The formation and physicochemical characterization of Al2O3-doped manganese ferrites

Mn/Fe mixed oxide solids doped with Al₂O₃ (0.32-1.27 wt.%) were prepared by impregnation of manganese nitrate with finely powdered ferric oxide, then treated with different amounts of aluminum nitrate. The obtained samples were calcined in air at 700-1000 °C for 6 h. The specific surface area (S_BET) and the catalytic activity of pure and doped precalcined at 700-1000 °C have been measured by using N₂ adsorption isotherms and CO oxidation by O₂. The structure and the phase changes were characterized by DTA and XRD techniques. The obtained results revealed that Mn₂O₃ interacted readily with Fe₂O₃ to produce well-crystallized manganese ferrite (MnFe₂O₄) at temperatures of 800 °C and above. The degree of propagation of this reaction increased by Al₂O₃-doping and also by increasing the heating temperature. The treatment with 1.27 wt.% Al₂O₃ followed by heating at 1000 °C resulted in complete conversion of Mn/Fe oxides into the corresponding ferrite phase. The catalytic activity and S_BET of pure and doped solids were found to decrease, by increasing both the calcination temperature and the amount of Al₂O₃ added, due to the enhanced formation of MnFe₂O₄ phase which is less reactive than the free oxides (Mn₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃). The activation energy of formation (ΔE) of MnFe₂O₄ was determined for pure and doped solids. The promotion effect of aluminum in formation of MnFe₂O₄ was attributed to an effective increase in the mobility of reacting cations.     

一锅法制备Co3O4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂及其光催化性能

以三聚氰胺和六水合氯化钴为原料,一锅法制备Co_3O_4负载的多孔石墨相氮化碳(Co_3O_4/g-C_3N_4)复合光催化材料。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、光致发光光谱(PL)等手段对其结构和光学特性进行表征。以盐酸四环素(TC)为目标污染物,评价了不同负载量Co_3O_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂的可见光催化性能。结果表明,所制备的Co_3O_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂为多孔结构,其比表面积较大,并在可见光区域具有显著的吸收。利用原位生成的Co_3O_4纳米粒子在氮化碳表面形成异质结构,可有效转移光生载流子,降低光生电子-空穴的再结合率,从而提高光催化活性。并且存在最佳Co_3O_4复合量,当六水合氯化钴加入量为三聚氰胺的8%(w/w)时,所制备的复合光催化剂CoCN-8具有最佳的光催化性能。在可见光的照射下,60 min内可降解85%的TC,而同样条件下,纯g-C_3N_4仅降解23%的TC。     

Ag3PO4/Ag2S/g-C3N4复合光催化剂的制备与性能

通过沉积法和离子交换法成功地制备了Ag_3PO_4/Ag_2S/g-C_3N_4复合型光催化剂。利用X射线多晶粉末衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、N_2吸附-脱附等温线、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、荧光光谱等手段对样品进行了表征。通过降解罗丹明B考察其可见光催化活性及稳定性,研究了硫化钠与磷酸银物质的量的比值(n_(Na_2S)/n_(Ag_3PO_4))、g-C_3N_4添加量对所制备复合光催化材料性能的影响,同时对光催化机理进行了探讨。结果表明,随着n_(Na2S)/n_(Ag3PO4)的增加,所得复合催化材料活性先增加后降低;当n_(Na2S)/n_(Ag_3PO_4)为1.5%、g-C_3N_4与Ag_3PO_4的质量比为3∶7时制备的催化剂ASC1.5的光催化活性最好,在可见光照射下,40 min内可将罗丹明B完全降解,且5次循环使用后仍保持较高的催化活性。和Ag_3PO_4相比,Ag_3PO_4/Ag_2S/g-C_3N_4复合型光催化材料的活性与稳定性都得到明显提高,这主要归因于复合催化剂比表面积和孔结构的增加,载流子分离效率的提高。光催化机理研究表明,空穴(h~+)、超氧阴离子自由基(·O~(2-))和羟基自由基(·OH)都是光催化过程中的主要活性物种。三者作用大小依次为:h~+·O~(2-)·OH。     

