Construction and timing system of the EPOS beam system

The Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf provides an intense pulsed 40 MeV electron beam with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE). The pulse has a length of 1-10 ps and a repetition time of 77 ns, or in slow mode 616 ns. The EPOS system (ELBE Positron Source) generates by pair production on a tungsten converter and a tungsten moderator an intense pulsed beam of mono-energetic positrons. To transport the positrons to the laboratory (12 m) we constructed a magnetic beam guidance system with a longitudinal magnetic field of 75 G. In the laboratory outside the cave, the positron beam is chopped and bunched according to the time structure, because the very sharp bunch structure of the electron pulses is broadened for the positron beam due to transport and moderation.     

基于北京慢正电子强束流的微脉冲化系统设计

慢正电子湮没寿命测量是研究材料表面微观缺陷的重要分析方法．束团化系统是实现慢正电子湮没寿命测量的核心部件, 主要由斩波、聚束两部分组成, 它可以将随时间连续分布的束流束团化, 从而获得正电子湮没寿命测量的时间起点及满足时间分辨率要求的束团．本文以粒子动力学计算为基础, 完成了束团化系统的物理设计, 其时间分辨率设计值为150ps(FWHM)．     

Design of a Pulsed Low Energy Positron System Based on Beijing Intense Slow Positron Beam

The design of a pulsing system for an intense slow positron beam is described in this paper. Slow positron annihilation lifetime measurement is an important method to study the depth-dependent characteristics of the surface and near surface. The start signal for slow positron lifetime measurement can be obtained from the pulsing system, which consists of a reflection type chopper, a prebuncher and a buncher. On the basis of the simulation of dynamics process by Parmela, the frequency of the buncher and the positron energy have been chosen to be 150MHz and 330eV respectively. The designed time resolution of this system is about 150ps (FWHM).     

北京慢正电子强束流运行性能测试

慢正电子强束流采用高能脉冲电子束流轰击金属钽靶, 以产生正负电子对的方式提供正电子, 作为慢正电子束流方法学研究和薄膜材料缺陷研究的束流基础. 本文是在该装置实现运行后, 对慢正电子束流的强度、能散、形貌等运行性能的测试工作的介绍, 以及慢正电子湮没多普勒测量系统的调试和标准样品的测量结果.     

EPOS—An intense positron beam project at the ELBE radiation source in Rossendorf

EPOS, the acronym of ELBE Positron Source, describes a running project to build an intense pulsed beam of mono-energetic positrons (0.2-40 keV) for materials research. Positrons will be created via pair production at a tungsten target using the pulsed 40 MeV electron beam of the superconducting linac electron linac with high brilliance and low emittance (ELBE) at Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (near Dresden, Germany). The chosen design of the system under construction is described and results of calculations simulating the interaction of the electron beam with the target are presented, and positron beam formation and transportation is also discussed.     

Production and use of low-energy,monoenergetic positron beams from electron LINACS

Low-energy intense positron beams derived from pair production can be made at high-energy electron linacs and such beams are in operation or under installation at several linac facilities. Using a pulsed position beam made at a 100 MeV electron linac, we have measured the intensity and velocity distribution of positronium emitted from materials by measuring the time-of-flight of annihilating positronium. The time-of-flight data are augmented by positron lifetime and angular correlation measurements performed with the beam. Positronium spectra have been measured for a number of metallic samples. Several new observations have been made including details of the energy distribution of positronium emission formed by a thermalized positron and a conduction electron and the production of positronium from energetic positrons scattered out of the sample.This paper is based upon an invited talk given by R.H.H. at the International Symposium Production of Low-Energy Positrons with Accelerators and Applications Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, FRG (25–27 September, 1986)     

Development and application of the intense slow positron beam at IHEP

This paper describes the development and application of an intense slow positron beam at IHEP with regard to its two main components.The Variable-Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy (VEPLS) based on the pulsing system consisting of a chopper,a prebuncher and a buncher has been constructed in order to meet the needs of materials science development.At present,the time resolution of the VEPLS can easily reach about 386 ps with a peak-to-background ratio of about 600:1.A plugged-in 22Na positron source section for adjusting the newly built experimental station and for increasing the beam operation efficiency has been constructed.A slow positron beam with an intensity of 2.5x105 e+/s and the beam profile whose diameter is 10 mm has been obtained;the moderation efficiency of the tungsten mesh moderator reaches 5.1x 10-4 as calculated with an original positron source activity of 52 mCi.     

Lifetime measurements with a scanning positron microscope

First lifetime results obtained with a scanning positron microscope will be presented. A pulsed positron beam with a variable energy from 0.5 to 20 keV, with a spot diameter of 2 microm, can be electronically scanned over an area of 0.6x0.6 mm(2). This beam is formed after a double-stage stochastic cooling (moderation) of positrons emitted from a radioactive isotope. Included in the system is a conventional scanning electron microprobe for surface analysis. Three-dimensional positron lifetime spectra of a GaAs sample with a small surface scratch reveal the range due to the mechanical damage.     

