等离子清洗处理SERS活性金岛膜表面杂质的研究

采用真空蒸镀法在硅片表面形成了一层具有表面增强拉曼活性的金岛膜.拉曼光谱发现该金岛膜表面存在非晶态碳的污染物.通过比较不同清洗方法的拉曼光谱可以证明,用氧气等离子体清洗金岛膜可有效去除金表面的杂质.金岛膜的表面增强拉曼活性在清洗前后没有发生明显变化.     

用扫描隧道显微镜针尖操纵金岛

用扫描隧道显微镜，在小隧道阻抗的条件下（小偏压和大隧道电流），通过移动针尖，实现了在室温下对真空蒸镀在高定向石墨上的、由几万个原子组成的纳米尺度金岛的操纵．在大隧道阻抗的情形下，用同一个针尖可对操纵的结果进行观察，而不会对金岛产生扰动．这种可控的操纵是通过当钨针尖与金岛间距离很近时形成的金属间黏附力大于金岛与石墨间的摩擦力而实现的 关键词：     

等离子体增强InAs单量子点荧光辐射的研究

通过测量光致发光(PL)谱、PL时间分辨光谱及不同激发功率下PL发光强度,研究了低温(5 K)下等离子体对InAs单量子点PL光谱的增强效应.采用电子束蒸发镀膜技术在InAs量子点样品表面淀积了5 nm厚度的金膜,形成纳米金岛膜结构.实验发现,金岛膜有利于量子点样品发光强度的增加,最大PL强度增加了约5倍,其主要物理机理是金岛膜纳米结构提高了量子点PL光谱的收集效率.     

原子线

适用于电子装置上的世界上非常细小的金丝已能成批地生产，这个工作是由荷兰Delft大学Kavli纳米实验室的P．Snijders和S．Rogge俩位教授与美国田纳西大学的H．Weitering教授合作完成的．他们首先在温度为1200K下对硅基底进行烘烤，从而可以对硅基内的杂质进行清洗，再将这种硅基表面切割成阶梯形状，第二步是把金原子蒸发并喷溅于硅基底上，最后对金原子不加干涉，让金原子不受干扰地沿着阶梯的起伏形状自组装成为一条具有150个金原子长度的金细丝．他们制作的金细丝具有不同的宽度，通常为50nm，其中最细的只有一个原子的宽度。这种最细的金细丝现在并没有使用在任何电子装置匕，而只是作为科学研究之用。     

金纳米团簇组装的表面增强拉曼散射基底

表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)光谱技术是一种高灵敏度的检测技术，已在社会发展的多个领域显示出潜在的应用前景。SERS活性基底的大面积、低成本、可控制备是表面增强拉曼散射光谱学研究领域的热点之一。利用溶液法将直径小于5 nm的金纳米团簇旋涂成膜，调控退火温度和时间，将金纳米团簇融合组装成随机分布的金纳米岛。由于融合组装过程在150～210 ℃范围缓慢，控制条件可实现具有高密度增强“热点”的SERS基底，方法简单、成本低廉、面积大、均匀性高。我们利用该方法可重复性获得了性能优良的SERS基底。该基底对表面吸附的单分子层，具有强烈的表面增强拉曼散射光谱响应，150～210 ℃退火样品的宏观增强因子106～107量级。研究表明：相同条件下150～180 ℃退火，金纳米团簇首先融合成直径10～20 nm细小金纳米岛；退火温度190～210 ℃时，形成10～20 nm细小金纳米岛与50～70 nm金纳米岛混合并存的现象。拉曼光谱表征显示：大、小金纳米岛混合并存样品的宏观增强因子高于细小金纳米岛组成的样品。经220 ℃退火后，金纳米团簇完全融合成直径50～100 nm的金纳米岛，岛间距也随之增大，导致纳米岛之间的电磁场强度呈指数衰减，220 ℃退火的样品具有较低的增强因子。本论文揭示了金纳米团簇的缓慢自组装机制，分析了金纳米岛的形貌与表面增强拉曼散射光谱的关系，为该基底的应用研究奠定基础。     