MoO3-C3N4复合光催化剂的可见光下高效催化降解甲基橙

以钼酸铵和C₃N₄为前驱体,利用浸渍法成功制备了高性能MoO₃-C₃N₄复合光催化剂,利用X射线衍射（XRD）、傅里叶红外（FT-IR）、高分辨电镜（HRTEM）及N₂吸附-脱附曲线等测试手段对所得MoO₃-C₃N₄光催化剂进行了结构和形貌表征。以可见光下光催化降解甲基橙反应表征MoO₃-C₃N₄的光催化活性。实验结果表明,MoO₃-C₃N₄光催化剂具有非常好的光催化降解性能,且MoO₃含量对反应活性产生显著影响。当MoO₃含量为1.6%（w/w）时光催化活性最好,其速率常数达到C₃N₄的50倍。通过研究发现该复合催化剂的高活性来自于其Z型光生载流子传输过程,抑制了光生电子空穴对的复合并延长了引入MoO₃产生的载流子的寿命。     

Preparation, characterization and the standard enthalpy of formation of La0.95MnO3+δ and Sm0.95MnO3+δ

Among the perovskites, the rare earth manganites find application in several electrochemical devices because of their enhanced thermodynamic stability. In this paper, we present the results obtained on the preparation and characterization of La_0.95MnO_3+δ and Sm_0.95MnO_3+δ which were prepared by the solid state and sol–gel methods. XRD characterization of the manganites indicated that the crystal structure depends on the method of preparation and heat treatments. The ratio of Mn³⁺ to Mn⁴⁺ in these samples also depended on the method of preparation and heat treatments, as indicated by thermogravimetric (TG) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) studies in Ar + 5% H₂ atmosphere. The standard molar enthalpy of formation, which is a measure of the thermodynamic stability of these compounds were determined using an isoperibol calorimeter.     

Macroscopic and spectroscopic characterization of selenate, selenite, and chromate adsorption at the solid–water interface of γ-Al2O3

The interaction of selenate, selenite, and chromate with the hydrated surface of γ-Al₂O₃ was studied using a combination of macroscopic pH edge data, electrophoretic mobility measurements, and X-ray absorption spectroscopic analyses. The pH edge data show generally increased oxyanion adsorption with decreasing pH, and indicate ionic strength-(in)dependent adsorption of chromate and selenate across the pH range 4–9, and ionic strength-(in)dependent adsorption of selenite in this pH range. The adsorption of chromate peaks at pH 5.0, whereas for selenate and selenite no pH adsorption maxima are observed. Electrophoretic mobility measurements show that all three oxyanions decrease the zeta potential of γ-Al₂O₃ upon adsorption; however, only selenite decreased the pH_PZC of the γ-Al₂O₃ sorbent. EXAFS data indicate that selenite ions are coordinated in a bridging bidentate fashion to surface AlO₆ octahedra, whereas no second-neighbor Al scattering was observed for adsorbed selenate ions. Combined, the results presented here show that pH is a major factor in determining the extent of adsorption of selenate, selenite, and chromate on hydrated γ-Al₂O₃. The results point to substantial differences between these anions as to the mode of adsorption at the hydrated γ-Al₂O₃ surface, with selenate adsorbing as nonprotonated outer-sphere complexes, chromate forming a mixture of monoprotonated and nonprotonated outer-sphere adsorption complexes, and selenite coordinating as inner-sphere surface complexes in bridging configuration.     

g-C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)和亚稳相钙钛氧化物(CaTi_2O_5)固相法制备C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合材料。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及附带能谱分析仪(EDS)和N2吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计(UV-Vis)测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C_3N_4与CaTi_2O_5物质的量之比(nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5)对C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明:相比纯C_3N_4和CaTi_2O_5样品,C_3N_4/CaTi_2O_5复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当nC_3N_4/nCaTi_2O_5=1∶1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

g-C3N4/CaTi2O5复合材料制备及其光催化性能

利用类石墨氮化碳（g-C₃N₄）和亚稳相钙钛氧化物（CaTi₂O₅）固相法制备C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合材料。利用X射线衍射（XRD）、金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及附带能谱分析仪（EDS）和N₂吸附-脱附对样品的显微结构和比表面积进行检测分析,并用紫外-可见吸收光度计（UV-Vis）测试了样品的光吸收性能,研究C₃N₄与CaTi₂O₅物质的量之比（n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅）对C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品的物相结构和微观形貌的影响,同时考察C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品在可见光照射下光催化降解罗丹明染料效果。实验结果表明：相比纯C₃N₄和CaTi₂O₅样品,C₃N₄/CaTi₂O₅复合样品在可见光下具有较高的光催化性能,随着n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅增加,样品的光催化降解率随之增加而后降低,当n_C3N4/nCaTi₂O₅=1：1时,样品的光催化降解率达到最大值99.5%,并且循环重复利用5次后,样品的光催化剂降解率仍几乎保持不变。复合样品光催化性能提高主要归因于复合能级结构有效地抑制了电子和空穴复合所致。     

