应用瑞利-李兹法求高阶频率时剪力边界条件的效应

在应用瑞利-李兹法求解细长梁和杆的静挠度、最小临界力和基频时,教材和文献都指出剪力边界条件的效应很弱,因此剪力一般可以不予考虑. 然而,本文通过例子指出剪力边界条件对高阶(尢其是最高阶) 的固有频率有着显著的影响,而且它的影响并不能通过增加位移函数的项数来予以消除.     

关于瑞利-李兹方法边界条件的讨论

 在应用瑞利-李兹方法时, 一般教材仅提及假设的挠曲线应满足位移边界条件(挠度$y$与转角$\d y/\d x$), 而没有强调另外两个边界条件$\d^{2}y/\d x^{2}$及$\d^{3}y/\d x^{3}$的重要性. 这两个边界条件经胡克定律可与弯矩及剪力关联起来, 称为力边界条件. 通过例子指出当力边界条件不满足时, 可能造成误差很大. 亦对两个力边界条件的相对重要性作了扼要的讨论.     

有限长圆柱轴承非稳态油膜力的级数解法

本文用分离变量法求解雷诺方程，在π油膜的假设下，求得雷诺方程应满足的特征值与用傅立叶级数表达的特征函数，进而求得有限长轴的非特急油膜力解析表达式。为分析轴承转子系统的非线性动力特性提供了帮助。     

轴向槽动压滑动轴承非线性油膜力解析模型

本文中提出了一种求解流体润滑轴向槽径向滑动轴承非线性油膜力的解析模型.采用油膜气穴边界条件,基于Sturm-Liouville理论,求解了非线性油膜的压力分布.为了便于求解油膜动压润滑的Reynolds方程,将油膜压力函数分解为特解和通解相加的形式,润滑油膜的破裂位置通过连续性条件确定.运用分离变量法,将特解的压力分布分解为周向分离函数和轴向分离函数相加的形式,周向分离函数运用Sommerfeld变换求解.将通解的压力分布分解为周向分离函数和轴向分离函数相乘的形式.采用变量代换,将周向分离函数方程转化为Sturm-Liouville型方程,根据边界条件求得本征值和本征函数系,进而得到通解的周向压力分布;通过求解微分方程,得出轴向分离函数为含本征值的双曲正切函数.在油膜完备区域,对油膜压力分布的解析表达式进行积分,从而求得有限宽轴向槽径向滑动轴承非线性油膜力.计算结果表明:本文中提出的方法和有限差分法的结果吻合得较好,验证了本文中所提出解析模型的正确有效性.     

有限长滑动轴承非线性油膜力的近似解法

本文中提出了一种求解有限长径向滑动轴承非线性油膜力的近似解析方法.在滑动轴承-转子系统非线性动力行为分析中,油膜力计算模型通常采用"π"油膜假设,但是,实际工况中油膜的存在区域并非是"π"区域,运行时油膜中出现气穴,破裂成条纹状(即具有Reynolds边界条件).本文中的近似解析方法采用Reynolds边界条件,基于变分原理,运用分离变量法求解油膜的压力分布,其中油膜压力的周向分离函数通过无限长轴承的油膜压力分布获得,油膜的破裂终止位置角通过连续条件确定,轴向分离函数运用变分原理并结合周向函数求得.计算结果表明:本文中提出的方法和有限元方法的结果吻合得很好.在此基础上,分析了一些轴承参数对油膜压力分布的影响.     

滑动轴承非线性油膜力的神经网络模型

在已有的滑动轴承非线性油膜力数据库基础上 ,将轴承的位置和速度参数加以综合 ,利用变量状态空间变换将分段的油膜力数据转换成连续的数据空间 ,建立非线性油膜力连续型数据库和相应的网络模型 .以圆轴承 -转子系统为例 ,分别采用有限差分法、数据库法和 BP网络模型计算了轴承系统的非线性油膜力和轴心轨迹 .结果表明 ,网络模型计算结果与基于数值方法的结果较为吻合 ,可以显著地提高轴承系统的计算效率     

滑动轴承油膜力Jacobi矩阵的一种快速算法

基于变分不等方程理论,把滑动轴承油膜力及其Jacobi矩阵的求解转换为求解一组三对角矩阵代数方程,采用一种修正的追赶法同步快速求解。同时将系数矩阵分解为轴颈运动相关量和常矩阵乘积叠加的形式,常矩阵一次求得反复调用,大大减少冗余运算。算例表明,采用本文算法,结果精度得到保证,运算时间大幅减少,能很好地揭示滑动轴承-转子系统的非线性动力特性。     

