Vapor phase oxidation of 2-methylpyridine on vanadyl polyphosphates

Vanadyl -and -polyphosphates in vapor phase oxidation of 2-methylpyridine show comparable activity and selectivity to the formation of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde as traditional vanadium-molybdeum oxide catalysts. A redox mechanism for the reaction of 2-methylpyridine oxidation on vanadyl polyphosphates is suggested with interaction between 2-methylpyridine and oxygen of the catalyst lattice as the rate-determining step.

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- - 2- -- . - 2- . - 2- .

     

BEBO calculations of kinetic isotope effects for methyl radical reactions with alkanes and ketones

Kinetic isotope effects for hydrogen abstraction reactions of methyl radicals with methane, ethane, propane, acetone, butanone-2, pentanone-3 and biacetyl have been calculated using the BEBO method, considering recent values for the Pauling constant and the noble gas parameters. The results were compared with the experimental data.

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, , , , -2, -3 BEBO, . .

     

51V-NMR spectra of vanadates and oxosulfato-vanadates of alkali metals

A relation between the type of vanadium environment and the chemical shift anisotropy in the⁵¹V-NMR spectra has been established. The results obtained are compared with spectra of real catalysts.

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⁵¹V , .

     

An Alternative Method of Introducing Fugacity

In current textbooks fugacity is introduced according to its differential or integral mathematical formulation. In this article an alternative method of explanation is offered. It is suggested that the real state of a pure gas can be described by comparing it to a hypothetical idealized state. The differences between these two states can then be expressed in terms of a function, , defined as (T,P) = _real(T,P) - _ideal(T,P) where _real and _ideal are the chemical potentials of the gas in its real and ideal states, respectively. The function is a molar excess quantity and is expressed as (T,P) = RT1n where is the fugacity coefficient. This approach introduces fugacity deductively through the function, which leads to , the fugacity coefficient. This method is also appropriate for introducing the activity of solution components and the fugacity of a real gas in gaseous mixtures.     

The use of thermal analysis in medical science with special reference to nephroliths

The applications of thermal methods in medical science have been summarized, with special regard to kidney stones. Complex thermal analysis can be used successfully for examination of human and animal urinary calculi, bones, odontoliths biological tissues (proteins, skin, callus, nail) etc.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Anwendungen der Thermoanalyse auf medizinischem Gebiet unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Nierensteinen zusammenfassend behandelt. Komplexe thermoanalytische Methoden eignen sich zur Prüfung von menschlichen und tierischen Harnsteinen, Knochen, Zahnstein, biologischem Gewebe (Proteine, Haut, Nägel, usw.)

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Résumé Revue des applications des méthodes thermoanalytiques dans le domaine médical avec mention particulière pour les calculs rénaux. L'emploi des méthodes d'analyse thermique mixtes donnent de bons résultats pour l'examen des calculs rénaux animaux et humains, du tartre dentaire et des tissus biologiques (protéines, peau, ongles), etc.

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, . , (, , , ) .

     

Structure and interconversion of intermediates in pyridine-catalyzed mesylation reactions

The structure of intermediates of pyridine-catalyzed mesylation processes, i.e. sulfene and sulfonyl salts, and the ways of their interconversion have been studied by the joint use of semi-empirical MNDO approximation and methods of molecular mechanics. Calculation results agree well with the kinetic data.

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, : , . .

     

Some aspects of mathematical statistics as applied to nonisothermal kinetics V

The paper gives a quantitative comparison of two methodological approaches to the solution of the inverse kinetic problem: the traditional approach and the nontraditional approach suggested by the authors. It is shown that the amount of information (in the sense of Shannon) obtained within the scope of the nontraditional approach is always greater than that obtained with the use of the traditional approach.

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Zusammenfassung Zwei methodologische Näherungen der Lösung des inversen kinetischen Problems werden quantitativ verglichen, nämlich die traditionelle und die von den Autoren vorgeschlagene nicht-traditionelle Näherung. Es wird gezeigt, daß mit der nicht-traditionellen Näherung erhaltene (im Sinne von Shannon verstandene) Informationsmenge immer größer als die durch Anwending der traditionellen Näherung erhaltene ist.

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: . , ( ), , , .