Fabrication and characterization of γ-Al2O3–clay composite ultrafiltration membrane for the separation of electrolytes from its aqueous solution

In this paper, we have reported the preparation of low cost γ-Al₂O₃ membrane on a macroporous clay support by dip-coating method. For the synthesis of γ-Al₂O₃ top layer on the support, a stable boehmite sol is prepared using aluminium chloride salt as a starting material by sol–gel route. The structural properties of the composite membrane as well as γ-Al₂O₃ powder is carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm data, Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The mean particle size of the boehmite sol used for coating is found to be 30.9 nm. The pore size distribution of the γ-Al₂O₃–clay composite membrane is found to be in the range of 5.4–13.6 nm. Separation performance of the membrane in terms of flux and rejection of single salts solution such as MgCl₂ and AlCl₃ as a function of pH, salt concentration and applied pressure is also studied. The rejection and flux behavior are found to be strongly dependent on electrostatic interaction between the charged molecules and γ-Al₂O₃–clay composite membrane. The intrinsic rejection has been determined by calculating the concentration at membrane surface (C_m) using Speigler–Kedem model. It is found that the observed rejection shows anomalous trend with increase in applied pressure and the intrinsic rejection increases with increase in applied pressure, a trend typical of the separation of electrolyte through charged membranes. At acidic pH, both the salt solution shows higher rejection. With increase in the salt concentration, observed rejection of salt decreases due to the enhanced concentration polarization. The maximum rejection of MgCl₂ and AlCl₃ is found to be 72% and 88%, respectively for salt concentration of 3000 ppm.     

Synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles by thermal decomposition of a [bis(salicylidiminato)manganese(II)] complex

The present investigation reports on the novel synthesis of Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles using thermal decomposition and their physicochemical characterization. The Mn₃O₄ nanoparticle powder has been prepared using [bis(salicylidiminato)manganese(II)] as a precursor. The effect of oleyl amine and triphenylphosphine on the particle morphology has been investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles with an average diameter of about 25 nm. The structural study by X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that these nanoparticles have a pure tetragonal phase. The phase pure samples were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for both Mn 2p and Mn 3s levels. The values of binding energies are consistent with related values reported in the literature.     

Ho3+/Yb3+共掺ZnO-Al2O3-GeO2-SiO2玻璃陶瓷的制备和上转换发光性质

综合ZnO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2系和锗酸盐玻璃陶瓷的优点,采用熔融-晶化法首次制备了Ho~(3+)/Yb~(3+)共掺以ZnAl_2O_4为主晶相的ZnO-Al_2O_3-GeO_2-SiO_2系玻璃陶瓷。因[GeO_4]四面体和[SiO_4]四面体都是玻璃网络形成体,讨论了GeO_2取代SiO_2对玻璃陶瓷样品硬度及发光性能的影响,最终确定GeO_2的取代量为10.55%(w/w)时,玻璃陶瓷综合性能最佳。在980 nm泵浦光的激发下,发现强的绿色(546 nm)和弱的红色(650 nm)上转换发光,并研究了不同Ho~(3+)/Yb~(3+)掺杂比对样品上转换发光的影响,最终结果表明当Ho~(3+)/Yb~(3+)掺杂比为1∶11(n/n)时样品荧光强度最强,在绿色上转换发光材料方面具有潜在的应用。     

Preparation of ZrO2-TiO2-CeO2 and Its Application in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3

TiO₂,ZrO₂-TiO₂,andZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ were prepared by co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area measurements (BET), temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results showed that ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ exhibited large number of surface strong acid, possessed some oxygen storage capacity, and strong redox property. The three materials were used as supports and the monolith catalysts were prepared with 1% (w) V₂O₅ and 9% (w)WO₃ for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia in the presence of excessive O₂, and the results of catalytic activity showed that the catalyst used ZrO₂-TiO₂-CeO₂ as support yielded nearly 100% NO conversion at 275 °C at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10000 h⁻¹, and it had the best catalytic activity and showed great potential for practical application.     

