Lipids of the fruit of Diospyros kaki

The composition and amounts of the various groups of liposoluble compounds in the rind and flesh of persimmon fruit of the varieties Hachiya and Hyakume have been established by a combination of chromatographic and chemical methods. The identity of the qualitative composition of the lipids of the flesh and rind of the fruit and quantitative differences in the amounts of individual groups have been found. A total of 24 groups of compounds were identified, the main ones of which were monogalactosyldiglycerides, carotenoids, diacylglycerols, ceramide oligosides, digalactosyldiglycerides, phosphatidylglycerols; phosphatidylcholines, and free and glycosylated sterols. In the fatty acid composition of the lipids unsaturated fatty acids — linolenic, oleic, linoleic, and palmitoleic — predominated (>70%).M. V. Lomonosov Odessa Technological Institute of the Food Industry. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 501–505, July–August, 1987.     

Polar lipids of cotton seeds and the products of their processing

The compositions and amounts of polar lipids in cotton seeds and the products of their processing have been investigated. Six glycolipids have been identified, the main ones being monogalactosyldiglyceride (MGDGs), digalactosyldiglycerides (DGDGs), and sterol glycosides. The fatty acid compositions of the neutral lipids and of the phospho- and glycolipids have been determined. In the glycolipids, saturated fatty acids — palmitic and stearic — predominated.Institute of Chemistry of Plant Substances, Uzbekistan Republic Academy of Sciences, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 194–198, March–April, 1993.     

Lipids of microalgae. I. Lipids and a protein hydrolysate fromMonochrysis lutheri

The class composition and the total fatty acid composition of the readily- and difficulty-extractable lipids and the amino acid composition of a protein hydrolysate of the dry biomass from the golden-yellow microalgaMonochrysis lutheri have been determined for the first time. It has been established that the difficulty-extractable lipids differ sharply from the readily extractable lipids in the composition of the neutral and glycolipid components and also in that of the fatty acids; 27% of the weight of the fatty acids of the latter is composed of the 20:4 and 20:5 species. The protein hydrolysate ofM. lutheri contains almost the whole set of essential fatty acids.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbekistan Republic, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 507–511, July–August, 1993.     

Lipids of the wastes from the processing ofAconitum leucostomum

It has been established that the wastes from the production of the drug allapinin from the epigeat pan ofAconitum leucostomum consist of nonpolar and polar lipids with a high content of phospho- and glycolipids and free fatty acids.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 37–40, January–February, 1995.     

Epicuticular and intracellular lipids ofHippophae rhamnoides leaves

It has been established that the bulk of the epicuticular lipids of common sea buckthorn leaves is represented by the class of higher aliphatic esters, while higher fatty acids, other acids of the aliphatic series, and cyclic acids of triterpene nature have also been detected. The intracellular lipids consist mainly of esters of various alcohols with higher fatty acids, while the same alcohols are found in the form of acetates and in the free state. In addition, the composition of the intracellular lipids includes hydrocarbons, triacylglycerols, free fatty acids, carotenoids, aldehydes, and acids of triterpene nature.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 790–798, November-December, 1995. Original article submitted January 2, 1995.     

Lipids ofHippophae rhamnoides pericarp

The main indices and the fatty, acid compositions of the pericarp lipids of six varieties of sea buckthorn introduced into the Tashkent Botanical Garden have been determined. The lipids of the varieties Maslichnaya-5 and Zolotoi pochatok are enriched with carotenoids (276 and 276.5 mg%, respectively). The fatty acids of the samples studied contained somewhat less of the 16:1 acid than varieties growing in the Altai.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 671–673, September–October, 1995. Original article submitted March 10, 1995.     

Lipids ofHeracleum lehmannianum seeds

The lipid complex of the seeds ofHeracleum lehmannianum B. has been studied. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the neutral lipids and the phospho- and glycolipids, and the fatty acid compositions of the acyl-containing classes of lipids have been determined. It has been shown that the neutral and the polar lipids differ considerably from one another with respect to the level of certain fatty acids. The position-species compositions of the TAGS and of the main components of the phospholipids have been calculated from the results of lipolytic hydrolysis.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 10–14, January–February, 1996. Original article submitted June 12, 1995.     

Lipids of silkworm cocoons

The lipid complex of silkworm cocoons had been investigated. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the total neutral lipids and glyco- and phospholipids have been determined. Considerable differences have been noted in the amounts of individual fatty acids in the neutral lipids and the phospholipids.Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 664–666, September–October, 1995. Original article submitted November 7, 1994.     