     

Statistical analysis of some topochemical models

A model process is considered in order to investigate the applicability of a particular statistical approach to determination of an input mechanism of topochemical reactions and of the relevant mathematical model.It is shown that the analysis of the experimental data leads to different results due to the reproducibility errors. The applied statistical approach allows one to determine the input mechanism unambiguously when has the value of 0.01.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Modellverfahren wird zur Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit einer bestimmten statistischen Näherung zur Bestimmung eines Inputmechanismus topochemischer Reaktionen und des einschlägigen mathematischen Modells herangezogen.Es wird gezeigt, daß infolge von Reproduzierbarkeitsfehlern die Analyse der Versuchsangaben zu verschiedenen Ergebnissen führt. Die angewandte statistische Annäherung gestattet die eindeutige Bestimmung des Inputmechanismus bei einem Sigma-Wert von 0.01.

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Résumé On considère un processus modèle pour vérifier s'il est possible d'appliquer une approximation statistique particulière pour déterminer le mécanisme initial des réactions topochimiques et le modèle mathématique respectif.On montre que l'analyse des données expérimentales conduit à des résultats différents en raison des erreurs de reproductibilité. L'application de cette approximation statistique permet de déterminer le mécanisme initial sans équivoque, pourvu que la valeur de soit égale à 0.01.

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- . , , . , 0,01.

     

Hydroxylation selectivity of phenol and O-protected phenols in the Fe(III)-catechol-H2O2 system

Oxidation selectivity of phenol and its O-protected derivatives in the Hamilton system has been studied. Modification of OH groups by acyl substituents and addition of -cyclodextrin markedly enhance paraselectivity of this reaction.

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O- . , OH- - - .

     

Geometric effects in methylcyclopentane hydrogenolysis on platinum catalysts

Methylcyclopentane hydrogenolysis was studied at 493 K over variously dispersed platinum catalysts. The relative contributions of the predominant hydrogenolysis mechanisms are correlated to the particle size in agreement with a simple geometric model.

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493 . .

     

Atomic spectroscopy for detection in thermal analysis

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer is coupled to a conventional thermoanalytical quartz furnace as used for TG and DTG to detect the thermally evolved products. In this combined system, the dry aerosol (smoke) obtained by cooling the vapour evolved is transported from the furnace to the flame for metal-specific atomic absorption detection. The particular design of the furnace outlet promotes the formation of stable aerosols. Optimum experimental conditions were determined, using zinc chloride solution, by varying the specimen mass, the heating rate and the flow rate of the furnace gas at a linear temperature program. The absorbancevs. temperature curves obtained with this method for various zinc compounds are compared with the corresponding DTG curves. The applicability of the technique for studying heterogeneous reactions with carbon tetrachloride and hexane vapours is presented. The utilization of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a quartz cuvette for detecting the thermal evolution of mercury vapours is described, as well as detection potentials by molecular absorption (for NO and NH₃) and light scattering (for smoke evolved from organic matter). The results obtained with the suggested methods may, in some respects, valuably complement the results achieved with DTG and with flame ionization detection.

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Zusammenfassung Ein Atomabsorptionsspektrometer wurde mit einem konventionellen thermoanalytischen Quarzofen gekoppelt um thermische Abspaltprodukte nachzuweisen. In diesem kombinierten System wird das durch Kühlung des entwickelten Dampfes erhaltene Aerosol (Rauch) vom Ofen in die Flamme für den metallspezifischen Atomabsorptionsnachweis übergeleitet. Die spezielle Ausbildung der Austrittsöffnung gewährleistet die Bildung eines stabilen Aerosols. Die optimalen Versuchsbedingungen wurden durch Zinkchloridlösungen bei Anderung der Probenmasse, der Aufheizgeschwindigkeit und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Ofengases im linearen Temperaturprogramm ermittelt. Die mit dieser Methode für verschiedene Zinkverbindungen erhaltenen Absorptions—Temperatur-Kurven wurden mit den entsprechenden DTG-Kurven verglichen. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Technik bei dem Studium heterogener Reaktionen mit Kohlenstofftetrachlorid und Hexandämpfen wird gezeigt. Der Einsatz eines mit einer Quarzküvette zum Nachweis der thermischen Entwicklung von Quecksilberdampf versehenen Atomabsorptionsspektrometers wird beschrieben, sowie die Nachweisgrenze durch molekulare Absorption (für NO und NH₃) und Lichtstreuung (für aus organischem Material entwickelten Rauch). Die bei den beschriebenen Methoden erhaltenen Ergebnisse können, in mancher Hinsicht, die durch DTG und Flammenionisationsnachweis erhaltenen Ergebnisse wertvoll ergänzen.

