Reduction of post-weld shift in semiconductor laser packaging

A reduction of post-weld shift (PWS) in semiconductor laser packaging using a laser welding technique is presented. It is found that the PWS and its association with the power coupling loss of the laser packaging can be reduced under proper pressure constraint. Characteristics of defect mechanisms in laser welding techniques for semiconductor laser packaging are also investigated experimentally. The results in the stainless-to-Kovar joints show that the surface cracks are dependent on the Au thickness on the Kovar material. The low solubility of gold in the Kovar is identified as the defect mechanism for surface cracks. Preliminary reliability data demonstrated that these laser packages without crack defects in the welded joints are reliable.     

Correlation spectroscopy as a tool for detecting losses of ligand elements in laser welding of aluminium alloys

The plasma plume induced during laser welding of metals is a mixture of metal vapour, coming from the vaporised weld pool surface and shielding gas. The influence of the shielding gas on the welded joints quality is not yet well understood and very few investigations, to the best of our knowledge, were addressed to study its role in case of welding of aluminium–magnesium alloys. In this paper we present a study of the dynamics of plasma plume produced in laser welding of 5xxx aluminium alloys by means of correlation spectroscopy. By our results we can correlate the influence of the welding speed, in case of ineffective gas shielding, to the loss of alloying elements. Finally, the results obtained are consistent with the EDX analysis performed in post-processing on the welded joints.     

Statistical analysis of intrinsic joint losses in mismatched multimode fibres

The effects of manufacturing variations in geometrical and optical parameters of multimode fibres on intrinsic joint losses are studied by means of a statistical approach. The analysis is performed considering different real conditions of propagation and statistical distributions of fibre parameters. The effects of a cascade of joints and of different jointing techniques are also studied. The calculations are carried out using the real tolerances recommended by the standardization organizations, through a simulation of some 500 000 joints. Except for the case of mismatch of numerical aperture (whose tolerance is relatively large) a mean joint loss of 0.07–0.2 dB and a 98th percentile of joint loss of 0.4–0.7 dB is obtained, depending on the statistical distribution of fibre parameters.     

一种磁绝缘传输线真空功率流的电路计算方法

介绍了基于电报方程的磁绝缘传输线真空功率流电路计算方法的基本原理,开发了相应的计算程序,对Angara-5-1装置4600发次实验进行了计算,电路模拟结果与实验结果符合较好,提供了一种新的计算磁绝缘传输线真空功率流的方法,分析了Angara-5-1装置磁绝缘传输线阻抗突变处损失电流随时间的变化规律,讨论了该方法与TLCODE和Bertha等电路模拟方法的区别,采用该电路模拟方法计算Angara-5-1等工作在超磁绝缘状态的脉冲功率装置,不仅能够保证计算精度而且提高了解的收敛性,使得对磁绝缘传输线损失电流的计算更加自洽。     

一种磁绝缘传输线真空功率流的电路计算方法

介绍了基于电报方程的磁绝缘传输线真空功率流电路计算方法的基本原理,开发了相应的计算程序,对Angara-5-1装置4600发次实验进行了计算,电路模拟结果与实验结果符合较好,提供了一种新的计算磁绝缘传输线真空功率流的方法,分析了Angara-5-1装置磁绝缘传输线阻抗突变处损失电流随时间的变化规律,讨论了该方法与TLCODE和Bertha等电路模拟方法的区别,采用该电路模拟方法计算Angara-5-1等工作在超磁绝缘状态的脉冲功率装置,不仅能够保证计算精度而且提高了解的收敛性,使得对磁绝缘传输线损失电流的计算更加自洽。     

Energy dissipation in rotary structural joints

Many structures and mechanical assemblies are held together by connections containing two friction surfaces in contact under the action of a constant clamping force. When the structure is vibrating the external load acting on the joint is a time-dependent moment about an axis normal to the contact surfaces. Friction joints of this type constitute a well-defined source of damping in vibrating structures. The joint is analyzed theoretically by means of principles analogous to those used in the Panovko model [1] of the axially loaded lap joint. Complete moment-rotation and energy loss characteristics are obtained. it is shown that the energy dissipated during cyclic loading depends on the peak-to-peak value of the dynamic part of the external moment but is independent of the mean moment. A measure of the efficiency of the joint in dissipating energy is defined, and a comparison drawn between the rotary (moment loaded) joint and linear (axially loaded) lap joints.     

