Ductile–brittle transitions in the fracture of plastically-deforming,adhesively-bonded structures. Part I: Experimental studies

Rate effects for adhesively-bonded joints in steel sheets failing by mode-I fracture and plastic deformation were examined. Three types of test geometries were used to provide a range of crack velocities between 0.1 and 5000 mm/s: a DCB geometry under displacement control, a wedge geometry under displacement control, and a wedge geometry loaded under impact conditions. Two fracture modes were observed: quasi-static crack growth and dynamic crack growth. The quasi-static crack growth was associated with a toughened mode of failure; the dynamic crack growth was associated with a more brittle mode of failure. The experiments indicated that the fracture parameters for the quasi-static crack growth were rate independent, and that quasi-static crack growth could occur even at the highest crack velocities. Effects of rate appeared to be limited to the ease with which a transition to dynamic fracture could be triggered. This transition appeared to be stochastic in nature, it did not appear to be associated with the attainment of any critical value for crack velocity or loading rate. While the mode-I quasi-static fracture behavior appeared to be rate independent, an increase in the tendency for dynamic fracture to be triggered as the crack velocity increased did have the effect of decreasing the average energy dissipated during fracture at higher loading rates.     

Al2O3陶瓷动静态压缩下碎片形貌与破坏机理分析

为探究Al₂O₃陶瓷的宏观力学响应与破坏机理,分别利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆对其进行准静态和动态压缩实验,同时通过原位光学成像观测试样的破坏过程,并利用同步辐射CT和扫描电镜（SEM）对回收碎片的尺寸和形状以及微观破坏模式进行表征分析。宏观强度数据表明,Al₂O₃陶瓷的抗压强度符合Weibull分布,且与加载应变率呈现指数增长关系。原位光学成像和SEM回收分析共同揭示了动静态加载下裂纹成核与扩展模式存在明显差异。准静态加载时材料微观上更易发生沿晶断裂,宏观表现为劈裂裂纹较少,且倾向于沿加载方向传播并贯穿整个试样;而动态加载时穿晶断裂占主导地位,劈裂裂纹明显增加并发生相互作用,因此在传播过程中容易分叉而形成大量次生裂纹,提高了试样内裂纹密度。这与碎片的CT表征结果一致,即碎片平均球形度和伸长、扁平指数等均随应变率对数线性增加。破坏模式的改变最终导致高应变率下陶瓷材料应变率敏感性显著增强。     

加载速率对40Cr钢Ⅱ型动态断裂特性的影响

采用新型Ⅱ型动态断裂测试技术,对高强钢40Cr在高加载速率下的Ⅱ型动态断裂特性进行了测试研究。基于新设计的Ⅱ型动态断裂试样和分离式霍普金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar, SHPB）技术,通过实验-数值方法确定了裂尖在加载过程中的应力强度因子曲线。采用应变片法确定了试样的起裂时间,最终得到40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性值,并对其加载速率相关性和材料的失效机理进行了研究。结果表明,在1.08～5.53 TPa·m1/2/s的加载速率范围内,40Cr的Ⅱ型动态断裂韧性基本表现为与加载速率成正相关的变化趋势。通过对试样断口形貌的分析,确定了材料的失效模式及机理,发现随着加载速率的增加,存在拉伸型失效向绝热剪切型失效模式转变的现象。     

Dynamic fracture of concrete – compact tension specimen

The behavior of concrete structures is strongly influenced by the loading rate. Compared to quasi-static loading concrete loaded by impact loading acts in a different way. First, there is a strain-rate influence on strength, stiffness, and ductility, and, second, there are inertia forces activated. Both influences are clearly demonstrated in experiments. Moreover, for concrete structures, which exhibit damage and fracture phenomena, the failure mode and cracking pattern depend on loading rate. In general, there is a tendency that with the increase of loading rate the failure mode changes from mode-I to mixed mode. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental investigations indicate that after the crack reaches critical speed of propagation there is crack branching. The present paper focuses on 3D finite-element study of the crack propagation of the concrete compact tension specimen. The rate sensitive microplane model is used as a constitutive law for concrete. The strain-rate influence is captured by the activation energy theory. Inertia forces are implicitly accounted for through dynamic finite element analysis. The results of the study show that the fracture of the specimen strongly depends on the loading rate. For relatively low loading rates there is a single crack due to the mode-I fracture. However, with the increase of loading rate crack branching is observed. Up to certain threshold (critical) loading rate the maximal crack velocity increases with increase of loading rate, however, for higher loading rates maximal velocity of the crack propagation becomes independent of the loading rate. The critical crack velocity at the onset of crack branching is found to be approximately 500 m/s.     

