含硫/硒动态共价键强弱的测定

含硫、硒元素的化学键是重要的光响应动态共价键,本文试图从分子作用力的角度研究它们为何具有不同灵敏度的动态特征,采用基于原子力显微镜的单分子力谱(AFM-SMFS)对含硫、硒元素的动态共价键进行研究,揭示了其兼具稳定性与响应性的内在原因.用化学方法在石英基底上修饰了二硫键或二硒键,通过前述3种化学键的光控动态交换过程,分别得到了含有单个二硫键、硒硫键或二硒键的高分子修饰的石英基底.利用单分子力谱测量了这3组动态共价键的断裂力值,在200 nm/s的拉伸速度下,二硒键的断裂力为(1100±300) pN,硒硫键的断裂力为(1320±330) pN,二硫键的断裂力值为(1450±300) pN,它们的强度从大到小依次为SS SSe SeSe.单分子力谱结果表明动态共价键的强度介于非共价相互作用与传统意义上的稳定共价键(如C―C键)之间,这是它们兼具响应性和稳定性的原因之一.     

有机硒化合物在活性/可控自由基聚合中的应用

活性/可控自由基聚合是实现聚合物分子结构设计的有效手段,是近年来高分子研究领域的热点之一。含硒聚合物具有独特的多重响应行为,例如氧化、还原、辐射、光等,被认为是一种优异的生物功能材料。同时,含硒化合物也表现出许多独特的光电性能,因而在光电材料中得到了广泛关注。本文综述了有机硒化合物在"活性"/可控自由基聚合中的应用,从硒醚、含硒单体、二硒代羰基化合物等方面概述了有机硒化合物在聚合物合成设计中的应用。通过将含硒聚合物与活性自由基聚合手段相结合,为有机硒聚合物的合成设计和功能性聚合物材料的开发提供新方法。     

活性氧响应含碲高分子

刺激响应性高分子是指在周围物理或者化学环境发生较小改变时,其结构和性质可以发生响应性改变的一类高分子.我们课题组近年来系统地研究了一系列具有活性氧(ROS)响应性的含碲高分子以及其在药物递送领域中的应用.本文从碲元素和硒元素的氧化响应性差异出发,探究了碲醚结构对活性氧灵敏的响应性.随后研究了含碲高分子在药物递送领域,特别是在递送铂类药物中的应用,例如:主链含碲高分子可以同时包载顺铂和吲哚菁绿实现癌症化疗和光动力治疗的结合,侧链含碲/铂高分子可以实现癌症化疗和放疗的结合.此外,碲/铂组装体还可以通过活性氧和配位双重响应,实现药物的可控释放.     

氧化还原响应性环金属钌、锇配合物

金属有机共轭配合物因其良好的氧化还原特性和丰富的光、电、磁等物理化学性质成为一种重要的响应性功能分子材料,是分子导线、分子开关、分子机器、分子存储、光电检测等应用的材料基础.本文主要介绍近几年本课题组在环金属配合物的分子设计及其氧化还原响应方面的工作进展,具体包括环金属双钌共轭配合物、环金属参与的不对称双中心共轭分子以及氧化还原多中心共轭配合物3种体系.这些化合物在较低电位处具有两步以上可逆氧化还原过程,并且每一种氧化还原状态具有明显不同的物理化学性质.以电化学电压为刺激响应手段,这些金属有机分子材料的近红外吸收和顺磁信号可以发生可逆变化,成为近红外电致变色及光信息存储的重要分子基础.     

光响应超分子聚合物

超分子聚合物是超分子化学、高分子化学和材料化学领域的研究热点.将光响应的功能基团以非共价作用构筑到超分子聚合物体系中,得到光响应型超分子聚合物,从而能够将超分子聚合物的独特性质与光化学反应的优势有效地结合起来,从而构筑新型的光功能材料.本文总结了近年来本课题组有关光响应超分子聚合物方面的研究工作:介绍了主链型的光响应超分子聚合物的光调控组装和解离,超分子聚合物和共价聚合物的光控可逆切换和光调控组装形貌;另外还举例介绍了具有自修复和室温磷光发射等功能的侧链型光响应超分子聚合物,并对刺激-响应的超分子聚合物领域的发展做了展望.     