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- , , . (), , . . , . — , , -. . - , , , ( NO NH₃) ( , ). , , , - .

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Presented in part at the 24th Hungarian Conference on Analytical Sptecroscopy, Miskolc, June 15–18, 1981. Abstracts pp. 159–162.

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The authors wish to express their thanks to S. Gál for his assistance in the present application of the temperature programmer developed by him and his group, and for the valuable discussions on the subject. Thanks are also due to K. Tomor and J. Kmives who participated in the comparative thermoanalytical measurements and their analysis.     

p-Hydrogen conversion on sulfide catalysts as a function of bond ionicity

The activity of Group IV–VI transition metal sulfides in p-hydrogen conversion shows an inverse dependence on their bond ionicity.

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IV–VI- .

     

On the nature of surface sites for heterolytic dissociation of hydrogen on Al2O3

A quantum-chemical analysis of the models for geminal OH groups of Al₂O₃ and of the processes of their dehydroxylation with further dissociative chemisorption of hydrogen has been carried out. Calculations were performed by the SCF MO LCAO method using STO-3G basis set in terms of the cluster approach.

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OH- Al₂O₃ . , STO-3G .

     

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Gold and Palladium Using Microcolumn On-line Preconcentration and Separation

A microcolumn on-line preconcentration and separation system was developed for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) determination of trace levels of gold and palladium. The analytes were selectively adsorbed onto the microcolumn packed with 2-mercaptothiazole immobilized silica gel (MBTSG) in an acidity range of 0.1 to 6.0M HCl at a sampling flow rate of 4.0mLmin^–1. The analytes adsorbed could be desorbed by a thiourea solution with a flow rate of 2.0mLmin^–1. Most of the common coexisting metal ions at a concentration of 25.0mgmL^–1 and anions at a concentration of 50.0mgmL^–1 did not interfere with the preconcentration and determination of Au and Pd. The limits of detection (LOD), defined as three times the standard deviation of the blank (3), of Au and Pd are 10ngmL^–1 and 26ngmL^–1, respectively, with a preconcentration time of 60s. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is about 2.0% for 0.20µgmL^–1 Au and 0.30µgmL^–1 Pd. With a sample loading time of 30min, 6.7ngmL^–1 Au and 10ngmL^–1 Pd can be preconcentrated quantitatively. A geological sample, an anode slime and a secondary nickel alloy were successfully determined with the proposed method, and the results obtained showed good agreement with the certified values.Received December 23, 2002; accepted May 14, 2003 Published online August 8, 2003     

Effect of discontinuous irradiation in the radiolysis of heavy metal azides

A decrease in the steady-state rate of radiation gas evolution from silver and thallium azides under discontinuous irradiation has been revealed and the critical time for the darkening period (0.1 s) has been determined. This effect is not observed for lead and cadmium azides. An interpretation for the effect of discontinuous irradiation is suggested.

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. ( .І ). . .

     

Isotope exchange of nitrogen on magnesium, calcium and lanthanum nitrides

It has been found that calcium nitride possesses a high catalytic activity in the isotope exchange of nitrogen. The catalytic activity of nitrides is shown to be independent of the heat of their formation. The effect of H₂ and O₂ on the isotope exchange of nitrogen is studied.

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. . H₂ O₂ .

     

Kinetics of reduction of tris(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-butane-1,3-dionato)ruthenium(III) in methanol

Reduction of tris(4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(2-thienyl)-butane-1,3-dionato) ruthenium(III) in methanol solution containing potassium hydroxide has been studied kinetically. The results suggest outer-sphere complex formation between ruthenium(III) species and methoxide anion.

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(4,4,4--1-(2-)--1,3)(III) . , -.