分子筛材料在小分子吸附分离中的应用

吸附分离技术与工艺在工业上具有重要意义. 常见的吸附剂包括沸石分子筛、 金属有机框架材料、 活性炭等材料. 分子筛具有比表面积大、 稳定性高、 生产成本低等优势, 可以满足吸附分离技术中高效、 节能和环保的需求, 是一种非常有应用前景的小分子混合物分离吸附剂. 本文综合评述了吸附分离领域中常用的吸附剂材料的特点和吸附分离机理与评价方法, 总结了分子筛在空气分离、 烃类分离、 二氧化碳吸附、 芳香硫化物脱除、 一氧化碳吸附、 氮氧化物吸附、 氢气储存吸附及氢同位素分离等领域的应用, 并对基于分子筛膜的小分子混合物分离现状进行了介绍. 此外, 本文还系统分析了分子筛对不同混合物的吸附分离性能与其拓扑结构、 骨架组成及改性方法之间的关系, 并对未来的研究前景进行了展望.     

水热合成法在分子筛中组装功能材料

采用水热合成法将ZnS、MoO₃和邻苯二甲酸铕组装到ZSM-5分子筛孔道之中,制得了具有纳米尺寸的功能材料,通过XRD、IR、发射光谱和探针分子吸附等手段进行了表征.     

分子筛材料研究及其在催化裂化过程中的应用前景

对近年来新合成的分子筛材料,如超大微孔分子筛、介孔分子筛、含D4R结构单元的分子筛的孔结构及合成技术进行综述,并探讨了这些新分子筛材料在催化裂化过程中的应用前景。     

沸石分子筛在有机合成中的应用

阐述了沸石作为选择性吸附剂和催化剂在有机合成中的应用,包括杂环化合物的合成、氧化还原反应、傅一克反应、不对称合成、制备高聚物及在萜类化学中的应用进展情况。     

硅基分子筛及其在精细化学品合成中的应用*

本文综述了沸石分子筛及中孔硅基材料在合成方面的最新进展,总结了这类分子筛材料在精细化学品合成中的应用及取得的成果,详细介绍了中孔分子筛的表面改性尤其是有机－无机杂化分子筛的合成、性质、特点及其作为催化剂在有机合成反应中的应用。     

介孔与介孔主客体材料在催化领域的应用

 综述了近年来介孔分子筛催化材料制备的研究成果及其在催化领域特别是精细化学品合成中的应用. 文章分为两部分,分别讨论了介孔材料本身作为催化剂以及介孔主客体催化材料的应用.     

分子筛在光催化中的应用*

以太阳能利用为背景光解水制H₂及由此开辟的光催化研究领域日益受到重视。分子筛在催化、吸附、分离等领域早已有广泛应用,而在光催化中的应用近10年来也已成为光催化领域中的一个热点。本文就分子筛光催化剂的优点,在光催化中应用的意义、研究现状和前景作了介绍和分析。     

超细分子筛的合成,结构特性及在催化中的应用

超细粒子通常是指尺寸小于几百纳米的微小固体颗粒,是一类介于原子簇和宏观物体之间的介观物质,其表面原子数与体相总原子数之比随粒径尺寸的减小而急剧增大,显示出明显的体积效应、表面效应和量子尺寸效应,从而使超细粒子成为具有独特的物理化学性质的新材料．超细分子筛又称纳米分子筛,作为此类新材料中的一员,它独特的催化性能和对气体的分离能力,近年来引起了人们极大的兴趣,成为催化领域中的研究热点之一．我们综述了超细分子筛的合成方法及其结构和性能的表征,着重介绍超细分子筛在催化领域中的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展…     

分子筛在医学领域的应用及作用机制

沸石分子筛由于其特殊的结构特点, 优异的生物活性、生物稳定性及生物相容性, 研究人员对其进行了大量临床应用方面的研究. 研究表明, 分子筛可用作抗肿瘤治疗的佐剂、抗微生物治疗、药物的载体、快速凝血剂、防止血栓制剂等. 本文将阐述分子筛在医学领域的应用进展及发挥作用的相关机制.     

分子筛型声学增强材料的储存耐候性能

研究了湿度和有机物小分子等储存耐候条件对声学增强材料谐振频率偏移值的影响,探讨了由不同硅铝比分子筛组成的声学增强材料在不同湿度及有机物小分子气氛中储存后的谐振频率及偏移值的变化规律.研究结果表明,由既定硅铝比分子筛组成的声学增强材料在25℃/50%相对湿度(RH)和25℃/95%RH条件下储存后,其谐振频率偏移值未发生明显变化.氮气吸附实验结果表明, 25℃下氮气分子占据了较少的比表面积,水分子的存在不影响声学增强材料对氮气分子的吸附.在25℃/50%RH条件下放置后,声学增强材料在25℃/95%RH条件下吸附的水分子会逐渐脱附.声学增强材料在不同种类有机物小分子气氛中储存后,其谐振频率偏移值呈不同的变化趋势.对于尺寸较小的有机物小分子,由于存在可逆吸附,声学增强材料的谐振频率偏移值未有明显变化;对于尺寸较大或具有小尺寸端基基团的有机物小分子,由于存在嵌入式吸附,声学增强材料的谐振频率偏移值明显降低.     

