内爆驱动实验理论

根据目前我国激光器条件和制靶技术，提出在靶球DD区掺入Ar或氖元素，在一定的电子温度条件下，这些元素将发射特征谱线，实验上通过测量特征谱线强度，观察和研究靶球压缩和形变过程。另外，实验还可以通过DD界面和外壳物质电子温度梯度，用光强差方法，分辨靶球压缩和变形过程。     

q变形转动惯量对148Gd核超形变带的描述

利用q变形转动惯量的转子模型,系统地计算了¹⁴⁸Gd核6个超形变带的E2r跃迁能谱以及相应的动力学转动惯量随转动频率的变化关系.计算结果表明,q变形转动惯量的转子模型不仅能较精确地描述超形变晕带,而且可以描述超形变激发带.     

A～190区超形变带三参数公式的描述

首次唯象地提出超形变核转动惯量为.利用理想转子的能量表达式,得到新三参数公式.对A～190区Hg,Pb和TI同位素第一超形变带γ跃迁能量的计算结果表明,超形变带能够较精确地用q变形转动惯量的理想转子模型来描述.     

变形镜结构参数对高功率激光相位特性的影响

在高功率连续激光辐照下,变形镜(DM)表面产生的热形变会对入射激光引入附加相位畸变,进而降低光束质量。利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立了变形镜模型,分析比较了变形镜与高反镜热形变的特点,并讨论了变形镜结构参数对入射激光相位特性的影响。研究结果表明:与高反镜相比,变形镜的热形变更为明显;变形镜极头间距越小,热形变带来的高频相位畸变越多;极头长度对高频成分的影响较大,极头长度越短,热形变带来的高频成分越多,因而适当增加极头长度能够降低热形变带来的高频相位畸变;增大极头直径能使高频畸变所占比例有所降低,但会减弱变形镜的校正能力,因而在实际设计时应综合考虑。计算结果可为变形镜的参数优化设计提供一定参考价值。     

螺旋弹簧变形的一种推导

用自制的演示仪器,容易说明弹簧的形变主要是由金属丝的扭转引起的,借助于量纲分析及螺旋弹簧变形机理的二维模型,直接推导出螺旋弹簧的变形公式与劲度系数。     

次条纹积分法解调位相的三维面形测量

提出一种新的条闰相分析技术用于三维面形自动测量。将光栅图案投影于物体表面上，投影像随物体三维面形变形，形变的投影像用次条纹积分算法分析，求出位相变化和相应的三维面形。     

经典粒子在轴对称八极形变势场中的混沌运动

在自然界中长的变形核数目多于扁的变形核数目, 这一事实发现与核子的混沌运动有关. 经典理论的初步研究表明, 粒子在扁椭球加八极形变场中比在长椭球加八极形变场中的运动能在更小的形变参数下产生混沌运动, 原因是前者的势能面能在更小的形变参数下出现负曲率.     

基于数字散斑相关法的岩石材料力学性能的测试

岩石在外力作用下会发生形变,发现和了解岩石材料的形变、应力分布等对避免灾害会起到重要的预警作用。采用高精度的数字散斑相关技术,对岩石材料形变、应力和应变进行了非接触式测量。为验证实验结果的有效性,电阻应变计贴附于采集区附近并且实验结果与电测结果吻合较好。表明数字散斑相关测量技术能够用于岩石等材料的形变检测,预报变形信息,结果可以定量和定性显示。     

铝在形变过程中亚结构的形成问题(Ⅰ)

近几年来,变形晶体中亚结构的形成机构问题,曾引起很多争论,其中以Wood及Cahn为代表的两种理论最为突出。Wood及其合作者用多晶体铝样品,经不同温度及不同应变速度的形变后,依据在背射X射線照相上反射点数目的改变,认为在范性形变过程中,晶粒是直接地被分裂成小晶块的,而且这些小晶块又相互发生转动和移动,使块与块之间产生晶向差。Cahn则用室温变形的铝单晶,经高温熟炼后,观察劳厄星芒中辉纹的产生及改变。他认为在晶体内由于形变而产生的扭折带,当高温熟炼时,发生多边形化,所以在原晶粒内形成了许多具有微小晶向差的晶块。     

扫描相机钢转镜最佳柱形计算初步

扫描相机的转镜在高速旋转时要产生形变,运用弹性力学的知识,可以将这形变用偏微分方程组列出来,因此这是一个空间弹性力学问题。然而对柱状转镜而言,为了减少计算量,一般地都把这些空间问题简化为平面形变问题。     

N掺杂碳纳米管环吸附Fe原子的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的CASTEP程序研究N掺杂碳纳米管环结构在变形作用下,外壁对Fe原子的吸附能力.结果表明,构造出的新型纳米结构的结合能为负值,具有稳定存在的可能性;N掺杂碳纳米管环显著提高外壁对Fe原子的吸附能力,这是因为掺杂体系的活度增大,易与Fe原子间形成Fe-N共价结合键.线性增加拉伸和压缩变形幅度,结构外壁对Fe原子的吸附能呈抛物线式快速下降.相比之下,吸附能对拉伸变形更加敏感.     