带旁通的管道中的声能流及传声损失——Ⅰ：理论分析

本文在平面波条件下,利用管道分叉点上声压和质点体积速度的连续性,导出了带旁通的管道中的声能流及其传声损失方程,在微机上作了数值计算,计算结果具体例证了声能环流的存在以及传声损失的频率特性,并且从有源噪声控制的角度对结果作了讨论.     

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析高温对木材-胶粘剂界面性能的影响

胶合木层板间界面起传递应力的作用,是构件承载的重要参数,其高温胶合性能决定了构件的抗火性能。以兴安落叶松结构材,以及结构用间苯二酚-酚醛树脂胶粘剂(PRF)和三聚氰胺-脲醛树脂胶粘剂(MUF)为研究对象,研究了20～280 ℃中木材含水率、密度、顺纹弦向抗剪强度和木材-胶粘剂界面胶合性能等216个试件在高温中的物理力学性能变化规律,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析高温中胶粘剂官能团变化,揭示了高温对木材-胶粘剂界面性能的劣化机理。结果表明,20～150 ℃时,兴安落叶松主要发生由水分释放导致的木材密度降低等物理反应,木材颜色未发生明显变化;150～200 ℃时,木材热降解开始,密度下降速度变缓,木材颜色逐渐加深;温度继续升高时,木材热降解加剧,颜色急剧加深,木材密度损失快速增加;当温度升至280 ℃时,木材发生炭化、完全转化为黑色,密度降至常温的72.49%。高温对兴安落叶松顺纹弦向抗剪强度有明显的劣化作用;20 ℃时木材抗剪强度为9.654 MPa,20～110 ℃时木材抗剪强度下降较快,150 ℃时降至常温的60.68%;150～280 ℃时,木材顺纹抗剪强度急剧下降,280 ℃时降至1.054 MPa。木材-胶粘剂界面的高温性能与胶粘剂的耐热性能密切相关;常温时,兴安落叶松与PRF和MUF均有较好的胶合性能,其界面抗剪强度分别为9.071和9.619 MPa,木破率均在80%以上;随着温度的升高,两种胶粘剂的界面抗剪强度均明显降低,木材-PRF界面较木材-MUF具有更好的耐高温性能。20～150 ℃时,两种胶粘剂界面抗剪强度劣化规律与木材抗剪强度相似,150 ℃时木材-PRF和木材-MUF的界面抗剪强度分别为常温的60.61%和60.92%,木破率均高于70%。150～280 ℃时,木材-PRF界面抗剪强度劣化规律仍与木材顺纹抗剪强度相似,280 ℃时降至0.774 MPa;木材-MUF界面胶合性能受温度影响更大,220 ℃时其木破率为10%,280 ℃时界面抗剪强度降至0 MPa。傅里叶变换红外光谱图中,20～150 ℃时PRF化学结构无明显变化;温度高于150 ℃时主要发生胶粘剂的进一步交联,以及醚键和亚甲基桥的断裂,PRF开始热解,但化学结构仍较完整;20～150 ℃时MUF的化学结构无明显变化,温度高于200 ℃时,羟甲基特征峰减弱、异氰酸酯基团产生,热降解剧烈,PRF较MUF具有更高的耐热性能。研究结果将为木结构工程合理选择原材料提供数据支撑,并为完善木结构抗火设计理论和方法提供依据。     

Damping sources in wood structures

Damping in wood structures is either associated with the material itself or with the joining devices. An experimental study indicates that material damping is relatively independent of wood type and constant in a given environment. Nailed joints can provide additional damping which can be further augmented by special nailing devices. Such devices increase the total damping by more than an order of magnitude. The damping of glued joints depends upon the characteristics of the adhesive. The adhesive can double the damping provided by the wood alone.     

Three-dimensional human femoral strain analysis using ESPI

With age, disease or injury the joints in the human body can wear out or bones may even fail catastrophically. In many cases it is possible to replace joints and bones with artificial components (prostheses). However, prosthetic joints can have a very limited life (often less than 10 years) and require replacement or ‘revision’. In order to optimise prosthetic life, it is necessary to improve the design of components and implantation techniques, which is clearly also beneficial to both patients and hospitals.     