金属材料中低加载速率下的动态韧脆转变及断裂韧性测量

金属材料在冲击下的韧脆转变现象和动态断裂韧性的测量是金属材料冲击力学性能研究的重要组成部分.针对金属材料在冲击下的韧脆转变现象认识不足和韧性材料在较低加载率下动态J-R阻力曲线难以测量的现状,提出了采用高速材料试验机,设计专用试验夹具,测量15MnTi钢和11MnNiMo钢在不同加载速率下的韧脆转变过程,以及裂尖约束对...     

40Cr材料动态起裂韧性KId（）的实验测试

描述了利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试４０Ｃｒ，材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）的试验方法。试样上的动态载荷历程由Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ杆直接测得，并分别代入动态有限元程序及近似公式求得动态应力强度因子历史；由贴在试样裂尖附近的应变片确定起裂时间，最终确定起裂时的动态应力强度因子值，即动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）。试验结果表明:利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试材料动态起裂韧性的方法是可行的，起裂时，动态有限元的位移法、应力法及近似公式法求得的动态应力强度因子值比较吻合；在本文的载荷速率下，４０Ｃｒ材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）与准静态裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）相比，降低了约２８％。     

不同加载速率下砂岩弯曲破坏的细观机理

岩石细观破裂形貌是岩石破坏机制的重要反映,为研究不同加载速率对砂岩弯曲破坏的影响,通过三点弯曲实验和扫描电镜方法,对某煤矿关键层砂岩弯曲破断裂纹细观形态以及裂纹的自相似性进行了研究。选取6个不同加载速率对岩样进行三点弯曲实验,观察其宏观断裂情况,并利用扫描电镜对弯曲断裂面表面裂纹细观结构进行观察,并拍摄不同倍数下的扫描电镜图片。对图片进行图像处理后得到砂岩弯曲断裂破坏细观裂纹信息,并计算得到微裂纹的分形盒维数值。结果显示:随着加载速率的提高,砂岩穿晶断裂的比例也随之升高,裂纹分形维数亦随着加载速率的增大而增加,同时,分形维数还与弯曲断裂破坏荷载和抗弯强度成正比。可见,加载速率对断裂方式有一定的影响,且加载速率越大断裂所需的破坏能越大,裂纹分布越广,表明开采速度与岩爆等岩体动力灾变有密切关系。     

采用压缩单裂纹圆孔板确定岩石动态起裂、扩展和止裂韧度

爆炸、冲击、地震等人为或自然灾害不可避免,经常造成大量土木工程设施的破坏,因此岩石在动态载荷作用下的行为受到特别关注.岩石动态断裂韧度是评价岩石抵抗裂纹动态起裂、扩展和止裂性能的材料参数,开展岩石动态断裂韧度测试方法的研究对相关理论基础和实验技术的要求较高.岩石动态断裂韧度分为动态起裂、动态扩展、动态止裂三种,虽然关于动态起裂和动态扩展的研究已有一些成果,对岩石动态止裂的研究仍是一个难题,至今几乎无人问津.研究表明,在分离式霍普金森压杆撞击压缩单裂纹圆孔板岩石试样的I型动态断裂试验中,动态起裂、扩展、止裂的全过程可以由黏贴在压缩单裂纹圆孔板试样上的裂纹扩展计监测,岩石的动态起裂、扩展、止裂韧度可以用实验-数值-解析法确定.特别值得一提的是首次测出了岩石的动态止裂韧度.裂纹扩展计信号还显示,压缩单裂纹圆孔板在止裂后,停止的裂纹还会再次动态起裂、扩展并超出裂纹扩展计的检测范围.从能量的角度分析了动态止裂的过程,指出测试动态止裂韧度时要注意的一些问题.结果显示,岩石动态起裂韧度和动态扩展韧度分别随动态加载率和裂纹扩展速度的增大而增大,岩石动态起裂韧度略大于动态止裂韧度.      

Dynamic fracture of concrete compact tension specimen: Experimental and numerical study

Compared to quasi-static loading concrete loaded by higher loading rates acts in a different way. There is an influence of strain-rate and inertia on resistance, failure mode and crack pattern. With increase of loading rate failure mode changes from mode-I to mixed mode. Moreover, theoretical and numerical investigations indicate that after the crack reaches critical velocity there is progressive increase of resistance and crack branching. These phenomena have recently been demonstrated and discussed by O?bolt et al. (2011) on numerical study of compact tension specimen (CTS) loaded by different loading rates. The aim of the present paper is to experimentally verify the results obtained numerically. Therefore, the tests and additional numerical studies on CTS are carried out. The experiments fully confirm the results of numerical prediction discussed in O?bolt et al. (2011). The same as in the numerical study it is shown that for strain rates lower than approximately 50/s the structural response is controlled by the rate dependent constitutive law, however, for higher strain rates crack branching and progressive increase of resistance is observed. This is attributed to structural inertia and not the rate dependent strength of concrete. Maximum crack velocity of approximately 800 m/s is measured before initiation of crack branching. The comparison between numerical and experimental results shows that relatively simple modeling approach based on continuum mechanics, rate dependent microplane model and standard finite elements is capable to realistically predict complex phenomena related to dynamic fracture of concrete.     