Mechanical stabilities of K4 carbon and K4-like NaC2

The mechanical stabilities of K₄ carbon and K₄-like NaC₂ have been studied by performing first-principle calculations. Total energies as functions of isotropic deformations and volume-conserving tetragonal and trigonal deformations have been calculated. For K₄ carbon, the total energy shows a minimum for isotropic and trigonal deformations, but exhibits maxima for tetragonal deformation. In contrast, the total energy of K₄-like NaC₂ shows a minimum under all three deformations. These results indicate that K₄ carbon is not a metastable phase, but that K₄-like NaC₂ is a metastable phase. In addition, the heat of formation of K₄-like NaC₂ is discussed.     

Stress–strain State of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Under Internal Pressure

A considered application of carbon nanotubes is nanopiping in nanofluidic devices. The use of nanotubes for fluid transport requires large-diameter tubes that can sustain prescribed loading without failure. Two models of the stress–strain state of long multiwall carbon nanotubes, subjected to internal pressure, are described. Cylindrical nanotubes having a Russian doll structure have been considered. It is assumed that the deformations are linear elastic and negligible along the tube axis (in comparison with the radial deformations). This assumption is not restrictive for potential applications of nanotubes, where their deformations must be small and reversible. The distance between the layers is small in comparison to the radii of curvature of graphite layers. In the case of several carbon layers, a discrete model (DM) is proposed. The solutions of DM equations, with corresponding boundary conditions, determine the stresses between the layers, the forces in the layers, and the deformation of the layers. For the case of thick walls built of numerous carbon layers, a continuous model (CM) is proposed. The main CM equation is the Euler's differential equation with corresponding boundary conditions. Its solution defines the continuous distribution of the stresses and strains across the wall thickness of the tube.     

A torsional potential for graphene derived from fitting to DFT results

We present a simple torsional potential for graphene to accurately describe its out-of-plane deformations. The parameters of the potential are derived through appropriate fitting with suitable DFT calculations regarding the deformation energy of graphene sheets folded around two different folding axes, along an armchair or along a zig-zag direction. Removing the energetic contribution of bending angles, using a previously introduced angle bending potential, we isolate the purely torsional deformation energy, which is then fitted to simple torsional force fields. The presented out-of-plane torsional potential can accurately fit the deformation energy for relatively large torsional angles up to 0.5 rad. To test our proposed potential, we apply it to the problem of the vertical displacement of a single carbon atom out of the graphene plane and compare the obtained deformation energy with corresponding DFT calculations. The dependence of the deformation energy on the vertical displacement of the pulled carbon atom is indistinguishable in these two cases, for displacements up to about 0.5 Å. The presented potential is applicable to other sp² carbon structures.     

CVD synthesis and radial deformations of large diameter single-walled CNTs

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) silica coated nickel grids using carbon monoxide as carbon source and iron nanoparticles as catalyst. The produced CNTs were as large as 11 nm in diameter. Investigations on the CNT deformations based on high-resolution TEM images showed that the deformation of CNTs due to their interaction with the substrate occurs at diameters larger than 2.7 nm. Small deformation of free standing tubes was found to occur at diameters above approximately 4.5 nm.     

Deformations of Fuchsian Systems of Linear Differential Equations and the Schlesinger System

We consider holomorphic deformations of Fuchsian systems parameterized by the pole loci. It is well known that, in the case when the residue matrices are non-resonant, such a deformation is isomonodromic if and only if the residue matrices satisfy the Schlesinger system with respect to the parameter. Without the non-resonance condition this result fails: there exist non-Schlesinger isomonodromic deformations. In the present article we introduce the class of the so-called isoprincipal deformations of Fuchsian systems. Every isoprincipal deformation is also an isomonodromic one. In general, the class of the isomonodromic deformations is much richer than the class of the isoprincipal deformations, but in the non-resonant case these classes coincide. We prove that a deformation is isoprincipal if and only if the residue matrices satisfy the Schlesinger system. This theorem holds in the general case, without any assumptions on the spectra of the residue matrices of the deformation. An explicit example illustrating isomonodromic deformations, which are neither isoprincipal nor meromorphic with respect to the parameter, is also given.The research of Victor Katsnelson was supported by the Minerva Foundation.     

