Some phenomenological consequences of the time-ordered perturbation theory of QED on non-commutative spacetime

A framework was recently proposed for doing perturbation theory on non-commutative (NC) spacetime. It preserves the unitarity of the S matrix and differs from the naive, popular approach already at the lowest order in perturbation when time does not commute with space. In this work, we investigate its phenomenological implications at linear colliders, especially the TESLA at DESY, through the processes of . We find that some NC effects computed previously are now modified and that there are new processes which now exhibit NC effects. Indeed, the first two processes get corrected at tree level as opposed to the null result in the naive approach, while the third one coincides with the naive result only in the low energy limit. The impact of the earth's rotation is incorporated. The NC signals are generally significant when the NC scale is comparable to the collider energy. If this is not the case, the non-trivial azimuthal angle distribution and day-night asymmetry of events due to Lorentz violation and the earth's rotation will be useful in identifying signals. We also comment briefly on the high energy behavior of the cross section that grows linearly in the center of mass energy squared and argue that it does not necessarily contradict some statements, e.g., the Froissart-Martin bound, achieved in ordinary theory. Received: 29 November 2002 / Revised version: 11 March 2003 / Published online: 5 May 2003 RID="a" ID="a" e-mail: liaoy@itp.uni-leipzig.de RID="b" ID="b" e-mail: dehne@itp.uni-leipzig.de     

The speed of light in a moving medium

The Fizeau experiment is analysed in terms of special relativity on the hypothesis that light in a material medium is alternately emitted and absorbed. It is found that if dispersion is neglected this extinction theory leads to the same result as the more usual theory, contrary to a recent conclusion of Ockert. The theories differ in their predictions when dispersion is included, and the results of an experiment by Zeeman are shown to favour the usual theory.     

High-volume cellular screening for anticancer agents with combinatorial chemical libraries: A new methodology

Summary A single-step cancer cell cytotoxic assay system for anticancer drug discovery has been developed which facilitates rapid screening of large combinatorial chemical libraries synthesized using the one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) methodology. Each OBOC library bead incorporates two orthogonally cleavable linkers that release the bead-bound compound at a different pH. The assay utilizes high concentrations of tumor cells mixed directly with OBOC beads and plated in soft agarose containing tissue culture medium. One of the orthogonal linkers is cleaved at neutral pH in tissue culture releasing an aliquot of compound to diffuse at a relatively high local concentration into the soft agarose immediately surrounding the bead. Active compounds are identified visually from a clear ring of tumor cell lysis which forms within 48 h around just the rare bead releasing a cytotoxic compound. The bead releasing a cytotoxin is then plucked from the agar and the remaining compound still linked to the bead can be released for structural analysis, followed by compound resynthesis and confirmatory testing. This assay system has been successfully applied to identification of lead cytotoxic compounds from model peptidic and non-peptidic combinatorial chemical libraries. Use of this methodology may facilitate anticancer drug discovery.     

Synthesis and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship study of quinazoline derivatives containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety as efficient inhibitors against <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri</Emphasis>

A series of quinazoline derivatives containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs). Antibacterial bioassays indicated that most of target compounds exhibited significant antibacterial activities against Xac and Rs in vitro. Strikingly, compounds 6d–6i, 6m–6r and 6u–6x showed antibacterial activity against Xac, with \(\hbox {EC}_{50}\) values ranging from 14.42 to 38.91 \(\upmu \)g/mL, which are better than that of bismerthiazol (39.86 \(\upmu \)g/mL). Based on the antibacterial activity against Xac, comparative molecular filed analysis and comparative molecular similarity index analysis models were generated to investigate the structure-activity relationship of title compounds against Xac. The analytical results indicated that the above models exhibited good predictive accuracy and could be used as practical tools for guiding the design and synthesis of more potent quinazoline derivatives containing a 1,3,4-oxadiazole moiety.     

Mutual effects of temporal and spatial coherence of laser radiation during wind refraction

Conclusions Generalizing our results, one can identify the basic mechanism responsible for the mutual influence of temporal and spatial fluctuations in the amplitude of a light field in a moving medium with thermal nonlinearity.A necessary condition for this type of mutual interaction is a nonlinear incoherent effect connected nonlinearly with the induced fluctuations in the refractive index n_n. The mutual coupling of temporal and spatial variations is detectable only when the fluctuating part of n_n is comparable in magnitude to the normal refractive index, and when the distribution is nonuniform over the beam cross section and unstable during the pulse.The fundamental relationships of mutual interaction are that the slow fluctuations, which peel off the nonlinear medium over time, lead to a degradation of the spatial coherence of the light beam while it is being nonlinearly refracted. In all cases the spatial coherence of the laser radiation is reduced. The reverse effect of spatial fluctuations on the degradation of temporal coherence of a light pulse that is spatially-incoherent at the entrance to the medium is similar in its characteristics. This mutual interaction is substantially reduced when the nonstationary self-interaction regime promotes smoothing of fluctuations in the induced optical channel.Finally, we note that if the noise component of the pulse is a stable, uniform process, the transformations of the temporal and spatial coherence of a light field will occur independently in a nonlinear medium.Moscow State University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 32, No. 7, pp. 816–822, July, 1989.     