Algorithm for simulating fracture processes in concrete by lattice modeling

To simulate fracture behaviors in concrete more realistically, a theoretical analysis on the potential question in the quasi-static method is presented, then a novel algorithm is proposed which takes into account the inertia effect due to unstable crack propagation and meanwhile requests much lower computational efforts than purely dynamic method. The inertia effect due to load increasing becomes less important and can be ignored with the loading rate decreasing, but the inertia effect due to unstable crack propagation remains considerable no matter how low the loading rate is. Therefore, results may become questionable if a fracture process including unstable cracking is simulated by the quasi-static procedure excluding completely inertia effects. However, it requires much higher computational effort to simulate experiments with not very high loading rates by the dynamic method. In this investigation which can be taken as a natural continuation, the potential question of quasi-static method is analyzed based on the dynamic equations of motion. One solution to this question is the new algorithm mentioned above. Numerical examples are provided by the generalized beam (GB) lattice model to show both fracture processes under different loading rates and capability of the new algorithm.     

DYNAMIC FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF AGED GLASSY POLYCARBONATE BY THE METHOD OF CAUSTICS

The purpose of this work is to investigate the dynamic fracture properties of glassy polycarbonate （PC） with different aging times. The optical method of caustics is adopted in which the shadow spot patterns are recorded by a high speed camera during the dynamic fracture process. Then, the dynamic crack propagation, the stress intensity factor （SIF） and the dynamic fracture toughness of aged PC are obtained through an analysis of the characteristic size of caustic pattern. Moreover, by combining with the investigation of the fracture surface and the energy release rate analysis, the influence of aging time on the dynamic fracture behavior is discussed. Results show that the dynamic fracture toughness and critical energy release rate of PC decreases with aging time for short aging times, whereas they have little change or even increase for longer aging times. Therefore, aging modifies the mechanical properties especially the dynamic fracture properties of PC nonlinearly, not linearly as generally thought of.     

爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为

为了研究爆炸应力波作用下板条边界斜裂纹的动态扩展行为,首先分析了爆炸应力波在含边界斜裂纹板条中的传播,其次采用动态焦散线实验方法,进行了爆炸载荷下板条边界斜裂纹扩展规律的实验研究.研究结果表明,爆炸应力波作用下,板条试件边界斜裂纹的扩展过程中,裂纹扩展速度、扩展加速度和裂尖动态应力强度因子随时间波动变化,扩展速度最大值...     

水泥石动态断裂韧性的实验研究

采用反射式动态焦散线法研究水泥石在高速冲击下的动态断裂韧性。针对现有的水泥石材料,分析了不同填料对水泥石断裂韧性的影响,为工程实际应用提供可靠的理论依据。     

New experimental and numerical techniques to study the arrest and the restart of a crack under impact in transparent materials

The determination of relevant constitutive crack propagation laws under dynamic loading is a rather challenging exercise. In dynamic impact cases, the variations of propagation parameters and the extractions of crack positions are difficult tasks. This paper focuses on a methodology for assessing dynamic crack propagation laws under impact loading for transparent materials. Dynamic brittle fracture experiments are performed on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) in which several crack arrest phases occur. Then, these experiments are numerically reproduced by using the eXtended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) in order to validate the algorithms and the criteria assumed.     

低速冲击下混凝土少筋梁断裂性能

动态加载下,混凝土中钢筋的阻裂性能一直是冲击动力学研究领域的难点之一。利用落锤试验机对含缺口的混凝土少筋梁进行三点弯曲试验,分析了不同加载速率下梁的冲击力、跨中挠度、混凝土起裂应变率和钢筋应变。实验结果表明:在一定加载速率范围内（0.885～1.252 m/s）,混凝土预制裂缝尖端的裂纹起裂应变率、冲击力最大值、跨中挠度峰值与加载速率呈线性增长关系,当加载速率增至1.771 m/s时,增长趋势减弱;冲击力卸载时,钢筋部分弹性变形恢复导致裂纹产生闭合,裂纹嘴张开位移逐渐减小至恒定值,对裂纹嘴张开位移峰值前的部分曲线进行拟合后得到裂纹嘴张开位移率,结果表明裂纹嘴张开位移率随加载速率的提高而线性增大。     

