基于手持技术的乙酸乙酯水解实验研究

乙酸乙酯水解实验是中学有机化学中的重要实验,通过酯层减少或酯香味消失的时间来判断水解反应速率,实验效果并不理想。利用手持技术中的电导率传感器研究氢氧化钠溶液温度和浓度对乙酸乙酯水解反应速率的影响,以及不同酸碱性条件下的乙酸乙酯水解反应速率。将电导率传感器与pH传感器联用,同时测定乙酸乙酯水解过程的电导率和pH变化。对通过实验得到的电导率变化曲线和pH变化曲线进行分析,帮助中学教师和学生从定量的角度理解乙酸乙酯水解反应规律和微观实质,并阐释了此研究对中学化学实验及其教学的启示。     

疏水-亲脂相互作用对化学反应性的影响

本工作由七篇论文组成。第一部份以不同链长的对位取代苯酚羧酸酯的水解反应为模型,通过动力学研究,得到十条证据,表明由于疏水亲脂作用。长链羧酸酯在水-DMSO中有簇集和绕曲,大大地影响了水解反应的速度和反应机理,其中四条证据是新的,尤其是将糖淀粉作为宿主研究簇集和绕曲。     

聚丙烯酸甲酯载体对柱状假丝酵母脂肪酶固定化的研究（Ⅰ）

合成了一系列不同结构的聚丙烯酸甲酯，考察了它们的固定化酵母脂肪酶催化酯水解反应的效果，得到了载体孔结构对固定化效果影响的一些规律．研究了最佳吸附条件，比较ｐＨ和离子强度对酵母脂肪酶自由酶和固定化酶催化酯水解反应活力的影响．     

分子内反应与分子内催化I:分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯水解机理的探讨

本工作测定了2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在不同pH值下的表观水解速率常数在碱性较强的溶液中, 酯的水解反应主要是由氢氧根离子进行分子间特殊碱催化来完成;而在接近中性pH值范围的溶液中, 苯并咪唑基以一般碱催化方式参与了分子内催化酯的水解反应。实验结果与所提出的理论模型较好地吻合。     

分子内反应与分子内催化I:分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯水解机理的探讨

本工作测定了2-(2'-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2'-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在不同pH值下的表观水解速率常数在碱性较强的溶液中, 酯的水解反应主要是由氢氧根离子进行分子间特殊碱催化来完成;而在接近中性pH值范围的溶液中, 苯并咪唑基以一般碱催化方式参与了分子内催化酯的水解反应。实验结果与所提出的理论模型较好地吻合。     

羧酸酯水解与氨解反应的胶团催化研究

较系统地研究了在有氨和无氨缓冲体系中ｐＨ变化对羧酸酯脱酰反应速度和胶团催化作用的影响，提供在两种缓冲体系中反应速度随溶液ｐＨ变化的规律，结果表明ＣＴＡＢ胶团对对硝基苯酚丙酸酯和乙酸酯水解反应的催化效率随溶液ｐＨ上升而削弱，参硝基苯酚丙酸酯和乙酸酸在含氨的缓冲体系中有水解和氨解反应同时进行，ＣＴＡＢ胶团对水解反应正催化作用，而对氨解反应则显示负催化作用，这使得ＮＨ３－ＮＨ４Ｂｒ缓冲体系中ＣＴＡＢ胶团     

分子内反应与分子内催化 Ⅰ.分子内苯并咪唑基一般碱催化2-(2′-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2′-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯水解机理的探讨

本工作测定了2-(2′-苯并咪唑基)乙酸乙酯及3-(2′-苯并咪唑基)丙酸乙酯在不同pH值下的表观水解速率常数在碱性较强的溶液中,酯的水解反应主要是由氢氧根离子进行分子间特殊碱催化来完成;而在接近中性pH值范围的溶液中,苯并咪唑基以一般碱催化方式参与了分子内催化酯的水解反应。实验结果与所提出的理论模型较好地吻合。     

