二维材料膜在气体分离领域的最新研究进展

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, led by graphene, have emerged as nano-building blocks to develop high-performance membranes. The atom-level thickness of nanosheets makes a membrane as thin as possible, thereby minimizing the transport resistance and maximizing the permeation flux. Meanwhile, the sieving channels can be precisely manipulated within sub-nanometer size for molecular separation, such as gas separation. For instance, graphene oxide (GO) channels with an interlayer height of about 0.4 nm assembled by external forces exhibited excellent H₂/CO₂ sieving performance compared to commercial membranes. Cross-linking was also employed to fabricate ultrathin (< 20 nm) GO-facilitated transport membranes for efficient CO₂ capture. A borate-crosslinked membrane exhibited a high CO₂ permeance of 650 GPU (gas permeation unit), and a CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 75, which is currently the best performance reported for GO-based composite membranes. The CO₂-facilitated transport membrane with piperazine as the carrier also exhibited excellent separation performance under simulated flue gas conditions with CO₂ permeance of 1020 GPU and CO₂/N₂ selectivity as high as 680. In addition, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with layered structures, if successfully exfoliated, can serve as diverse sources for MOF nanosheets that can be fabricated into high-performance membranes. It is challenging to maintain the structural and morphological integrity of nanosheets. Poly[Zn₂(benzimidazole)₄] (Zn₂(bim)₄) was firstly exfoliated into 1-nm-thick nanosheets and assembled into ultrathin membranes possessing both high permeance and excellent molecular sieving properties for H₂/CO₂ separation. Interestingly, reversed thermo-switchable molecular sieving was also demonstrated in membranes composed of 2D MOF nanosheets. Besides, researchers employed layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to prepare molecular-sieving membranes via in situ growth, and the as-prepared membranes showed a remarkable selectivity of ~80 for H₂-CH₄ mixture. They concluded that the amount of CO₂ in the precursor solution contributed to LDH membranes with various preferred orientations and thicknesses. Apart from these 2D materials, MXenes also show great potential in selective gas permeation. Lamellar stacked MXene membranes with aligned and regular sub-nanometer channels exhibited excellent gas separation performance. Moreover, our ultrathin (20 nm) MXene nanofilms showed outstanding molecular sieving property for the preferential transport of H₂, with H₂ permeance as high as 1584 GPU and H₂/CO₂ selectivity of 27. The originally H₂-selective MXene membranes could be transformed into membranes selectively permeating CO₂ by chemical tuning of the MXene nanochannels. This paper briefly reviews the latest groundbreaking studies in 2D-material membranes for gas separation, with a focus on sub-nanometer 2D channels, exfoliation of 2D nanosheets with structural integrity, and tunable gas transport property. Challenges, in terms of the mass production of 2D nanosheets, scale-up of lab-level membranes and a thorough understanding of the transport mechanism, and the potential of 2D-material membranes for wide implementation are briefly discussed.     

用于光催化全解水的二维高分子材料研究进展

通过仿生光合作用将太阳能转化为可储存、可运输的化学燃料是解决全球能源危机和环境问题的有效途径之一。高分子半导体因其电子结构可以简单地从分子水平上进行调控和设计,近几年来在光催化领域展现出广阔的应用前景。由于具有二维平面结构的共轭高分子半导体具有大的比表面积、丰富的表面活性位点和高效的光生电子/空穴分离能力,并且可以方便地形成异质结构等独特的性质,其在光催化分解水领域的应用逐渐引人关注。本文重点介绍了二维高分子半导体在光催化全解水领域的最新研究进展,着重讨论了目前用于调控二维高分子材料能带结构和表面活性位点的方法,并展望二维高分子材料在光催化全解水研究中所存在的机遇和挑战。     

二维材料用于电催化析氢的研究进展

电催化水分解因其丰富的原料来源和环境友好被认为是一种有前途的制氢技术. 开发用于电催化析氢反应的高效电催化剂是迫切需要的. 随着石墨烯的兴起, 二维(2D)材料因其独特的物理、 化学和电子特性, 已逐渐成为水电解的潜在候选材料. 本文介绍了二维材料用于电化学水分解产生氢气的最新进展, 概括了二维材料的合成方法, 总结了改善二维材料电化学析氢性能的策略, 讨论了该领域面临的挑战和未来的发展机遇.     

