行星际日冕物质抛射引起福布斯下降的一维随机微分模拟

福布斯下降(Forbush decrease,FD)是银河宇宙线(galactic cosmic rays,GCRs)受短期剧烈太阳活动调制的重要现象之一.本文设GCRs进入由行星际日冕物质抛射(interplanetary coronal mass ejection,ICME)及其前沿激波共同形成的扰动区时,其径向扩散系数κ_(rr)受抑制变为μ(r)·κ_(rr)(0μ(r)1),且抑制强度与粒子位置处的太阳风等离子体速度正相关.对任意时刻的扰动区,抑制系数μ(r)在激波处最小为μ(r_(sh)),并按指数规律增大,在ICME尾部归一.CME爆发时,μ(r_(sh))取全局最小值μm.在扰动区向日球层外传播的过程中,μ(r_(sh))逐步恢复为1.在此基础上,根据GOES和ACE卫星观测确定模型参数,用一维随机微分方程描述GCRs在日球层内的传播,并采用倒向随机方法模拟了一个由独立Halo ICME调制GCRs引起的2005年5月15日FD事件.计算所得地面中子通量的主相、恢复相及其在CME到达地球前的增加过程,均与Oulu中子探测器观测结果一致.     

银河系宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源学说

 20世纪初，随着人们对空气电离度测量精度的不断提高，大气电离现象被普遍观测到并被归因于放射性元素衰变产生的高能辐射。1911~1913年奥地利物理学家维克托·赫斯（Victor Franz Hess）通过一系列高空气球实验发现了来自外太空的可以导致空气电离的辐射--宇宙线^①，他也因此获得了来自于河外高能天体源。能量低于109eV （1GeV）的宇宙线由于受太阳风的影响，很难到达地球附近。由太阳活动产生的高能粒子的能量通常也低于1 GeV⑦，因此在地球附近观测到的能量低于1 GeV的高能粒子主要产生于太阳系。虽然银河系中很多高能天体都可以产生宇宙线，但是超新星遗迹被普遍认为是最主要的银河系宇宙线源。这就是所谓的银河系宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源学说。1936年的诺贝尔物理学奖（图1（a））。20世纪30年代，人们通过对来自地球东西方向宇宙线流量不对称性的分析，逐渐认识到它们主要是由带正电的高能粒子组成，受地球磁场影响，来自西方的宇宙线流量更高。后来的一系列研究表明，99%的宇宙线是原子核，其中约10%为α粒子即氦核，更重的原子核占1%左右。考虑到宇宙线的高流量，1934年巴德（W.Baade）和兹维基（F.Zwicky）指出，它们可能来自于超新星爆发^②。由于宇宙线粒子带电，在星际介质中传播时将受到星际磁场的影响，因此地球附近观测到的宇宙线空间分布几乎是各向同性的，这也导致我们无法通过对宇宙线的成像观测来确定宇宙线源。但是宇宙线可以和背景等离子体相互作用产生从射电到伽马射线的电磁辐射，随着射电天文、X射线天文、伽马射线天文的发展，人们不仅发现了超新星爆发产生宇宙线的观测证据，还发现了其他一些可以产生宇宙线的高能天体^③~⑥。     

赤道面磁层顶位形的磁流体力学模拟研究

磁层顶位置和形状的动态特征描绘是地球物理和空间物理研究的难点之一.文章基于太阳风-磁层-电离层耦合的全球磁流体力学（MHD）数值模拟,运用电流密度极大法确定磁层顶位形,并具体研究两种典型太阳风动压（D_p）和几种不同行星际磁场的z分量（B_z）条件下,地球赤道面上方磁层顶动态特征.模拟结果显示,磁层顶日下点高度r₀主要由D_p控制.随着D_p增加,磁层顶被压缩,r₀显著减小.相同D_p条件下,在B_z由南向（B_z<0）逐渐减小,并转为北向（B_z>0）逐渐增大的过程中,r₀缓慢增大.不同条件下,磁层项张角φ变化较小,反映了赤道面磁层顶结构的相似性.与Shue98低纬磁层顶经验模型比较,MHD模拟能再现磁层顶日下点位置r₀对D_p的响应,而r₀随B_z变化的饱和性仅出现在低速太阳风条件下.MHD模拟和经验模型的磁层项张角φ差别小于2.5°,但模拟显示φ随B_z的变化趋势并非简单线性关系.     

宇宙线的百年研究

二十年的大气电离之谜导致了宇宙线的发现．宇宙线的研究打开了粒子物理学的大门．而今天，宇宙线又为银河系外的天体物理学开启了一扇窗口．     

磁层顶中的低混杂漂移不稳定性

本文讨论了具有简单结构磁层顶中的低混杂漂移不稳定性,假定在磁层顶中磁场方向是相互平行的,电子与离子的密度处处相等,总压力为一常数,采用1971年Alpers建立的分布函数做为零级分布,计算了下混杂漂移不稳定性的增长率和饱和时相应的反常电阻,计算表明,当磁层顶厚度接近两个质子迴旋半径时,低混杂漂移不稳定性的增长率约为0.26ω_LH(ω_LH为低混杂频率),反常电阻率为10^-5sec,随着磁层顶厚度成倍增加,反常电阻率以指数形式下降。 关键词：     