High-throughput Screening of Aluminophosphate Zeolites for Adsorption Heat Pump Applications

Owing to their high porosity, high water sorption capacity, and thermal stability, aluminophosphate(AlPO) zeolites have shown promising applications in adsorption heat pump(AHP) systems to utilize low-temperature waste heat from heat sources. To accelerate the development of new high-efficiency AHP adsorbents, we report a high-throughput grand canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC) approach to predict the heat storage capabilities of 78 known and 84292 hypothetical AlPO zeolites. We employ three evaluation metrics, including water working capacity, energy density, and regenerability, to comprehensively evaluate the performance of these AlPO structures. Finally, we identify 29 promising candidates with water adsorption properties superior to the commercial adsorbent AQSOA-Z02. This is the first study in large-scale screening of AlPO zeolites for water adsorption. The obtained results will provide important guidance toward the experimental discovery of high-performance AlPO zeolites for AHP applications.     

多孔晶体材料的分子工程学研究

功能无机晶体材料的定向设计与合成是化学及材料科学领域中一项重要的前沿课题。本文介绍了近十几年来我们在多孔晶体材料,主要包括分子筛和金属有机骨架晶体材料的分子工程学研究方面所取得的一些进展。其中包括提出了定向设计具有特殊孔道结构和特殊计量比分子筛多孔骨架结构的计算机方法;在国际上率先建立了分子筛多孔晶体材料合成与结构数据...     

Mesopores in USY Zeolites II

Microporous zeolites Na‐Y and K‐Y were converted into the NaNH₄‐Y and KNH₄‐Y modifications by ion exchange being active in dealumination. Removal of framework aluminium and silicon is accompanied by formation of secondary mesopores. Internal mesopores are formed in the centre of zeolite crystals and external pores at their surface. Formation of mesopores changes the sorption behaviour.Residual alkali metal cations as Na⁺ or K⁺ stabilise, however, the framework ≡Si‐O‐Al≡ bonds. Because of inhomogeneous distribution of sodium ions, in NaNH₄‐Y less internal but more external mesopores are formed. Potassium ions of KNH₄‐Y are more homogeneous distributed over the framework why a more balanced formation of secondary pores takes place.     

Modelling the Chemistry of Zeolites by Computer Graphics

The unique structural, adsorptive, and catalytic properties of zeolites are particularly amenable to illustration by computer (especially color) graphics. The siting of cations, the accommodation of guest reactant or product species, as well as the occurrence of various kinds of intergrowths (e.g. twin planes and coincidence boundaries) within these microporous solids can all be effectively portrayed by graphical means in such a manner as to emphasize the shape-selective character of the host zeolite. The dynamics of translational and angular motion of guest species (for example benzene) in a channel of molecular dimensions within a typical zeolitic solid (for example silicalite) can also be probed interactively using appropriate potential functions.     

Mesopores in USY Zeolites

Zeolites of type NaY synthesised by use of seed‐solution and zeolite X‐seeds to initialise the crystallisation were compared. A different homogeneity of the internal framework structure related to the Si/Al ratio was expected. Thus, the formation of closed bulk mesopores should be influenced during treatment of NH₄NaY modification for 7 hours at 450 °C and 600 °C, respectively, in the water steam of 1 bar. Occurrence of different mesopores was actually observed in obtained ultra‐stable USY zeolites using nitrogen adsorption. Whereas USY prepared by use of seed‐solution contains only open mesopores at the crystal surface, the X‐seed synthesised material contains open and closed mesopores at the surface and in the nuclei of samples, respectively.     

Combinatorial Materials Science and Catalysis

After forever changing the drug discovery process in the pharmaceutical industry, combinatorial chemistry methodologies are increasingly being applied to the discovery and optimization of more efficient catalysts and materials (see picture). With the advent of new combinatorial synthesis and screening technologies, coupled with integrated data management systems, the application of these technologies to materials science and catalyst research holds tremendous potential and brings high expectations to this new and exciting field.     

CRISPR‐Cas: From the Bacterial Adaptive Immune System to a Versatile Tool for Genome Engineering

The field of biology has been revolutionized by the recent advancement of an adaptive bacterial immune system as a universal genome engineering tool. Bacteria and archaea use repetitive genomic elements termed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) in combination with an RNA‐guided nuclease (CRISPR‐associated nuclease: Cas) to target and destroy invading DNA. By choosing the appropriate sequence of the guide RNA, this two‐component system can be used to efficiently modify, target, and edit genomic loci of interest in plants, insects, fungi, mammalian cells, and whole organisms. This has opened up new frontiers in genome engineering, including the potential to treat or cure human genetic disorders. Now the potential risks as well as the ethical, social, and legal implications of this powerful new technique move into the limelight.     

