锰离子控制掺杂二氧化钛薄膜光催化活性增强的机理探讨

采用溶胶-凝胶法通过工艺控制制备了锰离子以不同形式掺杂TiO₂的光催化剂薄膜,并通过XPS和SEM对薄膜的结构进行表征.通过UV-Vis分光光度计及电化学工作站表征了薄膜的光吸收性能和光电化学性能,通过甲基橙溶液的光催化降解脱色率来表征催化剂薄膜的光催化活性.结果表明,以锰离子MT掺杂方式制备的TiO₂薄膜可明显增强TiO₂的光催化活性,而以MM掺杂方式制备的TiO₂薄膜反而降低了TiO₂的光催化活性;锰离子MT掺杂方式的最佳掺杂质量分数为0.8%.催化剂薄膜的电化学行为显示,薄膜具有p-n结的电容-电压特性,锰离子MT掺杂TiO₂薄膜的开路电位和瞬时光电流信号较强,说明其光生载流子易于生成并且分离效果较好.依据半导体的p-n结原理探讨了锰离子控制掺杂TiO₂的光催化活性机理.     

低量La3+掺杂S-TiO2光催化剂的制备、表征及其光催化活性

采用溶胶-凝胶-浸渍法制备了La³⁺/S-TiO₂纳米光催化剂,通过XRD、BET、XPS、UV-Vis等手段进行了表征.以甲基橙溶液为光催化降解反应的模型化合物,考察了光催化剂的活性,探讨了低量La³⁺掺杂对TiO₂纳米粒子光催化活性的影响机制.实验结果表明:S改性TiO₂后明显提高了TiO₂纳米粒子的光催化活性,而La³⁺掺杂S-TiO₂后,进一步提高了TiO₂纳米粒子的光催化活性,La³⁺的最佳掺杂量(相对于TiO₂的质量分数)为0.369%;La³⁺/S-TiO₂(ω(La³⁺)=0.369%)为纳米光催化剂时,甲基橙的脱色率达到92.4%(光照120min);XRD和BET分析表明,低量La³⁺掺杂抑制了TiO₂由锐钛矿向金红石的转变,阻碍了TiO₂晶粒的生长,提高了TiO₂的比表面积;XPS分析表明,S、La³⁺掺杂可以导致粉体的表面羟基含量增加,掺杂S以S⁶⁺形式置换TiO₂晶格中的Ti⁴⁺;UV-Vis分析表明,光催化剂La³⁺/S-TiO₂比纯TiO₂具有较强的紫外光吸收性能.与纯TiO₂相比,La³⁺掺杂TiO₂纳米粒子光催化氧化活性的提高应归因于La³⁺掺杂增加了表面羟基含量,增大了比表面积,增强了样品表面的紫外光吸收能力.     

掺硼纳米TiO2的制备及光催化性能研究

采用改进的Sol-gel方法,制备了单分散椭球形微孔结构的掺B纳米TiO₂光催化剂,并用TG-DTA、XRD、XPS、UV-Vis、TEM、BET等手段进行表征.以难生化降解的染料罗丹明B为目标降解物,采用HPLC检测,通过不同光照时间下染料降解率考察了产物的光催化活性.结果表明,改进的Sol-gel法制得的光催化剂具有明显的孔结构,而且比表面积大、孔径分布窄、粒径小、分散性好;适量B的掺杂能够有效促进TiO₂纳米粒子的光催化活性.最佳催化剂制备条件:B掺杂的摩尔分数为20%、450℃煅烧2 h,此时所制得的B-TiO₂光催化剂活性比纯TiO₂有显著提高.     

F离子掺杂TiO2的性能研究

以NH₄F为掺杂剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备F离子掺杂型TiO₂光催化剂,对其进行XRD、XPS和PL表征,结果表明,F离子掺杂TiO₂由于Ti-F配位体的形成而能抑制金红石相的生成,同时F离子掺杂能增加TiO₂表面缺陷浓度并降低Ti_2P键的结合能,另外,由于F离子能取代Ti-OH配位体而降低了表面羟基氧浓度.光催化研究结果表明,F离子掺杂提高了TiO₂光催化活性近1.5倍.     