Probing liquid crystals nonlinearly

Optical second-harmonic generation has been used to study the anisotropic orientation behavior of liquid-erystal siloxane molecules embedded in a nematic and/or ferroelectric host matrix. All of the studied guest-host systems show an exceedingly high degree of in-plane anisotropy along the direction of the rubbed interior polyimide layer of the surface-stabilized liquid-crystal sample cell. Alongitudinally applied electrical field leads to susceptibility components exceeding 1 pm/V for a poled sample cell of 5 m thickness containing 10% by weight of the siloxane guest in a nematic matrix.Paper presented at the 129th WE-Heraeus-Seminar on Surface Studies by Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopies, Kassel, Germany, May 30 to June 1, 1994     

Pulsed laser deposition of c * axis oriented pentacene films

Pulsed laser desorption and film deposition behaviors have been investigated on pentacene as an organic molecule primarily due to its applications in electronics. The laser desorption time-of-flight (LDTOF) mass spectrum exhibited a single parent peak when a pressed pentacene pellet was ablated by an N₂ laser beam of its fluence lower than 100 mJ/cm², indicating that pentacene could be evaporated without an appreciable photodecomposition by the pulsed laser beam. Nd:YAG pulsed laser deposition of pentacene films was performed using such optimization parameters as laser fluences and wavelength (second, third and forth harmonic generations (SHG, THG, FHG)). The analyses with AFM, XRD and UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed the fabrication of c^* axis oriented pentacene films on quartz, silicon, and CaF₂ substrates by the SHG. The SHG films have a surface morphology superior to those of films deposited by THG and FHG. PACS 81.15.Fg; 81.05.Lg; 82.80.Rt     

Instability of electromagnetic waves in bistable media

It is shown that boundary-condition peculiarities can give rise to a situation in which stable of weak and strong absorption are not realized in an optically bistable medium. Then, a wave entering the medium is in an unstable state, as a result of which the radiation is modulated.Scientific-Industrial Organization Laser Technology, Erevan University. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 35, Nos. 3, 4, pp. 226–233, March–April, 1992.     

Proving the linear theory of gradiental electrooptical deflectors

The passage of a light ray through an anisotropic medium with a refractivity gradient is analyzed here, on the basis of the Fermi principle, and the results are applied to an electrooptical deflector crystal. Two modes of deflector operation are considered, corresponding to different polarizations of a light ray relative to the plane in which it deflects. It is shown that, when the refractive index varies only little (n/n 1), the linear theory describes very accurately both modes.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 22–25, September, 1974.     

Plug-in Spectrometry with Optical Fibers as a Novel Analytical Tool for Nanoparticles Technology: Application to the Investigation of the Emulsion Polymerization of the Alkylcyanoacrylate

This paper advances a simple technique to follow, in situ, the emulsion polymerization of isobutylcyanoacrylate (IBCA) performed in different conditions. The method is based on the monitoring of the optical density of the polymerization medium using a plug-in spectrometer equipped with optical fibers since during polymerization the optical density of the medium increases. The technique is demonstrated using poly(alkylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles developed as carrier for the delivery of drugs in vivo. These nanoparticles are produced by emulsion polymerization of alkylcyanoacrylates (ACA) which are among the highest reactive monomers. The results showed that the spontaneous anionic polymerization of IBCA induced by water could be controlled at pH 1. It was initiated after a delay whereas an immediate and extremely rapid polymerization could be monitored when it was initiated using a combination of cerium IV and dextran allowing the radical polymerization to occur. At higher pH, the spontaneous anionic polymerization could not be controlled. The method developed in this study appeared suitable to monitor emulsion polymerization of ACA and to highlight different mechanisms of polymerization.     