Magic-Angle-Spinning NMR (MAS-NMR) Spectroscopy and the Structure of Zeolites

After outlining the chemical features and properties which make zeolites such an important group of catalysts and sorbents, the article explains how high-resolution solid-state NMR with magic-angle spinning reveals numerous new insights into their structure. ²⁹Si-MAS-NMR readily and quantitatively identifies five distinct Si(OAl)_n(OSi)_4-n structural groups in zeolitic frameworks (n = 0, 1,….4), corresponding to the first tetrahedral coordination shell of a silicon atom. Many catalytic and other chemical properties of zeolites are governed by the short-range Si, Al order, the nature of which is greatly clarified by ²⁹Si-MAS-NMR. It is shown that, as expected from Pauling's electroneutrality principle and Loewenstein's rule, both in zeolite X and in zeolite A (with Si/Al = 1.00) there are no ? Al? O? Al? linkages. In zeolite A and zeolite X with Si/Al = 1.00 there is strict alternation of Si and Al on the tetrahedral sites. Ordering models for Si/Al ratios up to 5.00 (in zeolite Y) may also be evaluated by a combination of MAS-NMR experiments and computational procedures. ²⁹Si-MAS-NMR spectra reveal the presence of numerous crystallographically distinct Si(OSi)₄ sites in silicalite/ZSM-5, suggesting that the correct space group for these related porosilicates is not Pnma. ²⁷Al-MAS-NMR clearly distinguishes tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated aluminum, proving that, contrary to earlier claims, Al in silicalite is tetrahedrally substituted within the framework. In combination, ²⁹Si- and ²⁷Al-MAS-NMR is a powerful tool for monitoring the course of solid-state processes (such as ultrastabilization of synthetic faujasites) and of gas-solid reactions (dealumination of zeolites with silicon tetrachloride vapor at elevated temperatures). They also permit the quantitative determination of framework Si/Al ratios in the region 1.00 < Si/Al < 10 000. Since most elements in the periodic table may be accommodated within zeolite structures, either as part of the exchangeable cations or as building units of the anionic framework, there is immense scope for investigation by MAS-NMR and its variants (cross-polarization, multiple pulse and variable-angle spinning) of bulk, surface and chemical properties. Some of the directions in which future research in zeolite science may proceed are adumbrated.     

Mesopore Engineering for Well-Defined Mesoporosity in Al-Rich Aluminosilicate Zeolites

Desilication has been proven an effective approach for the construction of well-defined hierarchical porosities inside zeolites with an optimal framework Al content (Si/Al=25–50). However, for the Al-rich aluminosilicate zeolites, desilication is constrained by the excess and extensive shielding effects from high Al-contents. The developments in the desilication of siliceous zeolites convey a simplified principle of controlled dissolution of the microporous matrix for the construction of hierarchical porosities, which benefits the innovation of synthetic approaches for Al-rich zeolites. The perturbations to the environments of framework Al species may alleviate the excess shielding effects. This review highlights two corresponding protocols of sequential “fluorination–desilication” and “steaming–desilication” for the construction of hierarchical porosities inside Al-rich ZSM-5 zeolites. The success of these two protocols revitalizes the prevailing understanding of the interplay between dealumination and desilication, and implies the necessity of investigating the overlooked roles of extra-framework Al species. Despite the long history and significant achievements in the last decade, fundamental understandings at the molecule level are still limited for the desilication-based top-down approaches. In particular, the investigations on Al-rich zeolites just find their growing. The bridging of dealumination and desilication is essential for other industrially relevant Al-rich zeolites (e.g., faujasite zeolites). The complexities in the inherent characters (topology, spatial distribution, proximity, etc.) and apparent parameters (morphology, crystal/particle size, etc.) demand constructive synthetic toolboxes and further fundamental understanding.     

Kinetics of Sorption,Desorption, and Diffusion in Zeolites

Sorption and desorption in zeolites (molecular sieves) have to be considered as complex processes, involving simultaneous diffusion in zeolite crystals, mass transfer in the intercrystalline void of a pellet, and heat transfer between the zeolitic sorbent and its surroundings. The kinetics of sorption and desorption, respectively, of n-C₄H₁₀ in zeolite X and of CO₂ in zeolite A have been investigated: only the initial rates of uptake or release of the sorbet are controlled by mass transfer alone whereas ultimately they also depend on the rate of heat transfer from the sorbent to its surroundings or vice versa. Diffusivities of the sorbate in the zeolite crystals can be obtained from the kinetics of mass transfer, provided the resistance due to viscous or Knudsen flow between the crystals of the zeolitic sorbent can be eliminated. A sample consisting of a monolayer of single crystals had to be used for this purpose in the n-butane/zeolite X system; the intracrystalline diffusivity obtained in this way is not in conflict with data obtained by NMR spectroscopy. The intracrystalline diffusivities obtained in this way—taking into account the coupling of several processes during sorption — are higher than values reported in the literature.