Li+掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了Li⁺掺杂纳米TiO₂光催化剂,并用XRD和TEM等技术进行了表征;用pH值漂移法测量了催化剂的零电位pH值(pHpzc).结果表明,500℃煅烧制得的催化剂均为锐钛矿相;Li⁺的掺杂抑制了TiO₂粒子的生长,提高了催化剂的分散性;催化剂的零电位pH值为6.6—8.1,其值取决于Li⁺的浓度和掺杂方式.分别以紫外光和太阳光为光源,孔雀石绿和甲基橙为降解物评价了催化剂的光催化活性;并用气相色谱测试了污染物降解产生的CO₂的含量.结果显示,对孔雀石绿的降解,浸渍法和溶胶-凝胶法掺Li⁺都能有效提高TiO₂的光催化活性,但浸渍法比溶胶-凝胶法效果更好,催化活性最高的为浸渍法制备的5%(摩尔分数)Li⁺掺杂TiO₂,其在紫外光和太阳光下的光催化活性分别比纯TiO₂提高了6—8倍和9—10倍;对甲基橙的降解,除溶胶-凝胶法制备的3%(摩尔分数)Li⁺掺杂TiO₂能稍提高光催化活性外,其它Li⁺的掺杂都不同程度降低了TiO₂的光催化活性;随污染物降解率的增加,最终降解产物CO₂的含量增加.实验结果表明,Li⁺掺杂改变了催化剂表面的电荷状态从而改变了催化剂的零电位pH值是造成催化剂降解不同污染物具有不同催化活性的主要原因.     

B,N-SnO2/TiO2光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能研究

为了提高TiO₂在可见光下的光催化活性, 采用聚合物前驱体法制备了B,N共掺杂的SnO₂/TiO₂(B,N-SnO₂/TiO₂)粉体型光催化剂. 进一步为了提高光催化剂的实用性, 通过浸渍-裂解法制备了氧化铝纤维毡负载的B,N-SnO₂/TiO₂光催化剂. 利用X射线衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、场发射透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱、比表面积分析仪、紫外-可见分光光度计等对其进行了表征. 以氧氟沙星水溶液为模拟污染物, 考察了B,N-SnO₂/TiO₂粉体型光催化剂和负载型光催化剂的可见光催化活性及稳定性. 结果表明, 该粉体型光催化剂在可见光下光照15 min, 对氧氟沙星的降解率可达98.3%. 负载型光催化剂也表现出了良好的光催化性能及可重复性和稳定性, 在21次重复使用后光催化性能几乎不发生变化.     

Keggin型铬取代的磷钨杂多阴离子/二氧化钛纳米膜光催化剂的制备及可见光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯Ti(OC₄H₉)₄为TiO₂前驱体,Keggin型铬取代的杂多阴离子PW₁₁Cr为可见光活性组分,采用溶胶-凝胶提拉法在玻片表面制备了PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂纳米膜光催化剂,并用UV-Vis DRS、IR、XRD、SEM和TEM等技术手段对催化剂的光吸收性质、化学组成、晶相和表面结构形貌等进行了表征;讨论了膜中PW₁₁Cr和TiO₂相互作用的方式;以染料模型污染物RhB的可见光催化降解为探针,评估了PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂光催化剂的可见光催化活性,讨论了光催化反应机理,并与TiO₂的光催化反应机理进行了比较;考察了焙烧温度、PW₁₁Cr剂量和溶液pH值对光催化活性的影响;最后用RhB的循环降解实验评估了催化剂的光催化稳定性。 实验结果表明,PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂光催化剂对可见光有明显吸收,较低焙烧温度(100 ℃)下得到的膜为无定形结构,而较高焙烧温度(500 ℃)为纳晶结构;前者的光催化活性较高,在200 W金卤灯照射下降解10 μmol/L RhB,120 min的降解率为95%,4 h的COD去除率为72%;羟基自由基是导致RhB降解的主要氧活性物质;低的膜处理温度,高的PW₁₁Cr负载量和溶液酸性有利于提高PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂膜的光催化活性;经循环重复使用10次,PW₁₁Cr/TiO₂膜的光催化活性仅有较少损失。     