Orthorhombic–orthorhombic phase transitions in Nd2NiO4+δ (0.067≤δ≤0.224)

Variation of the phases of Nd₂NiO_4+δ with the excess oxygen concentration δ has been examined at room temperature in the range 0.067≤δ≤0.224 using the X-ray powder diffraction technique. The phases observed at room temperature are orthorhombic-I (0.21<δ≤0.224), orthorhombic-IV (0.175<δ≤0.21), orthorhombic-II (0.15<δ≤0.175), orthorhombic-II+quasi-tetragonal-I (0.10<δ≤0.15), and quasi-tetragonal-I (0.067<δ≤0.10).     

High-pressure preparation, crystal structure, and properties of the new rare-earth oxoborate β-Dy2B4O9

In this work we report about a new rare-earth oxoborate β-Dy₂B₄O₉ synthesized under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions from Dy₂O₃ and boron oxide B₂O₃ in a B₂O₃/Na₂O₂ flux with a walker-type multianvil apparatus at 8 GPa and 1000°C. Single crystal X-ray structure determination of β-Dy₂B₄O₉ revealed: , a=616.2(1) pm, b=642.8(1) pm, c=748.5(1) pm, α=102.54(1)°, β=97.08(1)°, γ=102.45(1)°, Z=2, R1=0.0151, wR₂=0.0475 (all data). The compound exhibits a new structure type which is built up from bands of linked BO₃- (Δ) and tetrahedral BO₄-groups (□). The Dy³⁺-cations are positioned in the voids between the bands. According to the conception of fundamental building blocks β-Dy₂B₄O₉ can be classified with the notation 2Δ6□:Δ3□=4□=3□Δ. Furthermore we report about temperature-resolved in situ powder diffraction measurements and IR-spectroscopic investigations on β-Dy₂B₄O₉.     

Cr3+在不同基质Y3Ga5O12或Ga2O3中的荧光特性

以Ga_2O_3、Y_2O_3、Cr(NO_3)_3·9H_2O为原料,柠檬酸为配位剂,通过溶胶-凝胶高温固相合成法制备出Ga_(2-2x)O_3∶2xCr~(3+)(Ga_2O_3∶xCr)与Y_3Ga_(5-5x)O_(12)∶5xCr~(3+)(YGG∶xCr)2种多晶粉体(x=0.01,0.03,0.05,0.07)。并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、荧光光谱(PL)对样品的结构、组成、形貌和荧光性能进行测试分析。XRD和IR分析结果显示在900℃煅烧后Ga_2O_3∶xCr和YGG∶xCr两种样品均成相。SEM照片显示Ga_2O_3∶xCr样品形貌为柱形多面体,YGG∶xCr为短棒状。PL结果显示Cr~(3+)在Ga_2O_3和YGG两种基质中的最强荧光发射峰分别位于742和740 nm,均属于Cr~(3+)的~2E-~4A_2跃迁,对比发现Cr~(3+)在YGG基质中的荧光发射强度更强,在远红光区的荧光性能更好,能满足温室照明中植物光合作用的需求。     

Uniform AMoO4:Ln (A=Sr, Ba; Ln=Eu, Tb) submicron particles: Solvothermal synthesis and luminescent properties

Rare-earth ions (Eu³⁺, Tb³⁺) doped AMoO₄ (A=Sr, Ba) particles with uniform morphologies were successfully prepared through a facile solvothermal process using ethylene glycol (EG) as protecting agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), photoluminescence (PL) spectra and the kinetic decays were performed to characterize these samples. The XRD results reveal that all the doped samples are of high purity and crystallinity and assigned to the tetragonal scheelite-type structure of the AMoO₄ phase. It has been shown that the as-synthesized SrMoO₄:Ln and BaMoO₄:Ln samples show respective uniform peanut-like and oval morphologies with narrow size distribution. The possible growth process of the AMoO₄:Ln has been investigated in detail. The EG/H₂O volume ratio, reaction temperature and time have obvious effect on the morphologies and sizes of the as-synthesized products. Upon excitation by ultraviolet radiation, the AMoO₄:Eu³⁺ phosphors show the characteristic ⁵D₀–⁷F_1–4 emission lines of Eu³⁺, while the AMoO₄:Tb³⁺ phosphors exhibit the characteristic ⁵D₄–⁷F_3–6 emission lines of Tb³⁺. These phosphors exhibit potential applications in the fields of fluorescent lamps and light emitting diodes (LEDs).     