Investigation of partial sputtering of lithium from a binary Al/Li alloy with laser induced fluorescence

Sputtering investigations of an Al/Li alloy containing 9.1 at-% of lithium have been performed for 6 keV helium ion bombardment. Absolute particle densities and velocity distributions of the sputtered neutral lithium atoms were measured with laserinduced fluorescence. The amount of sputtered lithium was found to be constant for target temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 500° C. The mean transport velocity and the sputtering yield of the Li component have been calculated from the measurements. Thermal evaporation of neutral Li atoms could be measured independently of the presence of the helium beam for target temperatures above 300° C. The experimental results indicate that the surface is covered by lithium with at least several atomic layers even under highcurrent ion irradiation.Preliminary results have been presented at the SYMPOSIUM ON SPUTTERING, Spitz/Austria (1986)     

Organic-solvent-free extraction of carotenoids from yeast Rhodotorula glutinis by application of ultrasound under pressure

The extraction of Rhodotorula glutinis carotenoids by ultrasound under pressure (manosonication) in an aqueous medium has been demonstrated. The influence of treatment time, pressure, and ultrasound amplitude on R. glutinis inactivation and on the extraction of carotenoids was evaluated, and the obtained data were described mathematically. The extraction yields were lineal functions of those three parameters, whereas inactivation responded to a more complex equation. Under optimum treatment conditions, 82% of carotenoid content was recovered. Extraction of carotenoids in an aqueous medium was attributed to the capacity of ultrasound for cell disruption and emulsification. Cavitation caused the rupture of cell envelopes and the subsequent formation of small droplets of carotenoids surrounded by the phospholipids of the cytoplasmic membrane that would stabilize the emulsion. Analysis of the dispersed particle size of the extracts demonstrated that a fine, homogeneous emulsion was formed after treatment (average size: 230 nm; polydispersity <0.22). This research describes an innovative green process for extracting carotenoids from fresh biomass of R. glutinis in which only two unit operations are required: ultrasonic treatment, followed by a centrifugation step to discard cell debris. The extract obtained thanks to this procedure is rich in carotenoids (25 mg/L) and could be directly incorporated as a pigment in foods, beverages, and diet supplements; it can also be utilized as an ingredient in drugs or cosmetics.     

Decomposition of an Fe-Cr 38 wt.% chromium stainless steel at 475 °C

The physical changes occurring at 475 °C in an Nb and Al stabilized stainless steel containing 38 wt.% Cr have been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The specimen started to decompose when held at 475 °C. Decomposition still continues after 500 hours into a paramagnetic Cr-rich -phase and a nearly pure Fe -phase. The magnetic field distribution of the initial sample indicates that considerable decomposition has already taken place into an -phase with an estimated 15 at.% iron, and an iron-rich -phase with an estimated 18 at.% Cr.     

Detection Of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Reverse Micelles AOT/n-Octane by Polarization and Quenching Fluoroimmunoassays

Two fluoroimmunoassays for detection of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in an apolar organic solvent, reverse micelles of Aerosol OT in n-octane, are proposed. Both assays are homogeneous methods, meaning that no separation of free and bound fraction of analyte and no washing steps are required. To perform the assay just add the fluorescein-labeled 2,4-D (FD) and monoclonal antibody to the sample and measure the analytical signal on the Abbott TDx Analyzer. The binding of antibodies to FD can be detected by the decrease in fluorescence intensity and also by the increase in fluorescence polarization. The sensitivity of the developed methods was strongly dependent on the micellar matrix (micellar hydration degree and surfactant concentration). The detection limits of 2,4-D in optimal reverse micellar medium are 0.10 g/L (polarization method) and 0.12 g/L (quenching method). These sensitivities are significantly better compared to the detection limits in an aqueous medium, 0.6 and 0.4 g/L, respectively, using the same reagents.     

Stripping of deuterons with 2·45 GeV/c momentum in nuclear emulsion

This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the cross-section (d, p) of the stripping due to collision of a fast-deuteron beam with atom nuclei forming a photographic nuclear emulsion without evaporation of nuclei. The cross-section was estimated using the deuteron mean free path with respect to mentioned reactions. The deuteron track on which the stripping reaction took place was identified according to the change of the characteristic of multiple scattering. Corrections were taken for the primary-beam impurities and for the length of each track where reaction was nor identifiable.Devoted to Professor V. Petrílka on his sixty-fifth birthday.     