无磁杜瓦粘接接头真空性能的实验研究

采用氦质谱仪测量了不同工况下 ,铝、玻璃钢和不锈钢等材料间螺纹粘接接头处的漏率 ,结果表明螺纹接头可以得到很好的真空性能 ,可以满足无磁杜瓦的技术要求     

The damping of structural vibration by rotational slip in joints

Interfacial slip in joints is the major contributor to the inherent damping of most fabricated structures. By fastening joints tightly enough to prohibit translational slip, but not tightly enough to prohibit rotational slip (thereby making only a small sacrifice in static stiffness), it is shown, both experimentally and theoretically, that a useful increase in the inherent damping in a structure can be achieved, provided an optimum joint load is maintained. The analysis is simplified by using a general dynamic analysis computer program with a sub-program to model the friction joint.     

Research on laser welding of high-strength galvanized automobile steel sheets

The paper presented some useful results of deep-penetration laser welding of high-strength galvanized steel sheets, which had been carried out by a self-made CO₂ laser unit with maximum power output of 1.5 kW. The workpieces of high-strength galvanized automobile steels with thickness of 1.5 mm were butt-welded with argon as the shielding gas. The effects of such factors as laser power, welding speed, focal position, shielding gas and zinc vaporization on the quality of welds are investigated. With the processing parameters optimized and the proper shielding gas used in both coaxial and side-blow direction, most of the defects, such as pores, cracks and softening in HAZ, can be avoided in laser welding joints. The microstructure, the hardness distribution and the elemental distribution in the welding joints can be changed due to laser heating and recrystallization. In order to determine the mechanical properties of the welding joints, the static tensile strength was tested. Experimental results indicated that both the strength and microhardness of welding joints were higher than those of the base metal. Consequently, the welding quality is reliable for manufacturing of automobile bodies.     

Effect of welding speed on butt joint quality of Ti–6Al–4V alloy welded using a high-power Nd:YAG laser

Annealed Ti–6Al–4V alloy sheets with 1 and 2 mm thickness are welded using a 4 kW Nd:YAG laser system. The effects of welding speed on surface morphology and shape, welding defects, microstructure, hardness and tensile properties are investigated. Weld joints without or with minor cracks, porosity and shape defects were obtained indicating that high-power Nd:YAG laser welding is a suitable method for Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The fusion zone consists mainly of acicular α′ martensite leading to an increase of approximately 20% in hardness compared with that in the base metal. The heat-affected zone consists of a mixture of α′ martensite and primary α phases. Significant gradients of microstructures and hardness are obtained over the narrow heat-affected zone. The laser welded joints have similar or slightly higher joint strength but there is a significant decrease in ductility. The loss of ductility is related to the presence of micropores and aluminum oxide inclusions.     

Exploring Neurofeedback Training for BMI Power Augmentation of Upper Limbs: A Pilot Study

Electroencephalography neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) training can induce changes in the power of targeted EEG bands. The objective of this study is to enhance and evaluate the specific changes of EEG power spectral density that the brain-machine interface (BMI) users can reliably generate for power augmentation through EEG-NFB training. First, we constructed an EEG-NFB training system for power augmentation. Then, three subjects were assigned to three NFB training stages, based on a 6-day consecutive training session as one stage. The subjects received real-time feedback from their EEG signals by a robotic arm while conducting flexion and extension movement with their elbow and shoulder joints, respectively. EEG signals were compared with each NFB training stage. The training results showed that EEG beta (12–40 Hz) power increased after the NFB training for both the elbow and the shoulder joints’ movements. EEG beta power showed sustained improvements during the 3-stage training, which revealed that even the short-term training could improve EEG signals significantly. Moreover, the training effect of the shoulder joints was more obvious than that of the elbow joints. These results suggest that NFB training can improve EEG signals and clarify the specific EEG changes during the movement. Our results may even provide insights into how the neural effects of NFB can be better applied to the BMI power augmentation system and improve the performance of healthy individuals.     