含硒高分子:一类新型生物材料

硒元素是人体必需的微量元素。由于C—Se键和Se—Se键的键能比较低,键比较活泼,使得含硒高分子成为一类特殊的材料,具有许多独特和优异的性质。我们通过多种途径将硒元素引入高分子,设计合成了一系列主链含硒的嵌段高分子、侧链含硒的嵌段高分子以及内核或支化部位含硒的树枝状聚合物,开展了其在氧化、还原以及辐照等多重刺激响应高分子组装体材料方面和高效人工模拟酶方面的研究。研究表明,含硒高分子有可能成为一类新的生物医用高分子材料,具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于动态化学的自愈性水凝胶及其在生物医用材料中的应用研究展望

自愈性材料具有自我修复损伤的特点, 能够增加使用材料的安全性, 延长材料寿命, 是一种具有损伤管理性能的智能新材料. 基于动态化学的自愈性水凝胶是近来备受关注的一种自愈性材料, 由具有动态特性的交联网络构建形成. 交联作用为动态化学键, 即非共价键, 如弱相互作用的氢键、分子间作用力(范德华力)、配位作用、亲疏水作用等, 或可逆共价键, 如温和条件下可逆的亚胺键、双硫键、酰腙键等. 这种材料具有本征性的自愈性, 一方面可应对外界破坏造成的损伤, 进行自我修复. 另一方面动态化学键对多种环境刺激具有响应性, 能自我调节以适应环境变化, 为将自愈性水凝胶开发为自适性多功能智能新材料奠定了基础. 水凝胶具有优越的生物相容性以及和生物组织的相似性, 在生物医用材料中如药物控制释放、组织工程修复、生物仿生等领域发挥着越来越大的作用, 而开发具有自愈性的多功能智能水凝胶, 将进一步拓展其应用. 综述了近来基于动态化学的自愈性水凝胶的制备及其在生物医用材料领域中的应用研究.     

含硒磺基甜菜碱表面活性剂界面性能的氧化-还原响应行为

硒,作为一种新的氧化-还原响应位点因其良好的生物相容性日益引起人们的关注,然而,对这种新型氧化-还原响应型表面活性剂的研究相对较少,尤其是其界面性能的智能调控。本文以含硒两性离子表面活性剂苄基十一烷基磺基甜菜碱(BSeUSB)为对象,研究了其分子结构、Krafft温度、表/界面张力及发泡和乳化性能的氧化-还原刺激响应行为。发现在极微量的H_2O_2(≤体系总质量的0.056%)氧化下,BSeUSB分子中疏水的―Se―C―键转变成了具有一定亲水能力的Se=O键,表面活性剂从单头单尾的还原态变成了类Bola型的氧化态,导致表面活性剂的Krafft温度由(23.5±0.5)°C下降至0°C以下,5.00 mmol?L~(-1)时的表/界面张力分别从45.15、5.52 mN·m~(-1)升高至61.63、18.38 m N·m~(-1)。宏观上,还原态具有良好的发泡和乳化性能,而氧化态的发泡和乳化能力几乎消失。再次加入极少量还原剂Na_2SO_3(≤体系总质量的0.060%)后,分子的微观结构和溶液性能又可恢复到初始状态。总之,通过极微量H_2O_2和Na_2SO_3的交替加入,我们实现了该表面活性剂界面性能的智能调控。     

液相剥离石墨烯的电化学传感应用

石墨烯是一种新型二维碳材料,其比表面积大、导电性好、催化活性高、吸附能力强,是构筑高性能电化学传感器的理想材料.相对于石墨烯常用的氧化还原制备方法而言,液相剥离法具有过程简单、可控性强、高效环保以及对石墨烯结构破坏小等特点,在电化学传感领域备受关注.基于本课题组及国内外学者近年来的相关工作,本文重点综述了三种液相剥离石...     

电场调控表界面组装结构的STM研究进展

功能分子在表界面上的自组装是制备分子纳米器件的重要途径.通过对外场因素如电场、磁场、光照与热场等的引入,可以实现对表界面分子组装结构的有效调控.本文从电场对表界面组装结构的调控出发,结合近年来本课题组与国内外的研究工作,概述了电场对组装结构有序度、分子位向、二维乃至三维相转变以及表面反应等方面的研究进展,并展望了该领域的发展趋势.     