二维半导体材料与器件——从传统二维光电材料到石墨炔

近年来,二维半导体材料由于其独特的材料结构和电子输运特性得到了科学界的广泛关注,被应用于光电器件、催化和生物传感器等领域。本文系统概述了传统二维材料以及新兴二维材料石墨炔的发现和发展历程。重点聚焦在二维材料在光探测器领域中的应用,探讨了不同二维材料体系及器件结构对光探测器性能的影响;并详细介绍了新兴二维材料——石墨炔,及其合成和应用。展望了传统二维材料及石墨炔在光电转换器件的应用中所面临的机遇和挑战。     

二维半导体材料与器件——从传统二维光电材料到石墨炔

近年来,二维半导体材料由于其独特的材料结构和电子输运特性得到了科学界的广泛关注,被应用于光电器件、催化和生物传感器等领域。本文系统概述了传统二维材料以及新兴二维材料石墨炔的发现和发展历程。重点聚焦在二维材料在光探测器领域中的应用,探讨了不同二维材料体系及器件结构对光探测器性能的影响;并详细介绍了新兴二维材料——石墨炔,及其合成和应用。展望了传统二维材料及石墨炔在光电转换器件应用中所面临的机遇和挑战。     

二维材料的一维纳米带

自石墨烯被发现以来,二维材料研究成为一个新的研究热点。当二维材料制备成一维纳米带结构后,由于宽度方向上的限域效应和边缘结构的差异,导致其具有区别于二维材料的独特的电学、光学和磁学性质,因此逐步成为科学家关注的焦点。本文主要介绍了石墨烯、石墨炔、联苯烯、氮化硼、黑磷、过渡金属二硫族化合物等二维材料的一维纳米带的结构、制备方法和性能研究。首先讨论了二维材料制备成一维纳米带后的结构与性能的改变;其次,着重阐述了典型的纳米带制备方法,包括“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种策略,如二维片层刻蚀、打开纳米管、化学合成、化学气相沉积、外延生长及碳纳米管限域生长等方法,实现可控制备指定纳米宽度与具有特定边缘结构的纳米带,最终获得不同于其二维材料本体的特殊性能。最后,总结了不同方法制备纳米带的优缺点,提出了需要克服的困难和挑战,并展望了未来的研究方向,希望能引起国内外同行的广泛关注。     

稀土上转换纳米发光材料研究进展

上转换纳米发光材料(UCNPs)是一种能在长波长光激发下发出短波长光的发光材料.在较多的研究中UCNPs在980 nm红外光激发下,能发出不同颜色的可见光,可以显著提高信噪比,所以UCNPs在三维立体显示、上转换激光器、红外探测、防伪识别、生物检测等诸多领域都具有广阔的应用前景.从稀土上转换纳米发光材料的基质和稀土离子及其光学性能方面概述了近几年稀土上转换纳米发光材料的研究进展.     

二维材料插层改性方法研究进展

二维材料凭借其独特的电学、光学、磁学等性质引起了广泛关注,如何处理二维材料使其改性是目前的研究热点。 插层方法是目前调控二维材料性质的主要方法之一。 插层过程中,客体粒子插入主体材料的范德华层间,造成二维材料物理与化学性质的变化。 气相、液相、固相插层均可以使二维材料的性质得到提升。 本文主要介绍二维材料插层方法,分析其不同优势和限制条件,并展望如何综合应用插层方法更好地提升二维材料电学、光学等性能。     

二维材料及其量子点在分离科学领域的研究进展

二维材料是一种新型的分离材料,具有原子尺寸、机械强度优异、比表面积大、表面化学丰富以及 物理、化学稳定性良好等特性,引起了分离科学领域研究人员的广泛关注,其中以石墨烯为典型代表。随着 对石墨烯材料的广泛研究,相继发展了二维过渡金属硫化物（TMDs）、层状双氢氧化物（LDHs）、金属有机框 架（MOFs）、共价有机骨架（COFs）、二维过渡金属碳化物或碳氮化物（MXene）、六方氮化硼（h-BN）等多种新 兴二维材料。该文介绍并讨论了二维材料及其量子点的特点及应用,重点介绍了二维材料及其量子点在膜分 离、固相萃取/固相微萃取、液相色谱、气相色谱、毛细管电色谱等分离科学领域中的应用。此外,还探讨了 二维材料在分离科学领域中面临的挑战及应用前景。     