纳米结构表面形貌成型机理及其对石墨烯拉曼光谱的影响

通过真空热蒸镀和高温退火法制备的金属纳米复结构SERS基底因其具有良好的灵敏度,稳定性和均匀性而广泛应用于各种检测领域。石墨烯具有优良的光学特性,化学惰性以及荧光猝灭效应,自被发现以后一直是光学微纳器件中的一大热门材料。石墨烯还可以有效分离探针分子与基底,优化拉曼光谱质量,因此广泛应用于SERS研究领域。同时石墨烯可以有效隔绝金属纳米结构与空气的直接接触防止金属纳米结构被氧化而失效,也可以催化氧化银的脱氧反应提升SERS基底的稳定性。在石墨烯/金属纳米复合结构SERS基底在制备过程中,受到金属膜的种类、厚度参数、气体种类、退火时间、温度和气压等因素的影响,制备的金属纳米结构形貌存在很大差异。石墨烯的拉曼光谱会因为应力和掺杂导致其拉曼特征峰出现不同程度的增强,移动以及展宽。（1）采用真空热蒸镀法和高温退火法制备石墨烯/银纳米复合结构SERS基底,建立了金属纳米颗粒成型机理的模型,从孔洞形成、孔洞生长、金属纳米岛形成三个阶段分析了金属纳米粒子的成型过程,实验沉积5,10,15以及20 nm的银薄膜,退火后银纳米结构的覆盖率分别为~35.1%,~24.4%,~30%以及~96.0%,在沉积银薄膜样品上使用湿法转移石墨烯,退火处理后发现石墨烯阻止了银纳米岛的形成过程;（2）理论分析了银薄膜厚度、石墨烯覆盖对复合结构的几何形貌、拉曼增强特性的影响,石墨烯由于其具有较高的杨氏模量和表面张力,可以有效抑制退火过程中银薄膜向纳米粒子转变的过程,从而实现对复合结构表面形貌的调控;（3）实验研究了银纳米粒结构形貌对石墨烯拉曼光谱的影响,并理论分析了蒸镀不同银薄膜厚度的样品对石墨烯的拉曼光谱增强,移动以及展宽影响的具体原因。     

金纳米空心半球壳膜的可调谐光学性质研究

以单层聚苯乙烯微球阵列为模板,通过控制其表面金膜蒸镀时间,制备了具有不同厚度的空心半球壳结构的金纳米膜.利用扫描电子显微镜和自制光谱仪分别测量了金膜表面形貌和其透射光谱,并分析了金膜形貌与其光学性质间的关系,同时以4-巯基苯胺为探针分子测定了金膜的表面增强喇曼散射效应.结果表明,该金纳米膜的表面等离子体共振波长随膜厚度增大而发生红移,在可见与近红外波段较宽范围内可调谐,并且,当金膜共振波长与入射激发光波长较近时,探针分子可产生出较强的表面增强喇曼信号.同时,对该现象的产生机制也进行了理论解释.     

铝基银纳米阵列制备及其紫外-可见-近红外光吸收特性

基于阳极氧化铝模板,采用真空蒸镀技术,制备了高度有序的周期性银纳米球阵列.阵列几何结构参数调控实验发现,通过控制蒸镀厚度,可实现对阵列中银纳米球尺寸(直径)和间距的有效调控,进而有效实现对紫外-可见-近红外各波段吸收峰位和峰宽的调制.吸收光谱测试显示,该纳米阵列在紫外、可见和近红外波段都具有明显的电磁波吸收特性.时域有限差分理论模拟结合实验分析不同波段光吸收特性的物理机制,紫外超窄强吸收为银、铝介电环境非对称诱发的法诺共振,可见波段吸收源自于银纳米粒子局域表面等离子体共振,近红外波段强吸收为银纳米球阵列表面晶格共振所激发.     

一种红外双半波滤光片的设计和制造方法

针对唐晋发、郑权老师在《应用薄膜光学》一书中介绍的采用低折射率材料做间隔层，用16个λ/4层完成红外双半波滤光片的设计方法制作的薄膜易发生断裂，该文给出该膜系另一种设计计算方法，即采用高折射率材料做间隔层，用12个λ/4完成膜系设计。与前者相比，该方法节省了材料和时间。同时给出了镀制该膜系的工艺要点，并对镀膜过程中的初始真空度、蒸镀温度和2种材料的蒸发速率做了说明。指出在该工艺实施过程中，首先使用离子源对基底进行活化轰击，然后在蒸镀硫化锌和锗的过程中用离子源进行辅助蒸镀，可得到非常牢固的膜层。     

通过J/Ψ→N(N-)M衰变研究N*时的核子极点效应

研究了J／Ψ→pp^-π衰变过程中核子极点图的贡献，特别是由离壳效应带来的贡献．发现衰变宽度对形状因子是敏感的．在通过用J／Ψ→pp^-π衰变研究N^*时，核子极点图作为背景道的贡献是非常重要的；在通过J／Ψ→pp^-η和pp^-η研究N^*时，核子极点图的贡献可忽略不计；在通过J／Ψ→pp^-ω研究N^*时，核子极点图有明显的贡献．     

Electrical behavior of the Au/MoS2 interface studied by light emission induced by scanning tunneling microscopy

Light emitted in the tunneling junction of a scanning tunneling microscope has been used to establish the electrical characteristics of nanojunctions made of Au islands deposited on flat MoS₂ surfaces. It is shown that these characteristics are those of rectifying contacts when the gold islands are isolated and that they evolve toward those of ohmic contacts when the island density increases. It is observed that the rectifying behavior also evolves over time as on infinite metal/semiconductor contacts. Using the STM tip, single gold islands can be manipulated on the MoS₂ surface so that their electrical behavior can be changed depending on their position with regard to the other islands.     

Stress-induced phenomena on gold surfaces in air

When gold atoms are field-evaporated onto a gold surface in an STM in an atmospheric environment, the deposited clusters can induce a large strain on the substrate around them. Cluster atoms may spread by diffusion to relieve the strain. Sometimes, additional features involving the substrate atoms are formed which can be changed by the scanning direction of the tip. For a surface which has not yet reached the thermal equilibrium state, the tip scanning can occasionally induce large-scale structural changes of the surface.     