有限长轴承非稳态油膜力自由-移动边界问题的有限条解法

讨论了不可压缩流体润滑的动载径向滑动轴承油膜压力分布的自由移动边界问题的有限条解法．将自由边界问题转化为全域(矩形域)的具有不等式约束的微分方程的边值问题,进一步化为具有不等式约束的泛函极值问题。借助有限条法在矩形域上离散这个泛函,得到了一个特殊的二次泛函的规化问题。通过变量平移变换,使其化为标准的二次规划问题。然后借助于牛顿非光滑算法,迭代求解非线性的互补方程。给出了有限长轴承真实的油膜应力分布。对于所求解方程的系数矩阵的高度稀疏性。给出了紧缩存储算法。节省了存储空间和减少了计算量。算例表明该方法是有效的。     

轴承非线性油膜力的一种变分近似解

基于自由边值理论和凸集上的变分方法，提出一种求解当轴颈大扰动时实际轴承瞬态油膜力的近似公式。公式中引入一个参数来模拟油膜破裂自由边界（雷诺边界条件），则凸集上的泛函极值问题就转换为求此参数的代数极值问题。对椭圆轴承在轴颈作大范围扰动情况下的计算结果表明，这一方法达到了很高的精度，可用于转子－轴承系统的非线性动力分析，能大量降低数值计算瞬态油膜力所需的计算量。     

非稳态非线性油膜力作用下柔性轴裂纹转子的动力特性分析

分析了在动载轴承非稳态非线性油膜力作用下,具有横向裂纹柔性轴Jeffcott转子在非线性涡动影响下的动力特性.通过数值计算表明,在油膜失稳转速前,随着裂纹轴刚度变化比的增大,系统在低转速区域内具有丰富的非线性动力行为,出现倍周期分叉及混沌现象,涡动振幅随转速升高而减小,直到非稳态非线性油膜失稳.在无裂纹转子油膜临界失稳点处发现了类Hopf分叉现象,系统运动由平衡变为拟周期运动;裂纹转子在油膜临界失稳时的系统运动亦为拟周期运动.裂纹转子轴刚度变化对油膜失稳点及油膜失稳之后转子的运动影响不大,转子系统作拟周期运动.     

非定常短轴承油膜力公式的变分修正

本文采用了变分方法对非定常短轴承的油膜压力分布公式进行了修正，既保留了短轴承公式的简洁形式，又使其适用于大长径比轴承。得出了具有足够精度、适合轴颈大扰动情况下的有限长圆柱轴承非定常油膜力的解析公式。与差分充零算法相比，短轴承公式的结果在轴承长径比为0．6时，误差已经超过百分之二百，而本方法计算结果的误差小于百分之五。因此采用本方法既提高了短轴承油膜力公式的计算精度，又保持了油膜力公式的简洁形式，不失为进行转子-轴承系统非线性动力分析的一种有效方法。     

Numerical method for unsteady compressible boundary layers driven by compression or expansion wave

A numerical analysis is presented for the unsteady compressible laminar boundary layer driven by a compression or expansion wave. Approximate or series expansion methods have been used for the problems because of the characteristics of the governing equations, such as non-linearity, coupling with the thermal boundary layer equation and initial conditions. Here a transformation of the governing equations and the numerical linearization technique are introduced to deal with the difficulties. First, the governing equations are transformed for the initial conditions by Howarth and semisimilarity variables. These transformations reduce the number of independent variables from three to two and the governing equations from partial to ordinary differential equations at the initial point. Next, the numerical linearization technique is introduced for the non-linearity and the coupling with the thermal boundary layer equation. Because the non-linear terms are linearized without sacrifice of numerical accuracy, the solutions can be obtained without numerical iterations. Therefore the exact numerical solution, not approximate or series expansion, can be obtained. Compared with the approximate or series expansion method, this method is much improved. Results are compared with the series expansion solutions.     

Immersed boundary method for unsteady kinetic model equations

Predicting unsteady flows and aerodynamic forces for large displacement motion of microstructures requires transient solution of Boltzmann equation with moving boundaries. For the inclusion of moving complex boundaries for these problems, three immersed boundary method flux formulations (interpolation, relaxation, and interrelaxation) are presented. These formulations are implemented in a 2‐D finite volume method solver for ellipsoidal‐statistical (ES)‐Bhatnagar‐Gross‐Krook (BGK) equations using unstructured meshes. For the verification, a transient analytical solution for free molecular 1‐D flow is derived, and results are compared with the immersed boundary (IB)‐ES‐BGK methods. In 2‐D, methods are verified with the conformal, non‐moving finite volume method, and it is shown that the interrelaxation flux formulation gives an error less than the interpolation and relaxation methods for a given mesh size. Furthermore, formulations applied to a thermally induced flow for a heated beam near a cold substrate show that interrelaxation formulation gives more accurate solution in terms of heat flux. As a 2‐D unsteady application, IB/ES‐BGK methods are used to determine flow properties and damping forces for impulsive motion of microbeam due to high inertial forces. IB/ES‐BGK methods are compared with Navier–Stokes solution at low Knudsen numbers, and it is shown that velocity slip in the transitional rarefied regime reduces the unsteady damping force. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A boundary integral method for computing forces on particles in unsteady Stokes and linear viscoelastic fluids