Construction of a positron microbeam in JAEA

We have developed a positron microbeam using magnetic lenses based on the commercial scanning electron microscope (SEM). A slow positron beam was generated using a handmade source with ²²Na and a solid neon moderator. The beam diameter was 3.9 μm on a target. Two-dimensional image of S parameter was successfully obtained. By introducing a beam pulsing section, positron lifetime measurement beam is also available.     

Development of the Low Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator project

The Low Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator (LEPTA), a positron storage ring with electron cooling, was constructed and put in operation at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna). The storage ring is a generator of directed beams of ortho-positronium (o-Ps) produced upon the recombination of the beam of positrons circulating in the storage ring with a single-pass electron beam. In 2004 the storage ring was put in operation with the circulating electron beam. The source of positrons of the positron injector was tested with a new radioactive source delivered from South Africa. The positron trap was put in operation for electrons. The electron cooling system was tested with a pulsed electron beam. The progress in commissioning LEPTA is described in this paper.     

The role of multielectrode geometry in the generation of pulsedintense electron beams in preionization-controlled open-endedhollow-cathode transient discharges

High-voltage hollow-cathode glow discharges are used more and more to generate intense, pulsed electron beams. Such intense electron beams can be produced with high efficiency in preionization-controlled open-ended hollow-cathode transient discharges (PCOHC). This novel discharge is initiated by a low-current dc preionization discharge. The beam parameters are similar to those of the electron beam generated in pseudospark discharges. In this work, we present some measurements of the parameters for the electron beam generated by using a multielectrode (multigap) system instead of the single-gap device in this PCOHC configuration. This kind of multielectrode device was already used in pseudosparks to improve the intensity and collimation of the extracted beam. By using the multigap instead of the single gap, the total beam current (100-120 A) and the energetic part of the beam current (peak current 60-90 A and electron energies higher than approximately 3 keV) were substantially increased. However, the energy spectrum of the fast component has a large fraction of electrons at lower energies (4-10 keV for 26 kV breakdown voltage) when a multigap device is used instead of the single-gap configuration. A comparison between the single-gap and multigap PCOHC-produced pulsed intense electron beam is made too. The differences between the high-power pulsed electron beams produced in single-gap and multigap PCOHC configurations seem to be due to different developments of beam generation phases     

Performance of the Beijing pulsed variable-energy positron beam

In order to study the depth-dependent characteristics of open-volume defects in thin surface layers, the variable-energy positron lifetime spectroscopy (VEPLS) has been enabled by pulsing a continuous positron beam. The buncher is a quarter-wave coaxial resonator and the RF-signal is fed in by a coupling loop with a frequency of 149.89 MHz and the reflection factor of 0.05 measured by a Network Analyzer. Three synchronic signals with their phases and amplitudes adjusted independently are supplied for start signal of the positron lifetime measurement and the power signal by an electronic system. The stop signal is derived from a detector, a BaF₂ scintillator coupled to a photomultiplier-tube (Hamamatsu). The time resolution of 295 ps (FWHM) was achieved for a Kapton film and a Ti sample at positron energies in the range between 1 keV and 30 keV.     

LEPTA project: Formation and injection of positron beam

The project of the Low-Energy Particle Toroidal Accumulator (LEPTA) has been developed and is put into operation at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna). The LEPTA facility is a small positron storage ring equipped with an electron cooling system. The project positron energy is 2?C4 keV. The main purpose of the facility is to generate an intense flux of positronium atoms (the bound state of the electron and positron). The LEPTA storage ring was commissioned in September 2004. The positron injector was designed in 2005?C2010, and the beam transport channel was constructed in 2011. The experiments on electron and positron injection from the injector into the accumulator were started in August 2011. The results are reported here.     

Pulsed intense electron beams generated in transient hollow cathodedischarges: fundamentals and applications

For the commercial application of pulsed power, material processing with intense pulsed particle beams is a very interesting subject. Recently, high-voltage (1-70 kV), low-pressure (1-100 Pa) transient hollow-cathode discharges turned out to be sources for pulsed intense electron beam generation suitable for this application. The remarkable parameters of these electron beams-beam currents of 50-1000 A (10-30% of the maximum discharge current) with a high energy component (mean energy of about 0.25-0.75 of maximum applied voltage) of 20-70% of the maximum beam current, power density up to 10 W/cm², beam diameters of 0.1-3 mm, beam charge efficiency of 3-5%-captured the attention not only of the scientific community in the last decade. The electron beam is emitted during the early phases of the discharge, and only weak dependence of the high energetic peak of the beam current was found on the external capacity, which determine the development of the later high-current phases. However, the beam parameters depend on the breakdown voltage, gas pressure, and discharge geometry (including self-capacity). In this paper, the characteristics of the pulsed intense electron beams generated in two configurations-multigap pseudosparks and preionization-controlled open-ended hollow-cathode transient discharges (PCOHC)-are described. Such electron beams already were used successfully in a variety of pulsed power applications in material processing, deposition of superconducting (YBaCuO) and diamond-like thin films, microlithography, electron sources for accelerators, and intense point-like X-ray sources, and some preliminary experiments revealed new potential applications such as pumping of short-wavelength laser active media. These pulsed electron beams could be used further in any kind of pulsed power applications that require high-power density, small or high electron energy, and small-beam diameters     