有限元仿真兰姆波评价胶接接头界面弹性模量的研究

金属薄板检测中,声-超声检测方法可激发多模式的兰姆波,兰姆波能够评价金属胶接后结构质量,正确认识兰姆波传播特性与胶接接头弹性模量的关系是有效应用该技术的基础。本文采用有限元仿真法分析这种关系,得出随着胶层弹性模量的降低,各模式兰姆波通过胶接接头后能量有不同程度的衰减,频率为0.5 MHz和1 MHz时,兰姆波主要模式A₀、S₀能量值与接头弹性模量具有一定的线性关系。实验结果表明,低频时随着胶接接头的人工老化,接头中主要模式兰姆波能量均发生一定程度的衰减,其能量变化曲线与有限元仿真结果趋势一致。本方法能为实验研究、实际检测提供有效参考依据。     

考虑铁芯接缝的电力变压器空载噪声计算*

硅钢片磁致伸缩导致的铁芯振动是电力变压器空载噪声的主要原因,铁芯的接缝结构对空载噪声的影响很大。为研究不同接缝结构对铁芯噪声的影响,本文提出了一种基于接缝区材料磁致伸缩特性等效的方法,首先对含有接缝气隙的铁芯模型进行磁场分析,对接缝区的材料分别进行磁化特性等效及磁致伸缩特性等效;其次采用等效的材料,基于有限元法对一台110kV电力变压器进行磁-力-声耦合分析,计算不同模型的噪声。最后通过对含有不同接缝结构的变压器开展噪声测试,验证了计算方法的有效性。结果表明考虑接缝结构的模型与实测数据有更小的误差,采用接缝结构等效的建模及计算方法可以实现接缝结构对噪声影响的计算。     

银铜钛膏状钎料钎焊石墨和铜合金接头的微观组织及性能

利用银铜钛(Ag-Cu-Ti)膏状钎料采用真空钎焊的方法对两种不同石墨和铜合金进行钎焊连接实验,研究了钎焊温度、中间缓冲层、母材尺寸等工艺参数对接头性能的影响。采用自行设计模具对接头的剪切强度进行了测试,利用扫描电镜和配带的X射线能谱分析仪分析了接头界面组织形貌及元素物相成分。研究结果表明:当钎焊温度为910℃,保温时间10min时,Ag-Cu-Ti膏状钎料能够与石墨和无氧铜两侧母材形成良好的结合界面;与GA石墨相比,阿泰克石墨与无氧铜接头强度更高;采用1mm无氧铜做中间缓冲层钎焊石墨和铬锆铜时,能有效缓解钎焊热应力,接头强度有明显提高。     

任意相位差条纹信号细分方法的研究

为消除传统细分方法中由于两路条纹信号不正交引入的细分误差，提出了一种可对任意相位差条纹信号直接细分的新方法。根据两路条纹信号的极性和幅值大小，把一个信号周期分成8个区段。高速采集两路条纹信号，通过判断信号采样点所处的区段是否跳变对信号幅值交点进行动态跟踪。对不足一个周期的条纹移动，当测量出起点与终点的幅值，计算出其所在的区段及位置后，结合两路信号的交点，可实现对任意相位差条纹信号的细分。实验结果表明，该方法突破了传统细分方法必须信号正交的限制，可对任意相位差信号进行准确地细分，降低了条纹测量中器件安装与调试的难度，具有更强的环境适应性和抗干扰能力。     

Soldering of Bi-2223/Ag high temperature superconducting tapes with Sn–Pb–Bi–Ag alloy paste

Soldered joints of Bi-2223/Ag-sheathed high temperature superconducting multifilamentary tapes were fabricated using 63 wt.%Sn–34 wt.%Pb–1 wt.%Bi–2 wt.%Ag paste. The soldered joints were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Moreover, the electrical properties of joints were evaluated by current–voltage curves, and the tensile strengths of the joints were also tested. The results show that the soldered joint consists of Ag sheath – Ag₃Sn compound layer – PbSn₂ and Ag₃Sn solder layer – Ag₃Sn compound layer – Ag sheath. The joints are obeyed with Ohms Law and the magnitude of the joint resistance, which deceases with the increase of the overlap length, can reach the order of 10^?8 Ω. The tensile strength of the joints with a brittle fracture mode is a little lower than that of the original tapes.