Conductance oscillations in squashed carbon nanotubes

We report measurements on the radial electromechanical properties of single walled carbon nanotubes. By measuring the conductance of the nanotube, we show that a gap is opened while squashing the nanotubes and that during the deformation stages we observe at least two open-close cycles of the gap. We employ a novel experimental setup where an atomic force microscope tip is used both as an electrode and to induce radial deformations. In contrast with prior experiments reported, this technique allows direct probing of the local electronic structure of carbon nanotubes as they are radially deformed.     

剪切形变对硼氮掺杂碳纳米管超晶格电子结构和光学性能的影响

碳纳米管作为最先进的纳米材料之一, 在电子和光学器件领域有潜在的应用前景, 因此引起了广泛关注. 掺杂、变形及形成超晶格为调制纳米管电子、光学性质提供了有效途径. 为了理解相关机理, 利用第一性原理方法研究了不同剪切形变下扶手椅型硼氮交替环状掺杂碳纳米管超晶格的空间结构、电子结构和光学性质. 研究发现, 剪切形变会改变碳纳米管的几何结构, 当剪切形变大于12%后, 其几何结构有较大畸变. 结合能计算表明, 剪切形变改变了掺杂碳纳米管超晶格的稳定性, 剪切形变越大, 稳定性越低. 电荷布居分析表明, 硼氮掺杂碳纳米管超晶格中离子键和共价键共存. 能带和态密度分析发现硼氮交替环状掺杂使碳纳米管超晶格从金属转变为半导体. 随着剪切形变加剧, 纳米管超晶格能隙逐渐减小, 当剪切形变大于12%后, 碳纳米管又从半导体变为金属. 在光学性能中, 剪切形变的硼氮掺杂碳纳米管超晶格的光吸收系数及反射率峰值较未受剪切形变的均减小, 且均出现了红移.     

Principal component analysis of shear strain effects

Shear stresses are always present during quasi-static strain imaging, since tissue slippage occurs along the lateral and elevational directions during an axial deformation. Shear stress components along the axial deformation axes add to the axial deformation while perpendicular components introduce both lateral and elevational rigid motion and deformation artifacts into the estimated axial and lateral strain tensor images. A clear understanding of these artifacts introduced into the normal and shear strain tensor images with shear deformations is essential. In addition, signal processing techniques for improved depiction of the strain distribution is required. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of artifacts introduced due to lateral shear deformations on the normal strain tensors estimated by varying the lateral shear angle during an axial deformation. Shear strains are quantified using the lateral shear angle during the applied deformation. Simulation and experimental validation using uniformly elastic and single inclusion phantoms were performed. Variations in the elastographic signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios for axial deformations ranging from 0% to 5%, and for lateral deformations ranging from 0 to 5° were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that the first and second principal component strain images provide higher signal-to-noise ratios of 20 dB with simulations and 10 dB under experimental conditions and contrast-to-noise ratio levels that are at least 20 dB higher when compared to the axial and lateral strain tensor images, when only lateral shear deformations are applied. For small axial deformations, the lateral shear deformations significantly reduces strain image quality, however the first principal component provides about a 1–2 dB improvement over the axial strain tensor image. Lateral shear deformations also significantly increase the noise level in the axial and lateral strain tensor images with larger axial deformations. Improved elastographic signal and contrast-to-noise ratios in the first principal component strain image are always obtained for both simulation and experimental data when compared to the corresponding axial strain tensor images in the presence of both axial and lateral shear deformations.     

Drape-ability characterization of textile composite reinforcements using digital image correlation

The digital image correlation technique is used to assess macro-scale textile deformations during biaxial tensile and shear tests in order to verify the loading homogeneity and the correspondence between the textile and rig deformation. Picture frame shear tests on glass weaves, glass-PP weaves and carbon non-crimp fabrics are presented. A glass-PP weave (RR2) is tested in biaxial tension and in shear at three different tensile preloads to verify whether shear resistance depends on the applied membrane tension. The influence of the shear test configuration on the textile deformation and shear resistance is demonstrated and discussed. It is concluded that optical measurements are mandatory for reliable assessment of the textile deformation. A significant rise in shear resistance with increasing tension is measured, but due to the non-uniform shear distribution the measured shear force may be affected by the (variations in) yarn tensile load during the shear deformation.