铒、钪膜中离子注入氦的热解析行为

采用热解析法初步研究了铒、钪膜中离子注入氦的热解析行为。研究结果表明:同种元素铒中离子注入氦的热释放峰位相同,但膜的致密性将影响氦的释放量,结构疏松的膜中存在的孔洞是氦的快速释放通道;在相同注入剂量和能量条件下,铒、钪膜中注入氦的热释放峰位不同,这可能与氦在铒、钪膜中的深度分布及膜的致密性有关,利用质子增强背散射法测量出能量为60 keV的4He+在铒、钪膜中的注入深度分别为210,308 nm。     

金属表面下氦泡融合与释放研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了钛金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的行为,分析了氦泡融合与释放的竞争,对比了不同深度处氦泡的释放对金属的影响.结果表明:在接近金属表面处,氦泡很难通过融合无限长大,当达到临界尺寸后,氦泡将会释放而不再与邻近的氦泡发生融合;植入深度对氦泡的融合有一定的影响,深度越大,越有利于形成具有较高氦密度的大氦泡;较深处氦泡的释放会在金属表面形成较大的突起和表面针孔.实验中观察到的不同尺寸的表面孔,其部分原因来自于金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的释放.     

金属表面下氦泡融合与释放研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了钛金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的行为,分析了氦泡融合与释放的竞争,对比了不同深度处氦泡的释放对金属的影响。结果表明：在接近金属表面处,氦泡很难通过融合无限长大,当达到临界尺寸后,氦泡将会释放而不再与邻近的氦泡发生融合;植入深度对氦泡的融合有一定的影响,深度越大,越有利于形成具有较高氦密度的大氦泡;较深处氦泡的释放会在金属表面形成较大的突起和表面针孔。实验中观察到的不同尺寸的表面孔,其部分原因来自于金属表面下不同深度处氦泡的释放。     

氦在方解石和文石中的扩散:基于第一性原理的研究

研究碳酸盐矿物中氦的扩散行为对理解地球脱气过程中的物理化学性质和动力过程具有重要意义。基于密度泛函理论研究了氦在方解石和文石矿物中的扩散机理,计算了氦在地表和地幔条件下的扩散路径、激活能和频率因子(v)。计算结果表明:氦在方解石中的扩散具有明显的各向异性,沿a(b)轴方向的扩散更快;文石呈现中等的各向异性,沿c轴的扩散速率低于a轴。在高压条件下,文石的激活能随压力的增大而增大。方解石晶体在[010]方向的封闭温度为–54～–25℃,沿[100]方向的封闭温度为–12～23℃。在地表条件下,氦在文石中的滞留能力比在方解石中强,与以往的实验研究结果一致。     

纳米晶LaNiAl薄膜充氦技术研究

采用离子束辅助磁控溅射方法沉积出了纳米晶LaNiAl膜和纳米晶渗氦LaNiAl膜（膜厚约10 m）,通过调节Ar-He气氛的比例可控制纳米晶膜中的含氦量（He/LaNiAl的原子分数5.7%~13.8%）,通过该方法引入到LaNiAl金属薄膜中的氦量远高于采用球磨法制备的纳米LaNiAl粉中的含氦量。研究结果表明:渗氦LaNiAl膜中的氦含量（原子分数）可达13.9%,氦在膜的深度方向分布均匀;热解析分析恒温条件下沉积的渗氦膜的起始释放温度为848 K,最高释放温度为1407 K,主释放峰为1080 K,初步确定了氦主要是以团簇的形式存在于在纳米晶膜中。     

纳米晶LaNiAl薄膜充氦技术研究（英文）

采用离子束辅助磁控溅射方法沉积出了纳米晶LaNiAl膜和纳米晶渗氦LaNiAl膜(膜厚约10μm),通过调节ArHe气氛的比例可控制纳米晶膜中的含氦量(He/LaNiAl的原子分数5.7%~13.8%),通过该方法引入到LaNiAl金属薄膜中的氦量远高于采用球磨法制备的纳米LaNiAl粉中的含氦量。研究结果表明:渗氦LaNiAl膜中的氦含量(原子分数)可达13.9%,氦在膜的深度方向分布均匀;热解析分析恒温条件下沉积的渗氦膜的起始释放温度为848K,最高释放温度为1407K,主释放峰为1080K,初步确定了氦主要是以团簇的形式存在于在纳米晶膜中。     