铈基与钴基Co3O4-CeO2氧载体上甲烷化学链转化特性: 产物选择性控制

采用水热法制备了Co₃O₄/CeO₂(x)[x为钴铈原子摩尔比n(Co):n(Ce)=6:49:1]和Ce_1-yCo_yO_2-δ(y=0.10.4)2个系列复合氧化物, 并表征了材料的物理化学性质, 考察了这些氧化物作为氧载体参与甲烷化学链转化(化学链燃烧和化学链部分氧化)的反应性能. 结果表明, 2类复合氧化物的甲烷反应活性均明显优于单一氧化物CeO₂或Co₃O₄, 但2类氧载体上的甲烷反应产物的选择性具有明显差异. Ce_1-yCo_yO_2-δ氧载体形成了Ce-Co-O固溶体, 储氧能力明显增强, 体相晶格氧迁移速率与甲烷活化速率匹配较好, 甲烷反应产物以CO和H₂的合成气为主, 有利于甲烷的化学链部分氧化. Co₃O₄/CeO₂(x)氧载体中CeO₂与Co₃O₄之间的相互作用改善了材料的储氧能力和氧化活性, 其与甲烷反应时主要生成CO₂, 有利于甲烷化学链燃烧. 连续性化学链循环实验表明, 2类氧载体均具有较好的再生性能和循环稳定性.     

掺杂WO3的SiO2/TiO2的溶胶热液合成及光催化性能

采用溶胶-热液合成法制备了掺杂WO₃的SiO₂/TiO₂复合光催化剂,用X射线衍射、红外光谱、Zeta电位分析、BET和透射电镜对样品进行了表征,并以甲基橙降解评价了其光催化性能.结果表明:改性后的光催化剂表现出较高的光催化性能,WO₃和SiO₂不仅增加了锐钛矿TiO₂的稳定性,并阻止了TiO₂晶粒的聚集生长.     

金属Nd增强TiO2高硅氧纤维薄膜光催化性能及机理研究

用浸渍-提拉法在高硅氧玻璃纤维网格布上制备了具有优异光催化性能的金属Nd/TiO₂薄膜,甲基橙光催化降解实验表明Nd的掺杂对TiO₂催化剂薄膜的光学性能有明显的促进作用,当Nd的掺杂量为3 wt%时,表现出最优的光催化降解效果。采用XRD、SEM、UV-vis漫反射等分析方法对Nd/TiO₂薄膜进行表征分析,探讨光催化机理。结果表明:适量掺杂金属Nd能够细化TiO₂薄膜晶粒,得到分布致密均匀的锐钛矿型TiO₂薄膜;同时使TiO₂薄膜的拉曼和紫外可漫反射峰位红移,薄膜的禁带宽度从原来的3.15 eV减小到2.77 ev,促进了对紫外光的吸收,拓宽了TiO₂薄膜的光响应范围,增强了TiO₂薄膜的光催化活性。     

4种Keggin型磷钼酸盐对蘑菇酪氨酸酶活性和黑色素生成的抑制及抗氧化作用

合成并表征了4种过渡金属钒取代的Keggin型磷钼酸盐Na_3+nPMo_12-nV_nO₄₀(PMo_12-nV_n)(n=2, 3, 4, 5). 酶动力学实验结果表明, 4种多酸对酪氨酸酶的抑制类型为可逆的混合型抑制, 过渡金属钒取代的个数会影响酪氨酸酶的抑制效果. 当所加酶量为500 U/mL时, PMo₁₀V₂, PMo₉V₃, PMo₈V₄和PMo₇V₅对酪氨酸酶的半抑制率(IC₅₀)分别为(7.046±0.506), (12.128±0.574), (12.362±0.802)和(9.860±1.490) mmol/L. 分子对接研究表明, 化合物与酪氨酸酶之间主要存在氢键和范德华力. 细胞实验结果表明, 在0~200 μmol/L范围内, 4种多酸未对B16黑素瘤细胞产生细胞毒性, 且能显著抑制黑色素的生成. 此外, 1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)与2,2'-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基清除实验显示, 4种多酸具有良好的抗氧化能力, 清除DPPH自由基能力优于ABTS.     