Status of the pulsed low energy positron beam system (PLEPS) at the Munich Research Reactor FRM-II

The Munich pulsed low energy positron beam system (PLEPS) is now installed at the high intensity positron source (NEPOMUC) at the Munich Research Reactor FRM-II. In order to enhance the performance of the system several improvements have been implemented: two additional collinear detector ports have been installed. Therefore in addition to the normal lifetime measurements it is now possible to simultaneously perform Doppler-broadening, coincident Doppler-broadening and age momentum correlation experiments. An additional chopper was included to periodically suppress pulses and therefore to extend the standard time window of 20 ns for precise measurements of longer lifetimes. First test-experiments have been performed in May and July 2007. With all pulsing components in operation we achieved a count-rate of 1.4 × 10⁴ counts per second. The total time resolution (pulsing and detector) was about 240 ps (FWHM) with a peak to background ratio up to 6 × 10³:1.     

Two-dimensional hydrogen behaviors on solid surfaces studied by hydrogen microscope

Recently, much work has been done to study hydrogen behavior on solid surfaces for applications in fuel cells, semiconductor devices, and diamond-like carbon films. We have developed a hydrogen microscope making use of electron stimulated desorption (ESD) spectroscopy. A thermal-field emission type electron gun set to a low-energy range (<1 keV) is used to obtain a beam size less than 100 nm in diameter. A pulsed beam has been used to measure the time-of-flight (TOF) to detect desorbed ions from specimen surfaces. Scanning the pulsed beams across solid surfaces, a two-dimensional distribution image of hydrogen atoms can be obtained. This paper reviews some capabilities of the hydrogen microscope and a chemical state analysis for H and O adsorbed by different elements on a surface.     

神龙二号多脉冲电子束束参数的时间分辨测量技术

神龙二号是一台三脉冲强流脉冲电子束直线感应加速器,就其多脉冲的电子束束参数的测量而言,基本要求是单个脉冲可分辨,进一步的要求是脉冲内时间可分辨。基于光学渡越辐射原理及瞬态发射度测量系统原理,发展了一种束斑与发散角可以分开测量的光学布局结构,结合多台高速分幅相机,成功研制了一套完整的多脉冲电子束束参数的测量系统,其特点是灵活的组合测量方式,全面满足了神龙二号复杂艰难的调试及参数测量工作要求。测量系统最高时间分辨测量能力达到约2 ns的水平,单个脉冲可以获得至少8个时间分辨的束参数测量结果。     

不同入射角度下强流脉冲电子束能量沉积剖面和束流传输系数模拟计算

 强流脉冲电子束在材料中的能量沉积剖面、能量沉积系数和束流传输系数受其入射角的影响很大，理论计算了0.5~2.0MeV的电子束以不同的入射角在Al材料中的能量沉积剖面和能量沉积系数，并且还计算了0.4~1.4MeV电子束以不同入射角穿透不同厚度C靶的束流传输系数。计算结果表明，随着入射角的增大，靶材表面层单位质量中沉积的能量增大，电子在靶材料中穿透深度减小，能量沉积系数减小，相应的束流传输系数也减小；能量为0.5~2.0MeV的电子束当入射角在60°~70°时在材料表面层单位质量中沉积的能量较大。     

重复运行短脉冲S波段相对论速调管放大器

介绍了利用HVG-1二极管产生的强流短脉冲电子束源, 开展短脉冲重复频率为100Hz的S波段相对论速调管放大器(RKA)实验研究. 利用无箔空心石墨阴极和0.82T的恒流源引导磁场, 引出了电压约700kV、电流约6.5kA、脉宽(半高宽)25ns的环形电子束. 该电子束经过输入腔和中间腔的调制后, 得到了5kA/22ns的 基波调制电流. 经过输出腔后, 得到了大于1GW/20ns的辐射微波, 频率2.95GHz, 平均功率2.4kW, 效率约24%, 增益34dB. 没有观察到限制该GW级功率水平的S波段RKA的因素.     

The exact solution of the diffusion trapping model of defect profiling with variable energy positrons

We report an exact analytical solution of so-called positron diffusion trapping model. This model have been widely used for the treatment of the experimental data for defect profiling of the adjoin surface layer using the variable energy positron (VEP) beam technique. However, up to now this model could be treated only numerically with so-called VEPFIT program. The explicit form of the solutions is obtained for the realistic cases when defect profile is described by a discreet step-like function and continuous exponential-like function. Our solutions allow to derive the analytical expressions for typical positron annihilation characteristics including the positron lifetime spectrum. Latter quantity could be measured using the pulsed, slow positron beam. Our analytical results are in good coincidence with both the VEPFIT numerics and experimental data. The presented solutions are easily generalizable for defect profiles of other shapes and can be well used for much more precise treatment of above experimental data.