压力对金属铌中氦原子凝聚的影响

 采用零温条件下的赝势-平面波方法和有限温度下的Car-Parrinello分子动力学方法,模拟了不同压力环境下氦原子在金属铌中的行为特征,研究了宿主缺陷和氦泡的形成机制。结果表明,闭电子壳层的氦原子在金属铌中具有刚球模型特征,其占据区域为金属自由电子的禁区,从而破坏铌原子之间的金属性键合。在常温条件下,局域高浓度的氦原子优先凝聚于近邻宿主空位缺陷处,从而形成氦泡;完整晶格中高浓度的氦将促使铌原子易位,形成间隙-空位模式的宿主缺陷,氦原子聚集于空位区域。完整宿主在压力（40 GPa）的作用下,晶格参数减小,铌原子之间的相互作用增强,尽管氦原子的存在削弱了铌原子之间的相互作用,位于格点上的铌原子仍难以借助热振动偏离格点形成空位,因而未能形成间隙-空位对和氦泡。     

金属钨中氦行为的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟了氦在金属钨中的扩散聚集行为. 首先,建立了氦与钨原子间相互作用势,短程部分采用ZBL势形式,长程部分采用从头算法数据,实现了两者之间的平滑连接. 通过计算氦在钨中不同间隙位的形成能发现,单个氦原子更易存在于金属钨中的四面体间隙位,这与最新的研究成果是一致的. 在400-1200 K的温度范围内,考察了氦原子在金属钨中的扩散行为,获得了扩散迁移能,其值介于实验值和从头算法结果之间. 最后,研究了氦的聚集行为,从能量的角度考察了氦团簇形成初期的生长机理. 研究发现,在氦团簇形成初期,氦团簇对氦的结合能随着氦团簇的生长有逐渐增大的趋势,说明氦团簇吸收氦的能力逐渐增强. 关键词： 氦扩散 氦团簇 辐照损伤 分子动力学模拟     

超流氦浴中的热波传热研究

热波传热机制是超流氦传热非常重要的一个方面.在小热流密度的情况下,超流氦中的热波完全保持加热热流的波形,热量的传输完全靠热波来完成;随着热流密度的增加到一定程度,会在超流氦浴中激发量子涡旋.量子涡旋使热波发展成为热激波.在开放氦浴中,热波的波形不同于狭窄通道里的热波,在热波的尾部会出现一个冷却波;并且随着加热时间的变化,冷却波的形状和幅度会发生很大的变化.运用二流体模型和涡旋方程对超流氦中的热波进行了计算,实验结果与计算结果吻合得较好. 关键词： 超流氦 热波 量子涡旋 热激波     

氦透平膨胀机电涡流制动数值模拟

氦透平膨胀机是氦制冷机或氦液化器的核心部件,其制动方式大致有:风机制动、油制动、电涡流制动等几种形式,相比其它制动方式,电涡流制动具有响应速度快、制动及时、结构简单、制动平稳、有利改善转子结构、易实现全自动控制等诸多优势。本文主要分析了电涡流制动的工作原理,研究了低温环境下电涡流制动的热物理性能。根据低温氦透平膨胀机电涡流制动结构,应用COMSOL Multiphysics建立几何模型,进行初始条件设置和网格划分,数值模拟研究了直流螺线管和电涡流制动的电磁场特性,分别得到其分布规律以及磁通密度变化规律;阐明了低温氦透平膨胀机电涡流形成及制动的机理。     

材料中He深度分布演化的Monte Carlo模拟研究

基于He泡生长的迁移-合并机理,用Monte Carlo方法模拟了对材料进行等温退火过程中He深度分布的演化,探讨了不同参数对这一演化的影响.研究表明:材料中He泡的初始浓度和尺寸将影响He深度分布的变化,而退火温度则对演化速率起重要作用但对最终的He深度分布影响较小;随着反应的进行,整个系统的演化是逐渐趋缓的. 关键词： He 深度分布 Monte Carlo模拟     

Study of Thermal Desorption of Helium from Hydrogenated Zirconium

A new method prepared for helium and hydrogen co-containing Zr films is presented to simulate aging metal tritides, in which direct current magnetron sputtering with a He/H/Ar mixture is used. The retained amount and depth profiles of helium and hydrogen are determined by elastic recoil detection analysis. Thermal desorption spectrometry is applied to investigate He thermal release and the effect of hydrogen. It is found that the hightemperature peaks with a large mount of helium release obviously shifted toward lower temperature at high hydrogen concentration, especially at the hydride transformation region, and that the shapes of the release peaks also changed due to the additional hydrogen. However, at the low-temperature releasing region the peak intense decreases when phase transformation takes place. The mechanism of helium thermal release and the effect of hydrogen are also discussed.     

材料中氦泡迁移-融合的蒙特卡罗模拟及其参数优化

基于迁移-融合机制, 建立了一套用于模拟材料中氦泡生长行为的蒙特卡罗程序, 探讨了时间步长等控制参数对演化的影响。 研究指出,在考察此类参数对计算的影响时必须考虑氦的初始分布,另外指出在选取邻居半径时除了要考虑到初始分布外还要考虑邻居更新的快慢。 The evolution of helium bubbles in materials has been simulated by Monte Carlo methods based on the migration coalescence mechanism. The influences of simulation parameters on the results are studied. It is found that the initial depth distribution must be considered when assessing the parameters influence, and the frequency of updating neighbor list should also be taken into account when selecting the cutoff range for neighbors.     

