理化性质等多角度评述了硬模板法合成介孔g-C₃N₄的关键问题。此外,针对新型的软模板法和无模板法进行了介绍,并与硬模板法进行了细致的对比和讨论。最后,对介孔g-C₃N₄合成工艺的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

有序介孔碳负载Fe、Co、Ni纳米晶的软模板合成及其表征

报道了在有序介孔碳基体中一步合成负载Fe、Co、Ni纳米晶的方法. 以间二苯酚和甲醛为碳源, F127为模板剂, Fe、Co、Ni的硝酸盐为前驱体, 通过软模板组装路线在酸性条件下合成了负载型有序介孔碳复合材料. 采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和氮气吸附等手段对所合成材料进行了表征. 结果表明: 合成的材料具有类似于SBA-15的有序介孔结构, 有序介孔碳负载Fe、Co、Ni纳米晶复合材料的比表面积分别为586、626和698 m²·g^-1. XRD和TEM表征结果证实了金属物种以高分散纳米晶的形式分布在介孔碳基体中.     

有序介孔硅材料主-客体组装及应用研究

介孔分子筛材料具有高的比表面积和孔体积、发达的孔结构、可控的形貌、表面基团可功能化、耐热、无毒无害等特点,以其为研究核心,在学术界和工业界均具有广泛的应用前景。通过模板法合成孔径在纳米范围的有序介孔硅材料,其具有从一维到三维高度规整的孔道结构,在吸附、分离、催化、生物医药工程等领域展现出巨大的应用潜能。利用具有几何和电子束缚特性的有序规整孔道作为微反应器来进行纳米结构主-客体组装,势必会显著增强其应用价值。本文以有序介孔硅材料规整孔道为基础和出发点,结合本课题组多年的研究结果,系统概述了近几年客体在有序介孔硅材料孔道内组装的进展,探讨了主-客体组装过程中的影响因素和合成机理。最后,着重对主-客体组装材料在环境净化和生物医药工程领域的应用进行概述。     

简易模板法制备有序介孔碳

通过一种简易的模板法制备了有序介孔碳,即硅/P123三嵌段共聚物复合物经硫酸处理后,再加入蔗糖碳源经碳化和除硅处理合成出有序介孔碳。该方法与传统硬模板相比,其合成工序简单,成本更低;与其他简化合成方法相比,避免了由碳源不足而造成的介孔碳有序性低的缺点。通过小角XRD、N2吸脱附和HRTEM对样品及其中间过程进行了表征。结果表明,自晶化过程后,样品在合成的各个时期均保持着有序的介孔结构,当蔗糖添加量为1.5g时合成出的介孔碳材料有序性最高,比表面积和孔容也最高,分别为1261m2·g-1,1.03cm3·g-1。     

合成介孔纳米晶体氧化锆的新方法(英文)

通过一种新颖的方法,即软模板-固液技术(CSSL)合成具有高比表面积的介孔纳米晶体氧化锆.首先,通过软模板法以1-十六烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴(C16mim+Br-)为结构导向剂,硫酸锆为无机前驱物合成了介观相氧化锆杂化物,然后该杂化物与固体硝酸铜无机盐研磨并进行热处理.在600℃焙烧后所得到的氧化锆材料具有蠕虫状介孔结构,且孔壁由尺寸约为2.50nm的四方相氧化锆纳米粒子组成.该材料的比表面积为240.0m2·g-1,孔径为4.10nm.与之对应,使用单一的软模板法在相同的温度焙烧后,所得到的氧化锆材料介孔结构坍塌,比表面积仅为9.5m·2g-1.     

双模板法合成介孔/大孔二级孔道碳材料

以酚醛树脂低聚物为前驱物, 利用双模板法制备了具有介孔/大孔双孔结构的碳材料. 其中以二氧化硅蛋白石为大孔模板, 以嵌段共聚物自组装结构为介孔模板. 对样品进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM), 透射电子显微镜(TEM), X射线衍射(XRD)和氮气吸附-脱附实验表征. 结果表明所制备的双孔碳材料大孔直径约为230 nm, 介孔直径10 nm.     