Bulk and surface structures of V2O5/ZrO2 catalysts for n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation

The present investigation focuses on the structural properties and reactivity of zirconia-supported vanadium oxide catalysts, prepared by equilibrium adsorption in basic (pH 10) or in acid (pH 2.7) conditions with vanadium content up to 6 wt.% (pH 10) and up to 11.6 wt.% (pH 2.7). The samples, heated at 823 K for 5 h in air, were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and TPR, both as prepared and after leaching with an ammonia solution to remove species not anchored to the zirconia surface. Some representative samples were also tested for the n-butane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction. Depending on vanadium content, various vanadium species were identified by Raman spectroscopy that reacted differently on exposure to H₂. At similar loading, the fraction of vanadium in a dispersed state and thus interacting with the support was higher in samples prepared at pH 10 than in those at pH 2.7. Samples prepared at pH 2.7 contained a higher fraction of large polymeric structures in addition to ZrV₂O₇ and V₂O₅.In line with literature data for propane ODH on similar catalysts, our catalytic results suggested that the active sites for the ODH reaction are associated with the V–O–V bonds of the polymeric exposed structures, whereas the Zr–O–V sites favour alkane combustion.     

Ho3+/Yb3+共掺ZnO-Al2O3-GeO2-SiO2玻璃陶瓷的制备和上转换发光性质

综合ZnO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂系和锗酸盐玻璃陶瓷的优点,采用熔融-晶化法首次制备了Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺共掺以ZnAl₂O₄为主晶相的ZnO-Al₂O₃-GeO₂-SiO₂系玻璃陶瓷。因[GeO₄]四面体和[SiO₄]四面体都是玻璃网络形成体,讨论了GeO₂取代SiO₂对玻璃陶瓷样品硬度及发光性能的影响,最终确定GeO₂的取代量为10.55%（w/w）时,玻璃陶瓷综合性能最佳。在980 nm泵浦光的激发下,发现强的绿色（546 nm）和弱的红色（650 nm）上转换发光,并研究了不同Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺掺杂比对样品上转换发光的影响,最终结果表明当Ho³⁺/Yb³⁺掺杂比为1：11（n/n）时样品荧光强度最强,在绿色上转换发光材料方面具有潜在的应用。     

Structure, crystal chemistry and thermal evolution of the δ-Bi2O3-related phase Bi9ReO17

The thermal evolution and structural properties of fluorite-related δ-Bi₂O₃-type Bi₉ReO₁₇ were studied with variable temperature neutron powder diffraction, synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and electron diffraction. The thermodynamically stable room-temperature crystal structure is monoclinic P2₁/c, a=9.89917(5), b=19.70356(10), c=11.61597(6) Å, β=125.302(2)° (R_p=3.51%, wR_p=3.60%) and features clusters of ReO₄ tetrahedra embedded in a distorted Bi–O fluorite-like network. This phase is stable up to 725 °C whereupon it transforms to a disordered δ-Bi₂O₃-like phase, which was modeled with δ-Bi₂O₃ in cubic Fm3¯m with a=5.7809(1) Å (R_p=2.49%, wR_p=2.44%) at 750 °C. Quenching from above 725 °C leads to a different phase, the structure of which has not been solved but appears on the basis of spectroscopic evidence to contain both ReO₄ tetrahedra and ReO₆ octahedra.     

Synthesis and characterization of Fe2O3/SiO2 nanocomposites

Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ nanocomposites based on fumed silica A-300 (S_BET = 337 m²/g) with iron oxide deposits at different content were synthesized using Fe(III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)₃) dissolved in isopropyl alcohol or carbon tetrachloride for impregnation of the nanosilica powder at different amounts of Fe(acac)₃ then oxidized in air at 400–900 °C. Samples with Fe(acac)₃ adsorbed onto nanosilica and samples with Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ including 6–17 wt% of Fe₂O₃ were investigated using XRD, XPS, TG/DTA, TPD MS, FTIR, AFM, nitrogen adsorption, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry methods. The structural characteristics and phase composition of Fe₂O₃ deposits depend on reaction conditions, solvent type, content of grafted iron oxide, and post-reaction treatments. The iron oxide deposits on A-300 (impregnated by the Fe(acac)₃ solution in isopropanol) treated at 500–600 °C include several phases characterized by different nanoparticle size distributions; however, in the case of impregnation of A-300 by the Fe(acac)₃ solution in carbon tetrachloride only α-Fe₂O₃ phase is formed in addition to amorphous Fe₂O₃. The Fe₂O₃/SiO₂ materials remain loose (similar to the A-300 matrix) at the bulk density of 0.12–0.15 g/cm³ and S_BET = 265–310 m²/g.