二维材料场效应晶体管生化传感器件的研究进展

场效应晶体管（Field effect transistor, FET）生化传感器件具有噪声小、功耗低、免标记、易于集成和小型化等优点,在环境监测、食品安全、疾病诊断和临床治疗等领域具有良好的应用前景。二维材料作为新一代FET生化传感器件的沟道材料,具有原子级厚度、高载流子迁移率、高比表面积和可调带隙等特性,可进一步提升FET生化传感器件的性能和拓展器件应用场景,推动FET生化传感器件的快速发展。本文综述了近年来二维材料FET生化传感器件的发展历程和最新进展,分析了二维材料FET生化传感器件的挑战和发展前景,以期为研究人员设计新的生化传感器件提供思路,促进生化传感技术的进一步发展。     

Recent Advances in Two-dimensional Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion

With the increased energy demand,developing renewable and clean energy technologies becomes more and more significant to mitigate climate warming and alleviate the environmental pollution.The key point is design and synthesis of low cost and efficient materials for a wide variety of electrochemical reactions.Over the past ten years,two-dimensional(2D)nanomaterials that graphene represents have been paid much attention as a class of the most promising candidates for heterogeneous electrocatalysts in electrochemical storage and conversion.Their unique properties,such as good chemical stability,good flexibility,and good electronic properties,along with their nanosized thickness and large specific area,make them exhibit comprehensively good performances for energy storage and conversion.Here,we present an overview on the recent advances in electrochemical applications of graphene,graphdiyne,transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs),and MXenes for supercapacitors(SCs),oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),and hydrogen evolution reaction(HER).     

基于二维材料的仿生纳流体通道在能量转化中的应用

生物启发的仿生人工纳流体通道以其可控的几何结构和可调的化学性质而迅速发展成为一个热门研究领域, 其中, 基于二维(2D)纳米材料的二维纳流体通道具有易于制造、 高效的化学改性和致密堆积的片层通道结构以及流体阻力小等优势而受到广泛关注, 预期在渗透能转换方面具有巨大的潜力. 本文简要介绍了二维纳流体通道的特征及优势; 基于二维仿生能量转换体系最新进展以及对二维纳流体通道能量转化发展前景进行了展望.     

Design of Functional Carbon Composite Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

The carbon composite materials have been a research hotspot in the fields of catalysis, energy conversion and so on, because of their features of large structure and morphology variety, good chemical and electrochemical stability, and high electronic conductivity, large specific surface area and rich active sites. This paper summarizes some research progress of carbon composite materials, including assembly methodologies, their structure regulation, properties, and related applications. Moreover, the current challenges and the prospects of these materials are also discussed.     

Intercalation-assisted Exfoliation Strategy for Two-dimensional Materials Preparation

Controlled large-quantity synthesis of two-dimensional materials is vital for the research on their physical and chemical characters and potential applications. Utilizing structural features of layered compounds, intercalation of molecules or ions can be applied to the acceleration of liquid-phase exfoliation. In this review, we aim at recent progress on synthesis of two-dimensional materials via intercalation-assisted exfoliation strategy. Works on wet chemical intercalation and electrochemical intercalation, together with product exfoliation afterwards, are summarized. Furthermore, the features and advantages of intercalation-assisted exfoliation strategy for two-dimensional materials synthesis are discussed.     

Intercalation of Two-dimensional Layered Materials

Two-dimensional(2D) layered materials have attracted great attention due to their unique electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. 2D layered materials have unique van der Waals gaps, thus the foreign substance, such as atoms, molecules and ions, can be inserted into the gaps to change the physical and chemical properties of 2D layered materials, which is conducive to realize their multi-functional application. Herein, we present a critical review of recent research progress of 2D intercalated materials, including the synthesizing methods, theoretical calculation, characterization and multifunctional application. Finally, we will summarize the current challenges and future opportunities in the development of 2D intercalated materials.     