银河宇宙线起源、加速和传播问题的一些研究进展

 宇宙线研究在我国已经走过了半个多世纪,从20 世纪50 年代建于云南落雪山海拔约3180 米的观测站,到文革后建于西藏甘巴拉山海拔近5400 米的高山乳胶实验观测站,再到1990 年建成的位于海拔4270 米的羊八井国际宇宙线观测站,我国研究人员为揭示宇宙线的奥秘进行了不懈的努力,作出了重要的贡献。本文,结合国外相关研究,介绍我国在银河宇宙线起源、加速和传播问题的研究方面所取得的一些新进展。     

三萘基膦在Ag(110)面上沉积的紫外光电子能谱研究

利用紫外光电子能谱（UPS）对新型有机半导体三萘基膦（TNP）在金属Ag(110)表面上沉积生长及其电子性质等进行了研究.三萘基膦的价带谱峰分别位于费米能级以下38，63，93和110 eV处，其中，价带顶 (HOS)位于费米能级以下约25 eV处.清洁Ag(110)表面的功函数为43 eV.随着三萘基膦在Ag(110)表面的沉积，功函数减小到38 eV，并达到饱和.根据UPS的测量结果，给出了三萘基膦/Ag(110)界面的能带结构，且三萘基膦与衬底Ag之间呈弱相互作用行为. 关键词： 紫外光电子谱 价电子结构 功函数     

一个和X级太阳耀斑相关的甚高能GLE事件

分析怀柔宇宙线EAS阵列在1991年6月份的计数率,数据表明在6月15日的太阳X12/3B级大耀斑后的GLE事件持续期间,TeV能区的宇宙线强度在25min内比通常有将近4a的超出,增强过程持续约25min.     

近地空间宇宙线荷电粒子暴与地震的关联

 从宇宙线早期研究中,已经观测到它的强度有1日,27日和11年的周期变化,这与太阳的调制过程有关。同时也观测到因气象原因引起宇宙线强度的变化,如温度,气压和季节效应。随着科学技术的飞速发展,特别是用各种各样的航天器运载探测器研究大气外层空间的宇宙线瞬间变化,得到一些有意义的结果。太阳照射到地球大气层顶部的电磁辐射能流为10¹⁰erg·m^-2·s-1,而宇宙线粒子总能流约要比它低八个量级,似乎可以忽略不计。但宇宙线穿过大气层损失绝大部分能量,产生正负离子,它们是形成云雾水珠的凝结核,也能触发雷暴和闪电,对大气层中很多物理过程都有影响。     

SrTiO3金属-绝缘体-半导体结构的介电与界面特性

采用金属有机分解法在p型Si衬底上制备了SrTiO3（STO）薄膜.研究了STO薄膜金属 绝缘体 半导体(MIS)结构的介电和界面特性.结果表明，STO薄膜显示出优异的介电性能，在10kHz处的介电常数约为105，损耗低于001，这来源于多晶结构和良好的结晶性；MIS结构中的固定电荷密度Nf和界面态密度Dit分别约为15×1012cm-2和(14—35)×1012cm-2eV-1，这主要与Si/STO界面处形成的低介电常数界面层有关. 关键词： SrTiO3薄膜 MIS结构 介电性能 Si/STO界面     

A Statistic Model for Galactic Cosmic Rays

Supposed that all of cosmic ray particles of energy below 3×10¹⁸eV are mainly originated and accelerated in an individual explosion of the galactic supernovae(SNs).By using an isotropic diffusion propagation model,non-steady state density of the iron nucleus is investigated.Considering the effect of extra-galactic cosmic rays and the variety of the galactic cosmic ray nuclei,the statistic model of galactic cosmic rays with a reasonable distribution of the SNs in space and time can account for the spectrum of cosmic ray in the energy range of 10¹²—10²⁰eV quitewell.     

Analysis of Forbush decreases observed using a muon telescope in Antarctica starting on 21 June 2015

A cosmic-ray muon telescope has been collecting data since the end of 2014, which was shortly after the telescope was built in the Zhongshan Station of Antarctica. The telescope is the first observation device to be built by Chinese scientists in Antarctica. The pressure change is very strong in Zhongshan station. The count rate of the pressure correction results shows that the large variations in the count rate are likely caused by pressure fluctuations. During the period from 18 June to 22 June 2015, four halo coronal mass ejections(CMEs) were ejected from the Sun. These CMEs initiated a series of Forbush decreases(FD) when they reached the Earth. We conducted a comprehensive study of the intensity fluctuations of galactic cosmic rays recorded during FDs. The intensity fluctuations used in this study were collected by cosmic ray detectors of multiple stations(Zhongshan, McMurdo,South Polar, and Nagoya), and the solar wind measurements were collected by ACE and WIND. The profile of the FD of 22 June demonstrated a four-step decrease. The traditional one-or two-step FD classification method does not adequately explain the FD profile results. The interaction between the faster CME that occurred on 21 June 2015 and the two slow CMEs of the earlier few days should be considered. The cosmic ray intensities of the South Pole,McMurdo, and Zhongshan stations have similar hourly variations, whereas the galactic cosmic rays recorded between polar and non-polar locations are distinct. The FD pre-increase of 22 June 2015 for the Nagoya muon telescope(non-polar location) lags those of the McMurdo and Zhongshan stations(polar locations) by 1 h. The FD onset of22 June 2015 for the Nagoya muon telescope lags those of the polar locations by 1 h.     