General Formation of Macro-/Mesoporous Nanoshells from Interfacial Assembly of Irregular Mesostructured Nanounits

Mesoporous core–shell nanostructures with controllable ultra-large open channels in their nanoshells are of great interest. However, soft template-directed cooperative assembly to mesoporous nanoshells with highly accessible pores larger than 30 nm, or even above 50 nm into macroporous range, remains a significant challenge. Herein we report a general approach for precisely tailored coating of hierarchically macro-/mesoporous polymer and carbon shells, possessing highly accessible radial channels with extremely wide pore size distribution from ca. 10 nm to ca. 200 nm, on diverse functional materials. This strategy creates opportunities to tailor the interfacial assembly of irregular mesostructured nanounits on core materials and generate various core–shell nanomaterials with controllable pore architectures. The obtained Fe,N-doped macro-/mesoporous carbon nanoshells show enhanced electrochemical performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline condition.     

Electrochemical synthesis and properties of gold nanomaterials

Approximately two decades ago, gold catalyst opened up a new view of their properties when they are introduced in the form of nanomaterials, since at that time, many approaches to preparation and use of gold nanoparticles started to be used in many practical applications. Today, the research activity relating to gold nanomaterials is becoming systematic and goes further to make connections between their surface structure, chemical and physical properties, and possible applications. Since electrodeposition is one of the most controllable methods used to prepare nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanoclusters of gold, the present review gives preference on their electrochemical synthesis. The relationship between catalytic activity, size, morphology and stability of gold nanomaterials is discussed in detail. Based on the properties of the prepared gold nanocatalysts, their new applications in chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical reactions have been observed.     

Mesoporous silica hybrid membranes for precise size-exclusive separation of silver nanoparticles

One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials have unique applications due to their inherent physical properties. In this study, hexagonally ordered mesoporous silica hybrid anodic alumina membranes (AAM) were synthesized using template-guided synthesis with a number of nonionic n-alkyl-oligo(ethylene oxide), Brij-type (C(x)EO(y)), which are surfactants that have different molecular sizes and characteristics. The hexagonal mesoporous silicas are vertically aligned in the AAM channels with a predominantly columnar orientation. The hollow mesostructured silicas had tunable pore diameters varying from 3.7 to 5.1 nm. In this synthesis protocol, the surfactant molecular natures (corona/core features) are important for the controlled generation of ordered structures throughout AAM channels. The development of ultrafiltration membranes composed of silica mesostructures could be used effectively in separating silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in both aqueous and organic solution phases. This would be relevant to the production of well-defined Ag NPs with unique properties. To create a size-exclusive separation system of Ag NPs, we grafted hydrophobic trimethylsilyl (TMS) groups onto the inner pores of the mesoporous silica hybrid AAM. The immobilization of the TMS groups allowed the columnar mesoporous silica inside AAM to retain this inner pore order without distortion during the separation of solution-phase Ag NPs in organic solvents that may cause tortuous-pore membranes. Mesoporous TMS-silicas inside 1D AAM channels were applicable as a size-exclusive separation system to isolate organic solution-phase Ag NPs of uniform morphology and size.     

Cyborg cells: functionalisation of living cells with polymers and nanomaterials

Living cells interfaced with a range of polyelectrolyte coatings, magnetic and noble metal nanoparticles, hard mineral shells and other complex nanomaterials can perform functions often completely different from their original specialisation. Such "cyborg cells" are already finding a range of novel applications in areas like whole cell biosensors, bioelectronics, toxicity microscreening, tissue engineering, cell implant protection and bioanalytical chemistry. In this tutorial review, we describe the development of novel methods for functionalisation of cells with polymers and nanoparticles and comment on future advances in this technology in the light of other literature approaches. We review recent studies on the cell viability and function upon direct deposition of nanoparticles, coating with polyelectrolytes, polymer assisted assembly of nanomaterials and hard shells on the cell surface. The cell toxicity issues are considered for many practical applications in terms of possible adverse effects of the deposited polymers, polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles on the cell surface.     

Ordered Large-Pore MesoMOFs Based on Synergistic Effects of TriBlock Polymer and Hofmeister Ion

Ordered mesoporous metal–organic frameworks (mesoMOFs) were constructed with a uniform pore size up to about 10 nm and thick microporous walls, opening up the possibility for the mass diffusion of large-size molecules through crystalline MOFs. The synergistic effects based on triblock copolymer templates and the Hofmeister salting-in anions promote the nucleation of stable MOFs in aqueous phase and the in situ crystallization of MOFs around templates, rendering the generation of a microcrystal with periodically arranged large mesopores. The improved mass transfer benefiting from large-pore channels, together with robust microporous crystalline structure, endows them as an ideal nanoreactor for the highly efficient digestion of various biogenic proteins. This strategy could set a guideline for the rational design of new ordered large-pore mesoMOFs with a variety of compositions and functionalities and pave a way for their potential applications with biomacromolecules.     