Iron deposition on the five-fold surface of the icosahedral Al-Pd-Mn quasicrystal

The room temperature adsorption behaviour of Fe on the five-fold surface of i-Al-Pd-Mn has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). A complex growth scenario for Fe adsorption on this substrate is observed with STM. At coverages up to about 3 MLE (monolayer equivalent), layer-by-layer growth is observed whereby small clusters and islands are formed which eventually coalesce into almost complete monolayers. No LEED pattern is observed, indicating that the layers are disordered. The AES results rule out intermixing. Above this coverage, there is a transition to a multilayer island growth mode. The islands are rotated by 72° and have the bcc(1 1 0) Fe structure. The results are compared with previous work on Fe adsorption on this substrate and on Al and Fe single crystal substrates.     

Effect of multiple tips on light emission induced by STM from gold nanostructures

Light emission induced by scanning tunneling microscope on gold islands grown on MoS₂ surfaces has been investigated. Surface geometry and roughness show that different apexes of the same tip can modify the energy of photons emitted in the tunneling junction. Comparisons of topography and photon map are used to locate islands imaged twice and to represent approximately the tip shape used. Light emission spectroscopy on the same island with two apexes of the multiple tip reveals variations of emission properties according to the apex used, showing the importance of tip geometry in the emission process induced by tip induced plasmon modes.     

Pd adsorption on Si(1 1 3) surface: STM and XPS study

Pd-induced surface structures on Si(1 1 3) have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In the initial process of the Pd adsorption below 0.10 ML, Pd silicide (Pd₂Si) clusters are observed to form randomly on the surface. By increasing the Pd coverage to 0.10 ML, the clusters cover the entire surface, and an amorphous layer is formed. After annealing the Si(1 1 3)-Pd surface at 600 °C, various types of islands and chain protrusions appears. The agglomeration, coalescence and crystallization of these islands are observed by using high temperature (HT-) STM. It is also found by XPS that the islands correspond to Pd₂Si structure. On the basis of these results, evolution of Pd-induced structures at high temperatures is in detail discussed.     

Current-distance-voltage characteristics of electron tunneling through an electrochemical STM junction

We have studied the electron tunneling process through an electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) junction formed by a gold tip and a gold electrode immersed in an inert NaClO₄ solution. Current-distance-voltage characteristics of the tunneling process are examined by simultaneous measurement of tunneling current, voltage, and distance. The results indicate that the tunneling voltage across the junction changes with tunneling distance; however, tunneling conductance is an inverse exponential function of distance over the entire investigated range of tunneling current, voltage, and distance. The results provide clear evidence for the validity of a one-dimensional tunneling model for the aqueous tunneling process. Implications of the observation are mentioned with regard to the distance-dependent STM imaging and the origin of a low tunneling barrier height.     

The influence of the geometry of the tip on the STM images

The theoretical studies presented in this paper concern the influence of the atomic structure of the tip on the tunneling of electrons between the tip and the sample in STM. This problem has been discussed for the system formed by Al(001) surface and aluminium tip, where different geometries of the tip were taken into consideration. The obtained results have shown how various geometries of the tip induce considerably different STM images of the surface.     

STM-induced photon emission spectroscopy of granular gold surfaces in air

Light emission has been detected under ambient conditions in the tip–sample region of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) consisting of an etched gold tip and a granular gold film. The photon yield as a function of surface geometry (photon mapping) has been studied. By means of STM, it was possible to measure photon emission spectra locally. We have studied the effect of grain size and applied bias voltage on the spectrum. We found that the peak position in the photon emission spectrum shifts to a shorter wavelength when increasing the bias voltage and shifts to a longer wavelength when tunneling to larger grains. These effects can be understood in a simple model which considers tunneling electrons exciting localized surface plasmons which decay by emitting photons.     

Growth mechanism of the Pd(100)-p(2×2)-p4g-Al surface alloy

We have studied the growth mechanism of a Pd(100)-p(2×2)-p4g-Al surface alloy by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The surface alloy has a bilayer structure and is formed by annealing at 450–700 K (depending on the initial aluminum coverage) after the deposition of aluminum on Pd(100) at room temperature. The ratio of the surface-alloy coverage to the initial aluminum coverage is found to be constant (0.44) irrespective of the initial aluminum coverage from 0.5 monolayers (ML) up to 2 ML. The growth mechanism of the surface alloy is proposed on the basis of the STM measurements at various annealing temperatures. Upon annealing at 450 K, some of the surface aluminum atoms migrate into the bulk and, instead, palladium atoms come out to the surface. These palladium atoms react with aluminum atoms remaining on the surface to form a surface alloy. When the initial aluminum coverage is less than 1 ML, bilayer-high islands of the surface alloy with an average area of 100 nm² are formed at 450–500 K, which diffuse on the terrace at 500–700 K and coalesce to form larger islands. A possible role of the percolation transition of aluminum islands in the formation of the surface alloy is discussed.