含水杨酸的缩聚物对p-硝基苯酚乙酸酯水解反应的催化作用——Ⅲ.温度对催化作用的影响

<正> 在以前的研究中我们发现:水杨酸、甲醛和烷基伯胺的缩聚物在催化p-硝基苯酚乙酸酯(PNPA)水解反应的过程中,主链上的水杨酸羟基和叔胺氮原子之间有协同作用;聚合物则链上的长链烷基能与底物发生疏水相互作用,酯的水解反应表现为Michaelis-Menten动力学历程,本文在不同温度下测定了水杨酸及其缩聚物催化PNPA水解反应的速度常数及各项热力学活化参数,讨论了温度对缩聚物催化作用的影响。     

聚碳酸1,2-丙二酯的碱催化水解研究

研究了高分子量聚碳酸1,2-丙二酯的碱催化水解反应,并通过核磁共振谱仪和气相色谱质谱联用仪对降解反应产物的解析,发现碱催化聚碳酸1,2-丙二酯水解是无规断链反应和解拉链反应共同作用的结果.结果表明高分子量聚碳酸1,2-丙二酯的碱催化水解是制备低分子量聚碳酸1,2-丙二酯的方法之一.     

二烷基苯基磷(膦)酸酯重排和水解反应的结构效应

本文用分子力学(MM)和量子化学(MNDO)方法研究了各种不同磷(膦)酸酯的Csp^2-O-P重排反主尖和碱性水解反应的结构效反应.计算结果表明,随着底物分子中C-P键数目的增多,发生重排反主尖的活化能也增加,这与实验结果完全一致.但由于计算得到的各类磷(膦)酸酯碱性水解反应的活化能同实验结果相矛盾,这可能是由于底物同过渡态之间溶剂化能的差别所致.     

Proton affinities of saturated aliphatic methyl esters

The kinetic method was used to determine the proton affinities of methyl esters of several saturated fatty acids. Decompositions of the proton-bound dimers of the methyl esters, AHB⁺, were observed under different conditions with two instruments. The proton affinities (PAs) of the methyl esters increase continually with increasing carbon number in the acid. Equilibrium and initial rate experiments were performed with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer on the methyl ester of the C₂₂ saturated acid (methyl behenate). These experiments give values for PA (methyl behenate) that are perhaps slightly lower than those obtained with the kinetic method. The PAs of the methyl esters of the fatty acids could be correlated with the equation: PA (ester) = (40.0 ± 2.5)*log(n) + (784.7 ± 3.9) kJ/mol or PA (ester) = (864 ± 2) − (479 ± 41)/n, wheren = number of atoms in the molecule. Proton affinities of smaller sets of 1-alkylamines and 1-alkanols can be fit to similar equations.     

Cyclic esters of aliphatic diacids with pyrocatechol and hydroquinone

Cyclic esters of adipic acid, suberic acid and sebacic acid were prepared by reaction of the acid dichlorides and pyrocatechol or hydroquinone in benzene under high dilution conditions. While only the cyclic dimers could be obtained from hydroquinone, pyrocatechol formed cyclic monomers as well as cyclic dimers (and also a cyclic dimer with succinic acid). The structure of all compounds was confirmed by¹H-NMR- and mass spectra. The crystal structures of the pyrocatechol esters were determined by single crystal X-ray analysis.

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Cyclische Ester aliphatischer Dicarbonsäuren mit Brenzcatechin und Hydrochinon

Zusammenfassung Es wurden cyclische Ester von Adipinsäure, Korksäure und Sebacinsäure durch Reaktion der entsprechenden Säure-Dichloride mit Brenzcatechin oder Hydrochinon bei hoher Verdünnung hergestellt. Während mit Hydrochinon lediglich die cyclischen Dimeren erhalten werden konnten, wurden mit Brenzcatechin sowohl cyclische Monomere als auch cyclische Dimere erhalten (ebenfalls das cyclische Dimer mit Bernsteinsäure). Die Strukturen wurden mittels¹H-NMR und Massenspektren gesichert. Die Kristallstrukturen der Brenzcatechin-Ester wurden mittels Röntgenstrukturanalyse bestimmt.