Group composition of the neutral lipids in the oil of the fruit ofHippophaë rhamnoides

The composition of the neutral lipids of the fruit flesh and seeds of two forms of sea buckthorn have been determined. The presence of more than 20 groups of lipids has been shown. The two oils differed in the amounts and compositions of their carotenoids and acyl glycerols and the amounts of alcohols, free fatty acids, and esters.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 300–305, May–June, 1984.     

Neutral lipids of freon extracts of the fruit ofHippophaë rhamnoides

The composition of Freon extracts of the fruit of two samples of sea buckthorn has been studied — from the Western Pamir and from Biisk. The presence of 16 classes of lipids has been shown. The distribution of the fatty acid residues between the 2- and 1,3-positions of the triacyl glycerols of these extracts have been studied by the method of lipase hydrolysis, and their position-species compositions have been established.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 231–234, March–April, 1987.     

Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of Echinodermata. I. ClassOphiuroidea

The phospholipid compositions of five species of marine ophiuroids belonging to the classOphiuroidea have been investigated. It has been shown that the phosphatidylethanolamines contain almost solely ether bonds in the first position of the glycerophospholipids. The amount of the plasmalogen form in the phosphatidylethanolamines averages 89.8% (82.3–96.2%) and the amount of the alkyl form 9.8% (3.8–17.7%). The compositions of the fatty acids, fatty aldehydes, and alkyl ethers in the two main classes of phospholipids — phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine — have been studied. The main acids found were eicosatetraenoic and eicosapentaenoic, the total amount of which was 53%. It has been shown that the ophiuroids can be used as promising objects for the investigation of the metabolism of alkoxylipids and for their preparative isolation.Volga Basin Ecological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Tol'yatti. Translated from Khimya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 547–551, September–October, 1986.     

The seed oil of Catalpa. I

Summary 1. The fatty-acid compositions of the seed oils of catalpas cultivated in the Soviet Union have been studied.2. The oil content of the seeds is 21.2–36.7%, the refractive index 1.4905–1.5400, and the iodine number 184.8–201.7.3. The following fatty acids have been found in catalpa oil (%): palmitic — 1.3–4.3; stearic — 1.1–2.5; heneicosanoic — 0.5–5.2; oleic — 5.5–9.8; linoleic — 39.6–50.3; linolenic — 0.4–1.8; and eleostearic — 32.8–46.2.4. The most accurate results for characterizing the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids of the catalpa seed oils are given by Woburn's method of determining iodine numbers. The iodine numbers obtained experimentally agree with those calculated and consequently the addition of halogen to the system of double bonds takes place at all the double bonds.5. The degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids of catalpa oil characterized by the iodine numbers and refractive indices increases in the sequence of species southern, northern, teas, Chinese and has a tendency to rise on passing to more northerly zones, which is one more piece of evidence confirming the correctness of S. L. Ivanov's climatic theory of the structure of fats.Kalinin Polytechnic Institute. Moscow Branch of the All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Fats. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 331–337, May–June, 1977.     

Lipids of the fruit of Feijoa sellowiana

The composition and amounts of liposoluble substances in the flesh and peel of feijoa fruit has been investigated. About 30 groups of lipid substances have been identified. The main groups of lipids in the flesh were triacylglycerols, sterols, cerebrosides, ceramide phosphate inositol oligosides, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids, phosphotidylglycerols and phosphatidylcholines. In the peel, hydrocarbons, sterols, esters of fatty acids and lower alcohols, cerebrosides, digalactosyldiacylglycerols, ceramide oligosides, phosphatidylglycerols, and include predominated. The fatty acids of the flesh were found to include 15 representatives (C_12:0–C_28:0), and those of the flesh 11 representatives tives (C_12:0–C_18:3).M. V. Lomonosov Technological Institute of the Food Industry, Odessa. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 4, pp. 464–467, July–August, 1991.     

Lipids from Ékdisten production wastes

The lipids and the fatty-acid composition of the wastes from the production of the drug Ékdisten from the roots and rhizomes of Rhaponticum cartharnoides have been studied. The lipids have been found to contain, predominantly, free fatty acids, including the 18:2 acid, and free and bound sterols and triterpenols. The desirability of using the wastes as a bioadditive in phytocosmetic preparations has been substantiated.Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (3712) 89 14 75. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 210–214, March–April, 1995. Original article submitted October 10, 1994.     

Features of synthesis of fatty acids in active lipid-forming yeasts

Features of the accumulation of fatty acids and the changes in their composition in seven strains of yeasts that are promising producing agents of lipids have been studied. It has been shown that in the process of accumulation of lipids in the biomass changes take place that lead to a fall in the degree of unsaturation of the pool of fatty acids. This nature of the change in the composition of the fatty acids is, as has been shown by measuring their absolute amounts in the biomass, connected with the intensive synthesis of oleic and palmitic acids as components of the reserve lipids. The results obtained form the basis for an evaluation of the promising nature of individual strains as active producers of fatty acids.Moscow Technological Institute of the Food Industry. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 788–791, November–December, 1988.     