Accurately characterizing the forces acting on particles in fluids is of fundamental importance for understanding particle dynamics and binding kinetics. Conventional asymptotic solutions may lead to poor accuracy for neighboring particles. In this paper, we develop an accurate boundary integral method to calculate forces exerted on particles for a given velocity field. We focus our study on the fundamental two‐bead oscillating problem in an axisymmetric frame. The idea is to exploit a correspondence principle between the unsteady Stokes and linear viscoelasticity in the Fourier domain such that a unifying boundary integral formulation can be established for the resulting Brinkman equation. In addition to the dimension reduction vested in a boundary integral method, our formulation only requires the evaluation of single‐layer integrals, which can be carried out efficiently and accurately by a hybrid numerical integration scheme based on kernel decompositions. Comparison with known analytic solutions and existing asymptotic solutions confirms the uniform third‐order accuracy in space of our numerical scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Implementation of slip boundary conditions in the finite volume method: new techniques

Two different techniques for the implementation of the linear and nonlinear slip boundary conditions into a finite volume method based numerical code are presented. For the linear Navier slip boundary condition, an implicit implementation in the system of equations is carried out for which there is no need for any relaxation, especially when handling high slip coefficients. For three different nonlinear slip boundary conditions, two different methods are devised, one based on solving a transcendental equation for the boundary and the other on the linearization of the slip law. For assessment purposes, comparison is made between these new methods and the usual iterative process. With these new methods, the convergence difficulties, typical of the iterative procedure, are eliminated, and for some of the test cases, the convergence rate even increased with the slip velocity. The details of these implementations are given first for a simple geometry using orthogonal meshes and Cartesian coordinates followed by their generalization to non‐Cartesian coordinates and nonorthogonal meshes. The developed code was tested in the benchmark slip‐stick and 4:1 contraction flows, evidencing the robustness of the proposed procedures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A boundary element method for calculating elastic waves scattered by axisymmetric inclusion

A Boundary Element Method (BEM) is described to compute the scattering of elastic waves by an axisymmetric inclusion in an infinite elastic medium. The boundary loads applied to the inclusion is expanded in terms of Fourier series in an infinite space. The boundary integral equation is solved in the general direction of the axisymmetric inclusion by BEM. The problem of the 3-D scattering of elastic waves is reduced to a 1-Done. According to the geometric features of the axisymmetric in clusion the ring shell elements are adopted in this method. A comparison is made with other BEM methods. The numerical results show this method can reduce the amount of calculation and enhance the speed of convergence. Supported by Foundation of Ph. D Program of State Education Commission of China     

Numerical simulation of impact forces by a falling sphere in air using ALE finite element method

ABSTRACT

A numerical method is developed to simulate the process that a falling rigid sphere hits rigid ground and bounces back in air. The problem is treated as fluid-structure interaction problem based on the ALE finite element flow analysis. In order to introduce the numerical process of impact into the present staggered fluid-structure time marching algorithm, the impact force is applied to the equation of motion of the sphere. The magnitude of the impact force is determined by iteration so that the velocity of the sphere after impact converges to zero. Application of the impact force at a single time instant causes unphysical pressure oscillation. This has been suppressed by applying the impact force smoothly over multiple short time steps. In the present method impulse is evaluated instead of impact force. Computations with different density ratio of the sphere to air showed effect of the air on the sphere motion.     

薄板弯曲问题的一种弱形式离散算子解法

本文得出了薄板弯曲问题控制微分方程弱形式,弱形式中已含界参数,由这个方程可以方便地得出薄板弯曲问题的数值求解格式和边界条件的处理方法,有限元法只是它的一个特殊情况。本文导出一种离散格式,它对不再要求Ｃ＾１连续的位移函数能给出较高的计算精度。     

Immersed boundary conditions method for unsteady flow problems described by the Laplace operator

An implicit, spectral algorithm for the analysis of unsteady flow problems governed by the Laplace operator in corrugated geometries is described. The algorithm treats the physical boundary conditions as constraints along lines internal to the solution domain. The method eliminates the need for coordinate generation and can be quickly adapted to changing geometries. Various tests confirm the spectral accuracy in space and the first‐ and second‐order accuracies in time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The prediction of spatially periodic flows using a finite‐volume model

A periodic boundary condition has been developed that can be used in conjunction with a specified flow rate to produce accurate results in spatially periodic geometries. This condition is useful in situations where the flow rate is known, or more importantly, in cases where the pressure gradient is not known a priori, such as in countercurrent flows. Using the present condition, the flow rate is imposed at the inlet in terms of a bulk velocity, but the velocity field evolves as part of the solution. The condition is formulated to be suitable for both fixed and moving periodic domains. For the case of a moving domain, a correction is introduced to account for changes in the instantaneous velocity through the periodic edges. Under periodic conditions, these corrections integrate to zero over a complete (temporal) period. The new periodic condition is shown to produce accurate results for flat and wavy‐walled channels under both induced flow and countercurrent conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.