     

Mixed monolayers of polymethacrylic esters containing aromatic and aliphatic groups

The interfacial properties of mixtures of polymethacrylic polymers containing either aromatic or aliphatic side groups were studied at water-air interface in order to define the role of geometrical orientation on surface compatibility and the effect of aromatic interactions on ordered bidimensional systems. Two binary systems were studied: polyphenylmethacrylate/ polyhexylmethacrylate and polyphenylmethacrylate/polybenzylmethacrylate.Surface pressure and surface potential measurements were performed in the 288–303 K temperature range on the mixtures at different polymer concentrations. Further information was obtained from ellipsometric measurements and scanning electron microscopy of the collapsed material. The experimental results allow for the conclusion that both polymers containing aromatic groups are almost ideally miscible whereas mixtures of aliphatic and aromatic polymers are completely immiscible.     

Systematic evaluation of the conformational properties of aliphatic omega-methoxy methyl esters

[structure: see text] A systematic conformational study of omega-methoxy methyl esters, CH(3)O-(CH2)n-COO-CH3 with n = 3 and 4, has been performed using quantum mechanical calculations at the MP2 level. Calculations have been carried out in both gas phase and chloroform solution, a polarizable continuum solvation model being used to represent the latter. Results have been compared with those recently obtained for the analogues omega-hydroxy acids, HO-(CH2)n-COOH with n = 3 and 4. The compounds with n = 3 clearly favor coiled conformations, the population expected for extended and semiextended conformations being very low. However, for compounds with n = 4 the minimum energy extended and semiextended structures become considerably more stable. The overall results indicate that the conformational preferences of the central aliphatic segment of omega-methoxy methyl esters and omega-hydroxy acids are not influenced by the formation of intramolecular O-H...O hydrogen bonds.     

CGC-MS determination of mixtures of long chain aliphatic esters

A method is described for the determination of the acid and alcohol moieties in long chain wax esters. The co-eluting esters are differentiated by means of CGC-MS operating in the ion monitoring mode. The technique allows to detect ester components present in very low amounts in plant surface waxes.     

Calculation of the thermodynamic properties of the dimethacrylate esters of aliphatic glycols

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

One-step synthesis of O-benzyl hydroxamates from unactivated aliphatic and aromatic esters

We have developed a simple and high yielding one-step method for the synthesis of hydroxamate derivatives directly from a broad range of unactivated esters and the anion of O-benzyl-hydroxylamine generated in situ. The reaction takes place in minutes at -78 degrees C. Very importantly, the method was successfully employed with enolizable esters, including chiral alpha-amino acid esters and peptides, with no trace of racemization/epimerization at the alpha carbon detected.     

Dye-assisted chromatographic determination of aliphatic ketones and esters with brilliant green

Determinations of neutral nonchromophoric organic compounds by dye-assisted chromatography are extended to the determination of aliphatic ketones and esters by using reversed-phase conditions and a mobile phase containing Brilliant Green. Detection limits of 6–20 μg were obtained when a mobile phase containing 50% (v/v) methanol/water and 0.00010 M Brilliant Green was used with detection at 575 nm, and 0.5–2 μg with detection in the ultraviolet region. In the absence of dye the detection limits for several solutes were about four times higher than the corresponding values obtained with the dye. The dye was shown to form a dimer having a molar absorptivity two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the monomeric dye. Detection of non-chromophoric compounds is concluded to be due to the desorption of adsorbed dye by the analytes and the shift of the aggregation and hydration equilibria of the dye promoted by the organic solutes. The lowering of the capacity factors is interpreted in terms of the adsorption of dye by the column which reduces the hydrophobicity of the stationary phase.