Characterization of Mn2+ Coordination States in ZnS Nanocrystal By EPR Spectroscopy and Related Photoluminescence Properties

Coordination states of Mn²⁺ inside and near the surface of ZnS:Mn nanocrystal (NC) (ca. 1.8 nm in particle radius) coated with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were examined by the detailed analysis of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The symmetry of both Mn²⁺ sites inside and near the surface of NC is lower than that of submicron particles (0.125 m in particle radius), because of larger lattice distortion and larger zero field splitting constant. Temperature dependence of line width ( H _pp) of EPR signals from Mn²⁺ inside and near surface sites of ZnS:Mn disappears when the particle radius of ZnS:Mn decreases from 0.125 m to 1.8 nm. These indicate increasing extent of d–d transition and stronger interaction between Mn²⁺ and ZnS as well as between Mn²⁺ and PAA in NC, leading to more effective energy transfer from ZnS and PAA to Mn²⁺. These phenomena explain the high luminescence intensity of ZnS:Mn nanocrystal coated with PAA.     

Iron overload in cultured rat myocardial cells

In order to characterize the nature of iron deposits associated with iron overload in heart cells, Mössbauer spectroscopy and ultrastructural studies were performed in iron loaded heart cell cultures obtained from newborn rats grown in a medium containing 20 μg iron/ml. Maximal uptake of iron after 24 hrs was about 15%. Not more than 20% of the iron in these cells was stored in ferritin and the rest was found in smaller trivalent iron aggregates. With time there was a shift from smaller to larger aggregates. In chase samples there was only a very limited spontaneous release of iron from heart cells. Desferrioxamine, an iron chelating drug, removed a major part of the smaller aggregates, but did not remove ferritin iron.     

Magnetic charge as a “hidden” gauge symmetry

A theory containing both electric and magnetic charges is formulated using two vectors potentials,A andC . This has the aesthetic advantage of treating electric and magnetic charges both as gauge symmetries, but it has the experimental disadvantage of introducing a second massless gauge boson (the magnetic photon) which is not observed. This problem is dealt with by using the Higgs mechanism to give a mass to one of the gauge bosons while the other remains massless. This effectively hides the magnetic charge, and the symmetry associated with it, when one is at an energy scale far enough removed from the scale of the symmetry breaking.This paper is dedicated to my grandparents Herbert and Anneliese Schmidt.     

Analysis of various optical pumping schemes for liquid oxygen lasers

Singlet oxygen generated by optical pumping in liquid oxygen/air medium has recently been reported as a potential gain medium for high power lasers at 1580 nm, by USA’s defense agency DARPA. However, the details with reference to the underlying physics of this laser and the potential pumping techniques for achieving lasing are still unclear. The present paper investigates numerically the population kinetics of both upper and lower lasing levels viz. O₂ and O₂ states in liquid oxygen and discusses the criticality involved in obtaining lasing with this medium. Isotopic liquid oxygen and liquid air medium where improved conditions for lasing are anticipated, as compared to that in natural liquid oxygen, have also been considered in the present study. The studies have been carried out for optical pumping by both continuous and pulsed mode lasers at 1064 nm and 634 nm wavelengths. The temporal variation of small signal gain in each case has been investigated along with limitations of the same from point of view of lasing. The available and extractable power from all three medium for an optimum pumping case has also been discussed. The studies reveal that liquid air has high potential for very high power lasers as compared to both natural and isotopic liquid oxygen. PACS 31.15.ag     

A comment on “critique of home and sengupta's derivation of a Bell inequality”

We clarify some aspects of our derivation of a Bell-type inequality, in response to a paper by Elby.The following comments refer to Andrew Elby's discussion note immediately following our present paper.(a) We wish to stress that physical distinction between NC and LC is particularly important in the case of local realist theories violating NC for any single system but satisfying LC for any correlated many-component system. Arguments given by Elby do not rule out a reasonable theory violating NC but obeying LC. Therefore, a physically meaningful possibility exists that while Bell's inequality derived from NC is violated for a single system, the inequality derived from LC is satisfied for correlated and spatially separated (non-interacting) systems. It is precisely this possibility which was explored by HS in deriving Bell's inequality from NC.(b) Since Elby's formulation of locality condition necessarily involves a relativistic constraint at the level of individual measurements, it is pointless to discuss its compatibility with predictions derived from non-relativistic quantum mechanics, which is well known to allow superluminal communication by mechanisms such as wavepacket travel or spread. Recently this aspect has been discussed in depth by P. Ghose and D. Home,Phys. Rev. A 43, 6382 (1991). It needs to be stressed that our formulation of LC is in line with the separability condition articulated by Einstein in different contexts; see, for example,J. Franklin Inst. 221, 349 (1936), reprinted inIdeas and Opinions (Crown, New York, 1954), pp. 290–323.On leave from: Department of Physics, Bose Institute, Calcutta 700009, India.