The energy release and temperature field in the ultracold neutron source of the WWR-M reactor at the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute

Results of calculations of energy releases and temperature fields in the ultracold neutron source under design at the WWR-M reactor are presented. It is shown that, with the reactor power of 18 MW, the power of energy release in the 40-L volume of the source with superfluid helium will amount to 28.5 W, while 356 W will be released in a liquid-deuterium premoderator. The lead shield between the reactor core and the source reduces the radiative heat release by an order of magnitude. A thermal power of 22 kW is released in it, which is removed by passage of water. The distribution of temperatures in all components of the vacuum structure is presented, and the temperature does not exceed 100°C at full reactor power. The calculations performed make it possible to go to design of the source.     

两种国产低活化的铁素体/马氏体钢的He离子辐照硬化研究

低活化的铁素体/马氏体钢（RAFM）以其高导热率、低热膨胀率、高抗辐照肿胀能力成为未来核聚变堆重要的候选结构材料,在聚变堆高能中子辐照环境由于（n,α）核反应产生的高浓度He在材料中的积累对于材料微观结构和宏观性能的影响是关系这类材料服役寿命的重要问题。本工作研究了面向聚变反应堆应用的两种国产低活化钢（CLF、CNS）的辐照硬化效应,利用中国科学院近代物理研究所320 kV高压实验平台提供的4He离子束进行辐照实验,辐照剂量6×10-3,6×10-2,6×10-1 dpa （辐照损伤/原子平均离位）,对应注He浓度分别为100,1 000,10 000 appm （氦离子浓度/百万分之一）。采用多能注入方法,在样品表面至1微米深度形成He浓度和离位损伤的坪区分布。利用纳米压痕仪对参比样品和注入He的样品进行了连续刚度测试。基于NIX-GAO模型对纳米硬度数据进行分析,获得了注入He的区域样品纳米硬度的数据。研究表明,注入He区域的纳米硬度与辐照损伤水平之间存在着1/2次幂函数的关系。未辐照CLF钢比CNS钢的纳米硬度略低,随着辐照剂量的增加,CLF钢呈现的辐照硬化现象更明显。Reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steels (RAFM) are important candidate materials for future fusion nuclear reactors because of their high thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion rate and high resistance to irradiation swelling performance. The influence of high concentration helium produced by nuclear reaction (n,α) on the micro-structure and macro-properties is an important issue limiting the service lifetime of the materials. In the present work, helium implantation to three different doses (100, 1 000, 10 000 appm helium, corresponding to 6×10-3, 6×10-2, 6×10-1 dpa) was carried out to investigate irradiation hardening of two RAFM Steels. Multi-energy He ion-beams at 320 kV high-voltage platform were used to get a damage plateau from surface to 1 μm depth in specimens. The continuous-stiffness test by a Nano-indentor G2000 was carried out Data of nano-hardness were analyzed based on Nix-Gao model. It is shown that there is a 1/2-power law relationship between the hardening and the irradiation damage level. Before helium implantation, the hardness of the CLF steel is slightly lower than that of the CNS steel. However, with the increase of helium-implantation dose, the hardening is more obvious in CLF steel. Further investigation of microstructures is needed to get a deeper understanding of the hardening mechanism.     

Toward Quantum Paraelectric,Paraelastic, and Paramagnetic 2D Materials

Quantum fluctuations are known to affect the finite-temperature properties of materials made out of light elements such as hydrogen and helium. More recently, it has also been realized that quantum effects may play a role on structural transformations of ferroic materials containing heavier atoms, provided the energy barrier separating two different phases is small when compared to thermal fluctuations. Herein, 2D ferroelectric and ferroelastic materials are showcased as potential candidates to experience quantum effects on their structural conformation at liquid helium temperatures. A brief literature overview of the path integral molecular dynamics approach, which could be useful for the discovery of quantum paraelectric, paraelastic, and paramagnetic behavior in 2D materials, is also provided.     

Effect of mechanical deformation on development of helium porosity

The formation of helium bubbles in 18–10 steel and 20–45 nickel alloy implanted by He ions during tension is studied, and helium release from them during high-temperature deformation is analyzed. During helium implantation, an applied tensile stress favors bubble formation and material swelling. Annealing and deformation of the irradiated materials increase the bubble size. Helium bubble migration and accumulation at grain boundaries cause cracking. Bubble migration is caused by a stress gradient. The deformation of the irradiated materials leads to an increase in the release rate of accumulated helium. A model is proposed for the development of helium porosity in a material under stress. A brittle fracture criterion is formulated for such a material.