Organic nanoparticles for electrogenerated chemiluminescence assay

Organic nanoparticles (ONPs) are one type of nanoparticles assembled by the organic compounds with one dimension smaller than 100 nm. ONPs are alternative nanomaterials in organic light-emitting diode and analytical applications due to their unique optical and electrochemical properties. In electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) assays, ONPs are generally taken as signal reporters for chemical sensing and biosensing. In this opinion, we focus on recent developments of ONPs as ECL luminophores in analytical application. The types and ECL mechanisms of ONPs systems and the approaches of ONPs-based ECL methods are briefly introduced. New advances on the improvement of the ECL efficiency of ONPs are highlighted. The challenges and perspectives of ONPs-based ECL methods are discussed.     

Analytical methods for separating and isolating magnetic nanoparticles

Despite the large body of literature describing the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles, few analytical tools are commonly used for their purification and analysis. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, magnetic nanoparticles are appealing candidates for biomedical applications and analytical separations. Yet in the absence of methods for assessing and assuring their purity, the ultimate use of magnetic particles and heterostructures is likely to be limited. In this review, we summarize the separation techniques that have been initially used for this purpose. For magnetic nanoparticles, it is the use of an applied magnetic flux or field gradient that enables separations. Flow based techniques are combined with applied magnetic fields to give methods such as magnetic field flow fractionation and high gradient magnetic separation. Additional techniques have been explored for manipulating particles in microfluidic channels and in mesoporous membranes. Further development of these and new analytical tools for separation and analysis of colloidal particles is critically important to enable the practical use of these, particularly for medicinal purposes.     

Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Production,Characterisations, Recent Trends and Difficulties

Designing of nanomaterials has now become a top-priority research goal with a view to developing specific applications in the biomedical fields. In fact, the recent trends in the literature show that there is a lack of in-depth reviews that specifically highlight the current knowledge based on the design and production of nanomaterials. Considerations of size, shape, surface charge and microstructures are important factors in this regard as they affect the performance of nanoparticles (NPs). These parameters are also found to be dependent on their synthesis methods. The characterisation techniques that have been used for the investigation of these nanomaterials are relatively different in their concepts, sample preparation methods and obtained results. Consequently, this review article aims to carry out an in-depth discussion on the recent trends on nanomaterials for biomedical engineering, with a particular emphasis on the choices of the nanomaterials, preparation methods/instruments and characterisations techniques used for designing of nanomaterials. Key applications of these nanomaterials, such as tissue regeneration, medication delivery and wound healing, are also discussed briefly. Covering this knowledge gap will result in a better understanding of the role of nanomaterial design and subsequent larger-scale applications in terms of both its potential and difficulties.     

Biohybrid fluorescent nanodiamonds as dual‐contrast markers for light and electron microscopies

Cathodoluminescence (CL) and correlative light‐electron microscopy (CLEM) are two useful analytical tools in diverse research areas. Recently, fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) have emerged as promising imaging agents for both CL and CLEM owing to their exceptional photophysical and chemical properties. However, to realize their practical applications in the life sciences, surface modification and functionalization of the nanomaterials with bioactive molecules are critical and essential. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the methods of synthesizing biohybrid FNDs as well as recent advances of CL and CLEM imaging of cells with these carbon nanoparticles as dual‐contrast markers.     

基于介孔纳米粒子模板合成兼有荧光和近红外发光的稀土核-壳结构纳米材料

利用单分散性良好介孔SiO2纳米粒子为模板,选择Y2O3为基底,同时掺杂可见区红光中心Eu3+和近红外区Er3+(1.54 μm)发光中心,成功制备特殊结构的核壳多功能发光纳米材料. 光谱测试表明这种核壳材料同时具有可见区发光和近红外发光的双重性质. 表明Y2O3可作为红光Eu和近红外发光Er的良好基底材料. 该方法可以大大降低纳米发光材料中稀土元素的使用量,降低发光材料的成本,并且该核壳结构材料密度相对较低,易于分散在有机溶剂或者水中,在药物释放和多功能生物标记等方面有着潜在的应用价值.