Dynamic Diselenide Bonds: Exchange Reaction Induced by Visible Light without Catalysis

Dynamic covalent bonds are extensively employed in dynamic combinatorial chemistry. The metathesis reaction of disulfide bonds is widely used, but requires catalysis or irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. It was found that diselenide bonds are dynamic covalent bonds and undergo dynamic exchange reactions under mild conditions for diselenide metathesis. This reaction is induced by irradiation with visible light and stops in the dark. The exchange is assumed to proceed through a radical mechanism, and experiments with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yloxyl (TEMPO) support this assumption. Furthermore, the reaction can be conducted in different solvents, including protic solvents. Diselenide metathesis can also be used to synthesize diselenide‐containing asymmetric block copolymers. This work thus entails the use of diselenide bonds as dynamic covalent bonds, the development of a dynamic exchange reaction under mild conditions, and an extension of selenium‐related dynamic chemistry.     

Surface Modification Based on Diselenide Dynamic Chemistry: Towards Liquid Motion and Surface Bioconjugation

Surface modification is an important technique in fields, such as, self‐cleaning, surface patterning, sensing, and detection. The diselenide bond was shown to be a dynamic covalent bond that can undergo a diselenide metathesis reaction simply under visible light irradiation. Herein we develop this diselenide dynamic chemistry into a versatile surface modification method with a fast response and reversibility. The diselenide bond could be modified onto various substrates, such as, PDMS, quartz, and ITO conductive film glass. Different functional diselenide molecules could then be immobilized onto the surface via diselenide metathesis reaction. We demonstrated that by using this modification method we could achieve liquid motion in a capillary tube under light illumination. We also show that this approach has the potential to serve as an efficient modification method for surface bioconjugation, which has practical applications in clinical usage.     

Thermal- and Light-driven Metathesis Reactions Between Different Diselenides

Thermal- and light-driven diselenide metathesis reactions with different types of diselenides are investigated systematically. Their exchange reaction rates and equilibrium conversions are compared in the aspects of the different diselenide structures, activation conditions and solvents. As a result, the metathesis reactions between diselenide small molecules are demonstrated with high dynamic and sensitive features, which can be broadly tuned by varying the electron affinity and aromaticity of the diselenide substituents and external conditions(e.g., solvent, stimulus mode). The current work thus will not only advance our understanding on diselenide metathesis chemistry, but also promote concrete and impactful studies in selenium-containing materials.     

Synthetic seleno-glutaredoxin 3 analogues are highly reducing oxidoreductases with enhanced catalytic efficiency

Selenoenzymes have a central role in maintaining cellular redox potential. These enzymes have selenenylsulfide bonds in their active sites that catalyze the reduction of peroxides, sulfoxides, and disulfides. The selenol/disufide exchange reaction is common to all of these enzymes, and the active site redox potential reflects the ratio between the forward and reverse rates of this reaction. The preparation of enzymes containing selenocysteine (Sec) is experimentally challenging. As a result, little is known about the kinetic role of selenols in enzyme active sites, and the redox potential of a selenenylsulfide or diselenide bond in a protein has not been experimentally determined. To fully evaluate the effects of Sec on oxidoreductase redox potential and kinetics, glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) and all three Sec variants of its conserved (11)CXX(14)C active site were chemically synthesized. Grx3, Grx3(C11U), and Grx3(C14U) exhibited redox potentials of -194, -260, and -275 mV, respectively. The position of redox equilibrium between Grx3(C11U-C14U) (-309 mV) and thioredoxin (Trx) (-270 mV) suggests a possible role for diselenide bonds in biological systems. Kinetic analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that the lower redox potentials of the Sec variants result primarily from the greater nucleophilicity of the active site selenium rather than its role as either a leaving group or a "central atom" in the exchange reaction. The 10(2)-10(4)-fold increase in the rate of Trx reduction by the seleno-Grx3 analogues demonstrates that oxidoreductases containing either selenenyl-sulfide or diselenide bonds can have physiologically compatible redox potentials and enhanced reduction kinetics in comparison with their sulfide counterparts.     

Light-Driven Diselenide Metathesis in Peptides

Peptides containing selenocysteine moieties are susceptible to non-catalytic reactions of diselenide bonds metathesis induced by visible light. In contrast to previously reported radical metathesis of disulfide bridges in cysteine derivatives, this newly developed reaction is fast and clean, and proceeds without decomposition of peptides and without formation of side products. The diselenide bond in peptides was reported in literature to be more stable than the disulfide one and also less susceptible to metathesis induced by thiols and reducing reagents. We demonstrated that visible light induces fast metathesis of Se−Se bonds in peptides. This reaction is important for the folding of peptides containing selenocysteine residues and may find application in designing dynamic combinatorial libraries of peptides responsive to external influence.     