羧基功能化石墨烯增强TiO2光催化产氢性能

The use of semiconductor photocatalysts (CdS, g-C₃N₄, TiO₂, etc.) to generate hydrogen (H₂) is a prospective strategy that can convert solar energy into hydrogen energy, thereby meeting future energy demands. Among the numerous photocatalysts, TiO₂ has attracted significant attention because of its suitable reduction potential and excellent chemical stability. However, the photoexcited electrons and holes of TiO₂ are easily quenched, leading to limited photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, graphene has been used as an effective electron cocatalyst in the accelerated transport of photoinduced electrons to enhance the H₂-production performance of TiO₂, owing to its excellent conductivity and high charge carrier mobility. For an efficient graphene-based photocatalyst, the rapid transfer of photogenerated electrons is extremely important along with an effectual interfacial H₂-production reaction on the graphene surface. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the graphene microstructures (functionalized graphene) to improve the H₂-production performance of graphene-based TiO₂ photocatalysts. The introduction of H₂-evolution active sites onto the graphene surface is an effective strategy for the functionalization of graphene. Compared with the noncovalent functionalization of graphene (such as loading Pt, MoS_x, and CoS_x on the graphene surface), its covalent functionalization can provide a strong interaction between graphene and organic molecules in the form of H₂-evolution active sites that are produced by chemical reactions. In this study, carboxyl-functionalized graphene (rGO-COOH) was successfully modified via ring-opening and esterification reactions on the TiO₂ surface by using an ultrasound-assisted self-assembly method to prepare a high-activity TiO₂/rGO-COOH photocatalyst. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric (TG) curves revealed the successful covalent functionalization of GO to rGO-COOH by significantly enhanced ―COOH groups in FTIR and increased peak area of carboxyl groups in XPS. A series of characterizations, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XPS, and UV-Vis adsorption spectra, were performed to demonstrate the successful synthesis of TiO₂/rGO-COOH photocatalysts. The experimental data for the hydrogen-evolution rate showed that the TiO₂/rGO-COOH displayed an extremely high hydrogen-generation activity (254.2 μmol∙h⁻¹∙g⁻¹), which was 2.06- and 4.48-fold higher than those of TiO₂/GO and TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO₂/rGO-COOH is ascribed to the carboxyl groups of carboxyl-functionalized graphene, which act as effective hydrogen-generation active sites and enrich hydrogen ions owing to their excellent nucleophilicity that facilitates the interfacial hydrogen production reaction of TiO₂. This study provides novel insights into the development of high-activity graphene-supported photocatalysts in the hydrogen-generation field.      

Enhanced Visible-light Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4/Nitrogen-doped Graphene Quantum Dots/TiO2 Ternary Heterojunctions for Ciprofloxacin Degradation with Narrow Band Gap and High Charge Carrier Mobility

Limited visible-light absorption and high recombination rate of photogenerated charges are two main drawbacks in g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts. To solve these problems, g-C₃N₄/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs)/TiO₂ ternary heterojunctions were facilely prepared via a one-step calcining method. The morphology, structure, optical and electrochemical properties of g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ were characterized and explored. The optimal g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite exhibits enhanced photocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin (CIP) compared with the as-prepared g-C₃N₄, TiO₂(P25) and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂ heterojunction under visible light irradiation. The apparent rate constant of the composite is around 6.43, 4.03 and 2.30 times higher than those of g-C₃N₄, TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄/TiO₂, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency should be mainly attributed to the improvement of light absorption and charge separation and transfer efficiency, originating from the narrow band gap and high charge carrier mobility. The active species trapping experiments results showed that the h⁺ and ^·O₂^- were the main active species in the degradation process. A possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the g-C₃N₄/NGQDs/TiO₂ composite for the enhanced degradation of CIP under visible light irradiation was also proposed.     

The effect of terminal chain modifications on the mesomorphic properties of 4,4'-disubstituted diphenyldiacetylenes

A variety of terminal chain modifications (Y) were made on the diacetylenes in which X=C_nH_2n+1, C₁₂H₂₅O and F, and Y=CH₂CH(Me)C₂H₅, COCH₃, C≡CC₅H₁₁, C_nF_2n+1C_nH_2n+1 and CH=CHCO₂C₃H₇. Mesomorphic properties were determined by hot stage polarizing microscopy and DSC. These were compared with those for the dialkyl analogues (X=C_mH_2m+1, Y=C_nH_2n+1) and a series of 1- and 2-olefins (Y=CH=CHC_nH_2n+1 and CH₂CH=CHC_nH_2n+1). The 1-olefin series showed wider range nematics than the dialkyl compounds, whereas the above modifications showed either narrow range nematic phases, no mesophase or higher melting temperatures. New transition temperature and enthalpy data are provided for some of the dialkyl and F-alkyl compounds previously reported, for comparisons. Preliminary birefringence data are also included along with the results of some heat and UV stability studies.     