Behavior of the cosmic-ray vector anisotropy before interplanetary shocks

The behavior of the galactic cosmic ray density and vector anisotropy during geomagnetic storms with sudden storm commencements has been investigated based on the global survey data. It is shown that the average anisotropy significantly increases directly before a sudden storm commencement; the larger the subsequent Forbush decrease, the larger the increase in anisotropy. The averaged values of the CR anisotropy and density start to be affected by the shock wave approximately 5 h before its arrival. Changes in the anisotropy direction (especially for west Forbush sources) can be observed much earlier.     

Cosmic Ray Electrons and Protons,and Their Antiparticles

Cosmic rays are a sample of solar, galactic, and extragalactic matter. Their origin, acceleration mechanisms, and subsequent propagation toward Earth have intrigued scientists since their discovery. These issues can be studied via analysis of the energy spectra and composition of cosmic rays. Protons are the most abundant component of the cosmic radiation, and many experiments have been dedicated to the accurate measurement of their spectra. Complementary information is provided by electrons, which comprise about 1 % of the cosmic radiation. Because of their low mass, electrons experience severe energy losses through synchrotron emission in the galactic magnetic field and inverse Compton scattering of radiation fields. Electrons therefore provide information on the local galactic environment that is not accessible from the study of the cosmic ray nuclei. Antiparticles, namely antiprotons and positrons, are produced in the interaction between cosmic ray nuclei and the interstellar matter. They are therefore intimately linked to the propagation mechanisms of the parent nuclei. Novel sources of primary cosmic ray antiparticles of either astrophysical (e.g., positrons from pulsars) or exotic origin (e.g., annihilation of dark matter particles) may exist. The nature of dark matter is one of the most prominent open questions in science today. An observation of positrons from pulsars would open a new observation window on these sources. Several experiments equipped with state-of-the art detector systems have recently presented results on the energy spectra of electrons, protons, and their antiparticles with a significant improvement in statistics and better control of systematics. The status of the field will be reviewed, with a focus on these recent scientific results.     

The problems of cosmic ray particle simulation for the near-Earth orbital and interplanetary flight conditions

A wide range of the galactic cosmic ray and SEP event flux simulation problems for the near-Earth satellite and manned spacecraft orbits and for the interplanetary mission trajectories are discussed. The models of the galactic cosmic ray and SEP events in the Earth orbit beyond the Earth's magnetosphere are used as a basis. The particle fluxes in the near-Earth orbits should be calculated using the transmission functions. To calculate the functions, the dependences of the cutoff rigidities on the magnetic disturbance level and on magnetic local time have to be known. In the case of space flights towards the Sun and to the boundary of the solar system, particular attention is paid to the changes in the SEP event occurrence frequency and size. The particle flux gradients are applied in this case to galactic cosmic ray fluxes.     

Effect of long-term variability of galactic cosmic ray fluxes on climatic parameters

Using of 200-year variations in solar activity and geomagnetic dipole changes in the time interval to 100000 years ago it is shown geophysical parameters effectively influence climate change. This effect is realized through modulation of the intensity of galactic cosmic ray fluxes penetrating the atmosphere.     

Diffusion of cosmic rays in a model with interstellar turbulence damping due to interaction with energetic particles

A self-consistent model of galactic cosmic ray transport is considered. The resonance wave–particle interaction in this model causes a cascade of magnetosonic waves to decay in the interstellar medium. The calculated coefficient of diffusion of cosmic rays in the Galaxy has a characteristic minimum at an energy of several GeV/nucleon, which agrees with the empirical diffusion model of cosmic ray propagation.     

Violation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cutoff: a tempest in a (magnetic) Teapot? Why cosmic ray energies above 10(20) eV may not require new physics

The apparent lack of suitable astrophysical sources for the observed highest energy cosmic rays within approximately 20 Mpc is the "Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) paradox." We constrain representative models of the extragalactic magnetic field structure by Faraday rotation measurements; limits are at the microG level rather than the nG level usually assumed. In such fields, even the highest energy cosmic rays experience large deflections. This allows nearby active galactic nuclei (possibly quiet today) or gamma ray bursts to be the source of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays without contradicting the GZK distance limit.     

Two-decade experience of application of plastic nuclear track detectors to cosmic ray research on satellites and orbital space stations

The work generalizes the results obtained during the last two decades in our spaceborne experiments aimed at studying galactic cosmic rays and cosmic ray anomalous component and carried out using solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) mounted mostly outside spacecraft. The experimental equipment and the techniques for identifying cosmic ray ions and for calculating particle flux values are described. The experimental data are used to construct a modified model for the fluxes and spectra of cosmic ray protons and heavy nuclei to be calculated to within a higher accuracy compared with the earlier models.