Disulfide Bond Cleavage: A Redox Reaction Without Electron Transfer

By using Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations we have simulated a mechanically induced redox reaction. Previous single‐molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments demonstrated that the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins with the weak reducing agent dithiothreitol depends on a mechanical destabilization of the breaking bond. With reactive molecular dynamics simulations the single steps of the reaction mechanism can be elucidated and the motion of the electrons can be monitored. The simulations show that the redox reaction consists of the heterolytic cleavage of the S? S bond followed by a sequence of proton transfers.     

Thermally Responsive Selenide-containing Materials Based on Transalkylation of Selenonium Salts

Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) possess unique properties as a result of their internal dynamic bonds, such as self-healing and reprocessing abilities. In this study, we report a thermally responsive C−Se dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) that relies on the transalkylation exchange between selenonium salts and selenides, which undergo a fast transalkylation reaction in the absence of any catalyst. Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of a dissociative mechanism in the absence of selenide groups. After incorporation of this DCC into selenide-containing polymer materials, it was observed that the cross-linked networks display varying dynamic exchange rates when using different alkylation reagents, suggesting that the reprocessing capacity of selenide-containing materials can be regulated. Also, by incorporating selenonium salts into polymer materials, we observed that the materials exhibited good healing ability at elevated temperatures as well as excellent solvent resistance at ambient temperature. This novel dynamic covalent chemistry thus provides a straightforward method for the healing and reprocessing of selenide-containing materials.     

Trialkoxysilane Exchange: Scope,Mechanism, Cryptates and pH-Response

The dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) of the Si−O bond holds unique opportunities, but has rarely been employed to assemble discrete molecular architectures. This may be due to the harsh conditions required to initiate exchange reactions at silicon in aprotic solvents. Herein, we provide a comprehensive experimental and computational account on the reaction of trialkoxysilanes with alcohols and identify mild conditions for rapid exchange in aprotic solvents. Substituent, solvent and salt effects are uncovered, understood and exploited for the construction of sila-orthoester cryptates. A sharp, divergent pH-response of the obtained cages renders this substance class attractive for future applications well beyond host-guest chemistry, for instance, in drug delivery.     

Complex Functional Systems with Three Different Types of Dynamic Covalent Bonds

Multicomponent surface architectures are introduced that operate with three different dynamic covalent bonds. Disulfide exchange under basic conditions accounts for the growth of π stacks on solid surfaces. Hydrazone exchange under acidic conditions is used to add a second coaxial string or stack, and boronic ester exchange under neutral conditions is used to co‐align a third one. The newly introduced boronic ester exchange chemistry is compatible with stack and string exchange without interference from the orthogonal hydrazone and disulfide exchange. The functional relevance of surface architectures with three different dynamic covalent bonds is exemplified with the detection of polyphenol natural products, such as epigallocatechin gallate, in competition experiments with alizarin red. These results describe synthetic strategies to create functional systems of unprecedented sophistication with regard to dynamic covalent chemistry.     

Decarbonylative Phosphorylation of Amides by Palladium and Nickel Catalysis: The Hirao Cross‐Coupling of Amide Derivatives

Considering the ubiquity of organophosphorus compounds in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical discovery agrochemical crop protection and materials chemistry, new methods for their construction hold particular significance. A conventional method for the synthesis of C−P bonds involves cross‐coupling of aryl halides and dialkyl phosphites (the Hirao reaction). We report a catalytic deamidative phosphorylation of a wide range of amides using a palladium or nickel catalyst giving aryl phosphonates in good to excellent yields. The present method tolerates a wide range of functional groups. The reaction constitutes the first example of a transition‐metal‐catalyzed generation of C−P bonds from amides. This redox‐neutral protocol can be combined with site‐selective conventional cross‐coupling for the regioselective synthesis of potential pharmacophores. Mechanistic studies suggest an oxidative addition/transmetallation pathway. In light of the importance of amides and phosphonates as synthetic intermediates, we envision that this Pd and Ni‐catalyzed C−P bond forming method will find broad application.