裂纹动态起始问题的研究进展

力图就前人提出的冲击载荷下裂纹的起始判据进行较全面的综述．这些较著名的判据有：（１）动态应力强度因子判据；（２）动态Ｊ积分判据；（３）最小作用量判据；（４）极小作用时间判据等．简要介绍了近年来有关裂纹在冲击载荷（特别是短脉冲）下动态起始的一些重要实验和实验中所发现的一些重要结论．实验公认，一般对于小范围屈服而言，材料的动态断裂韧性随加载（应变）率的提高而减小，此时材料的断裂形式为解理型；而对于大范围屈服则韧性随加载率的提高而增大，此时材料的断裂形式为纤维型．特别指出，Ｂｒｏｗｎ大学的平板撞击实验表明，裂纹在起始时，观察到一个不再满足二分之一阶奇异性的“尖峰”，按Ｃｌｉｆｔｏｎ和Ｆｒｅｕｎｄ等人所给出的模型，在裂纹起始断裂瞬间，在裂纹顶端会突然形成一个小洞，该洞的半径作为一个参数等于二相粒子的间距．     

Generating dynamic crack growth resistance curves for fiber-reinforced concrete

Fiber-reinforced concrete is known to have a greater resistance to impact and impulsively applied loads than its plain counterpart. However, the exact mechanisms that contribute to this enhanced resistance are not known, and fundamental fracture tests are necessary to develop such an understanding. To this end, an instrumented drop weight impact machine was configured to perform dynamic fracture studies on fiber-reinforced concrete specimens. Cracks were allowed to open in Mode I under high rates of loading using contoured double cantilever beam specimens. The paper describes the test apparatus, instrumentation, calibration, and the data analysis. The technique was applied to investigate dynamic crack growth in two types of fiber-reinforced concrete composites: one with steel macrofiber and the other with polypropylene macrofiber. Companion tests were performed under quasi-static conditions. Test data indicate that the proposed technique can be successfully applied to study dynamic crack growth in cement-based composites and to further enhance their properties.     

混凝土一维应力层裂实验的全场DIC分析

基于74mm直径分离式Hopkinson杆(SHPB)实验平台进行了混凝土杆的一维应力层裂实验.采用超高速相机(采样频率:2 $\mu$s/frame)结合数字图像相关法(DIC),记录混凝土试件中的动态位移场实时变化情况,探讨了混凝土在拉伸断裂过程中的表面位移场及速度场演化规律.针对实验中出现的多重层裂现象,基于一维应力波传播理论,指出各个位置在发生层裂时,其最大拉应力均由透射压缩波与反射拉伸波叠加而成,各处层裂发生时均处于一维应力状态.并提出了根据层裂位置左右两点速度趋势变化判断层裂发生时刻的判据.该判据可以给出所有层裂的起裂时间,结合DIC分析直接给出了混凝土多重层裂应变.结果显示混凝土的拉伸强度具有明显的应变率效应,在30 s$^{-1}$的应变率下,其拉伸强度的动态增强因子(DIF)可以达到5.与传统的波叠加法和自由面速度回跳法相比,DIC全场分析法不受加载波形限制,可以精确给出每个层裂的位置和起裂时间,从而得到试件在高应变率加载下不同位置处的断裂应变、拉伸强度及相应应变率,提高了测量效率.      

塑性动态断裂实验研究

本文利用自制的实验装置,对韧性材料在爆炸冲击载荷作用下的塑性动态断裂特性,进行了实验研究,其中包括高塑性应变速率下,塑性区裂纹扩展过程和扩展速度的测试;塑性动态断裂韧性CTOD,及其在不同裂纹扩展速度下变化规律的测试。同时,对不同裂纹扩展速度的试件断口进行微观分析。     

含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁的动态断裂行为研究

采用动态焦散线方法，对含偏置裂纹三点弯曲梁承受横向冲击的弯曲断裂行为进行了一系列动态断裂力学实验研究，分析了无量纲量ａ／ｌ的改变（ａ——初始裂纹偏离梁中心线的距离；ｌ——梁长度的一半）对于裂纹动态扩展行为（裂纹起始状态、裂纹尖端的复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度、裂纹扩展轨迹）的影响，并借助动态光弹性应力分析，对应力波与扩展裂纹的相互作用以及应力波传播规律进行探讨．给出了裂纹尖端复合应力强度因子、裂纹扩展速度的变化、裂纹曲裂轨迹以及方向与梁中应力波传播的相互关系