Fatty-acid composition of the lipids of coregonids of the Ob basin

The fatty acid compositions of the lipids of the muscles of the back and of the abdomen of a pelyad from the lakes of the Ob basin have been studied by gas-liquid chromatography; 29 acids have been detected of which 27 have been identified. It has been established that the lipids of the muscles of the back of the pelyad contain 37.2% of polyunsaturated and 37.3% of monoenoic acids the main components of which are oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, octadecatetraenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acids, amounting in total to 65%. The lipids of the muscles of the pelyad are unique among lipids of fresh-water fish in their content of tri- and tetraenoic acids. As compared with the usual composition, the neutral lipids are characterized by higher amounts of monoenoic and lower amounts of polyenoic acids.Tyumen' State Medical Institute. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 555–558, September–October, 1981.     

Thermal Analysis Studies on Human Skin and Skin Barrier Modulation by Fatty Acids and Propylene Glycol

The thermal behaviour of human stratum corneum (SC) with various hydration levels was studied using differential thermal analysis DSC within the temperature range of –130 to 120°C. SC containing 20% water, resembling the intact condition, shows thermal transitions at around –20°C (representing water in skin), –10, 40, 70°C (representing skin lipids), 85°C (representing protein-associated lipids) and 100°C (representing skin protein). Dehydration of SC causes the transitions at –20 and 100°C to be invisible. Lipid extraction followed by dehydration eliminates all transitions. Further hydration produces a transition of water at around 0°C with a huge change in enthalpy. The perturbation effects of penetration enhancers fatty acids (FA) and propylene glycol (PG) were studied using DTA on SC after pretreatment with PG alone and FA/PG. The application of PG alone shifted the transitions at 70 and 85°C to lower temperatures. Additionally, the application to dehydrated stratum corneum removes the transitions at –10°C. Saturated fatty acids, e.g. nonanoic and decanoic acids, exert barely noticeable effects on the thermal behaviour of SC suggesting that they easily mix with the skin lipids. Thermal analysis also revealed that the cis-9- and 13-isomers of octadecenoic acid (monounsaturated fatty acids) form a separate domain containing mostly the pure fatty acids within the SC lipids and suppress the lipid transitions at 70/80°C. Polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic and -linolenic acids — form separate domains but do not completely suppress the SC lipid transitions at 70/80°C as monounsaturated acids do. This study suggests different ways of perturbation by various fatty acids.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Change in the lipid composition of lichens in the spring period

The dynamics of the amount of total lipids, the ratio of the main classes of lipids, the amount of fatty acids, and the ratio of individual phospholipids in three epiphytic species of lichens from the Zhigulevsk reserve have been followed. It has been shown that all the classes of lipids of the lichens change to some degree or other in this period. The dynamics of the fatty acids has also confirmed a known rule: an increase in the amount of saturated and a decrease in the number of unsaturated fatty acids of the membranes with a rise in the temperature of the environment. This is the first time that the dynamics of the hydroxy acids have been followed.Institute of the Ecology of the Volga Basin, Tol'yatti. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 5, pp. 660–664, September–October, 1993.     

Fatty acid composition of the main phospholipids of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba

The Antarctic krillEuphausia superba Dana contains about 5% of its natural weight of extractable lipids, more than half of which are in the form of phospholipids — phosphatidylcholine (33–36% of the sum of the lipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (15–17%), lysophosphatidylcholine (3–4%), and others (2–3%) — while among the phosphorus-free components triacylglycerols predominate (32–35%). In the first two phospholipids the dominating fatty acid residue is the arachidonic acid residue (more than 40% of the sum of the acyl residues) and the amounts of residues of eicosapentaenoic acid (C_{20 : 5w3}) are about 13 and 28%, respectively. A simple procedure for isolating the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine is proposed. For the analysis of the fatty acid a new method was used, consisting of the HPLC of their (7-diethylaminocoumarin-4-yl)hydrazides, with fluorometric detection.Scientific Research Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances of Hydrobionts, USSR Ministry of Health, Moscow. K. A. Timiryazev Moscow Agricultural Academy. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 181–187, March–April, 1990.     

Lipids of some aquatic plants of the Central Volga region

The lipid characteristics of five species of aquatic plants of the Central Volga region have been investigated. The total amount of lipids and the ratio of neutral lipids and glyco- and phospholipids have been found and the amounts of individual phospholipids and also the fatty-acid composition and the distribution of the fatty acids over the lipid classes have been determined.Institute of the Ecology of the Volga Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tol'yatti. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 206–209, March–April, 1995. Original article submitted August 15, 1994.