SnO_2/TiO_2纳米管复合光催化剂的性能及失活再生

基于微波水热法和微乳液法合成SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、配有能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDX)的透射电镜(TEM)和电化学手段对光催化剂进行表征.以甲苯为模型污染物,考察光催化剂在紫外光(UV)和真空远紫外光(VUV)下的性能及失活再生.结果表明,SnO2/TiO2纳米管复合光催化剂形成三元异质结(锐钛矿相TiO2(A-TiO2)/金红石相TiO2(R-TiO2)、A-TiO2/SnO2和R-TiO2/SnO2异质结),促使光生电子-空穴对的有效分离,提高光催化活性.SnO2/TiO2表现出最佳的光催化性能,UV和VUV条件下的甲苯降解率均达100%,CO2生成速率(k2)均为P25的3倍左右.但由于UV光照矿化能力不足,中间产物易在催化剂表面累积.随着UV光照时间的增加,SnO2/TiO2逐渐失活,20 h后k2由138.5 mg·m-3·h-1下降到76.1 mg·m-3·h-1.利用VUV再生失活的SnO2/TiO2,过程中产生的·OH、O2-·、O(1D)、O(3P)、O3等活性物质可氧化吸附于催化剂活性位的难降解中间产物,使催化剂得以再生,12 h后k2恢复到143.6 mg·m-3·h-1.UV和VUV的协同效应使UV降解耦合VUV再生成为一种可持续的光催化降解污染物模式.     

光催化CO_2转化为碳氢燃料体系的综述

传统化石能源燃烧产生CO2引起的地球变暖和能源短缺已经成为一个严重的全球性问题.利用太阳光和光催化材料将CO2还原为碳氢燃料,不仅可以减少空气中CO2浓度,降低温室效应的影响,还可以提供碳氢燃料,缓解能源短缺问题,因此日益受到各国科学家的高度关注.本文综述了光催化还原CO2为碳氢燃料的研究进展,介绍了光催化还原CO2的反应机理,并对现阶段报道的光催化还原CO2材料体系进行了整理和分类,包括TiO2光催化材料,ABO3型钙钛矿光催化材料,尖晶石型光催化材料,掺杂型光催化材料,复合光催化材料,V、W、Ge、Ga基光催化材料及石墨烯基光催化材料.评述了各种材料体系的特点及光催化性能的一些影响因素.最后对光催化还原CO2的研究前景进行了展望.     

A comparative study of bismuth-based photocatalysts with titanium dioxide for perfluorooctanoic acid degradation

The fabricated bismuth-based photocatalysts presented an outstanding performance as compared to commercial TiO₂ (P25) for PFOA degradation under 254 nm UV light irradiation.     

Synthesis of nanosized TiO2 particles in reverse micelle systems and their photocatalytic activity for degradation of toluene in gas phase

Nanosized pure TiO₂ particles with high crystallinity and large surface area were prepared by hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate in water/Triton X-100/isooctane reverse micelle solutions as reaction media followed by hydrothermal treatment to improve crystallinity. The prepared TiO₂ nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, BET, TGA, FT-IR and TEM. The size of ultrafine particles was controlled by changing the water content of the reverse micelle solution. The TiO₂ particles showed monodispersity, large surface area and high degrees of crystallinity and thermostability. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO₂ particles was evaluated by decomposition of toluene in the gas phase. The activity of the TiO₂ nanoparticles was higher than that of commercially available anatase fine particles, such as ST-01, which is one of the most active photocatalysts for degradation of organic compounds in the gas phase.     

LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列的构筑及可见光光催化性能

TiO_2纳米管阵列具有较高的光催化活性,但可见光吸收弱,限制了其太阳能利用和环境应用。窄带隙的钙钛矿(ABO3)型氧化物能够吸收大范围波段的可见光,且稳定性高,但光催化活性低。本文首先采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了LaCoO_3纳米颗粒,然后利用电泳沉积技术将LaCoO_3纳米颗粒修饰于TiO_2纳米管阵列表面,构筑了LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)的表征结果显示溶胶-凝胶法合成的纳米颗粒为LaCoO_3,其尺寸均匀,结晶度高,平均粒径约为100nm。LaCoO_3纳米颗粒与TiO_2纳米管阵列之间的结合力好。紫外可见吸收光谱(DRS)显示,随着电泳沉积时间的延长,LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列的吸收带边逐渐红移700nm。可见光下光催化降解甲基橙(MO)的结果表明,电泳沉积15 min制得的LaCoO_3-TiO_2纳米管阵列对MO的光催化效率最高,其降解速率是相同条件下TiO_2纳米管阵列的4倍。光致发光光谱和电化学阻抗谱证实LaCoO_3纳米颗粒的负载有效地促进了光生电荷的分离和传输,可见光光催化活性明显增强。