2D Graphdiyne: A Rising Star on the Horizon of Energy Conversion

Two-dimensional (2D) graphdiyne (GDY), a rapidly rising star on the horizon of carbon materials, is a new carbon allotrope featuring sp- and sp²-cohybridized carbon atoms and 2D one-atom-thick network. Since the first successful synthesis of GDY by Professor Li's group in 2010, GDY has attached great interests from both scientific and industrial viewpoints based on its unique structure and physicochemical properties, which provides a fertile ground for applications in various fields including electrocatalysis, energy conversion, energy storage and optoelectronic devices. In this work, various potential properties of the GDY-based electrocatalysts and their recent advances in energy conversion are reviewed, including atomic catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts, and metal-free catalysts. The critical role of GDY in improving catalytic activity and stability is analyzed. The perspectives of the challenges and opportunities faced by GDY-based materials for energy conversion are also outlined.     

仿生智能纳米通道在能量转换中的应用

智能纳米通道由于独特的纳米结构,导致对离子的通过具有选择性、整流性和门控性,从而在能量转换领域具有重要的应用前景。本文根据能量转换原理的不同,将纳米通道在能量转换中的应用分为:模仿电鳗鱼将化学能转换为电能,模仿绿叶将光能转换为化学能,模仿菌紫质将光能转换为电能,模仿水力发电机将流体机械能转换为电能。其中,模仿电鳗鱼系统由于广泛的能量来源、高的能量转换效率以及输出的能量形式为电能,应用前景最为广阔。能量转换的性能受纳米通道自身的几何结构以及内表面电荷密度的影响。除此之外,还受外界条件的影响,比如电解质溶液类型和浓度,浓差和气压差的大小以及pH值等。     

二氧化锰与二维材料复合应用于超级电容器

现如今世界正面临着与能源相关的一系列问题与挑战,科学家们致力于研究绿色高性能的能量存储器件以适应当前乃至以后长久可持续创新发展的需要。超级电容器作为一种新型的绿色能源储存装置,具有功率密度大、理论比电容高、充放电速度快、循环寿命长、安全性高、环境友好且经济等优点,为人类解决能源危机提出了可能。电极材料是影响超级电容器性能的重要因素。近些年,由于二氧化锰基超级电容器具有理论比电容高、化学稳定性好、环境友好等特点被广泛研究。同时多种二维材料也继石墨烯后被相继用作超级电容器电极材料,具有二维结构特征材料在提高双电层电容器的能量密度、改善赝电容电容器方面发挥着重要作用。实现高比电容和高倍率性能,将二氧化锰与二维材料复合将不失为一个有前景的选择。本文系统介绍了以石墨烯为代表的各类二维材料与二氧化锰复合物在超级电容器中的应用研究,并聚焦于这些二维材料与二氧化锰复合后所展现的优异电化学性能。     

Atomically Dispersed Metal Sites in MOF‐Based Materials for Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Energy Conversion

Metal sites play an essential role in both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic energy conversion. The highly ordered arrangements of the organic linkers and metal nodes as well as the well‐defined pore structures of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) make them ideal substrates to support atomically dispersed metal sites (ADMSs) located in their metal nodes, linkers, and pores. Porous carbon materials doped with ADMSs can be derived from these ADMS‐incorporating MOF precursors through controlled treatments. These ADMSs incorporated in pristine MOFs and MOF‐derived carbon materials possess unique advantages over molecular or bulk metal‐based catalysts and bridge the gap between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for energy‐conversion applications. This Review presents recent progress in the design and incorporation of ADMSs in MOFs and MOF‐derived materials for energy‐conversion applications.     

2020 Roadmap on Carbon Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion

Carbon is a simple, stable and popular element with many allotropes. The carbon family members include carbon dots, carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, graphene, graphite, graphdiyne and hard carbon, etc. They can be divided into different dimensions, and their structures can be open and porous. Moreover, it is very interesting to dope them with other elements (metal or non‐metal) or hybridize them with other materials to form composites. The elemental and structural characteristics offer us to explore their applications in energy, environment, bioscience, medicine, electronics and others. Among them, energy storage and conversion are extremely attractive, as advances in this area may improve our life quality and environment. Some energy devices will be included herein, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, dual ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and others. Additionally, carbon‐based electrocatalysts are also studied in hydrogen evolution reaction and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. However, there are still many challenges in the design and preparation of electrode and electrocatalytic materials. The research related to carbon materials for energy storage and conversion is extremely active, and this has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ‘Carbon Materials in Energy Storage and Conversion’.