Fiber optic Fabry-Perot pressure sensor with low sensitivity to temperature changes for downhole application

Pressure and temperature are two important parameters in reservoir engineering. The fiber optic sensors can be used for permanent downhole monitoring. In this paper, we propose an extrinsic fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensor for pressure measurement with low sensitivity variation. The pressure sensitivity of EFPI sensor and of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have been measured. The experimental pressure sensitivity for EFPI and FBG sensors are measured to be 2.75 × 10⁻⁸ 1/kPa and 1.52 × 10⁻⁸ 1/kPa, respectively. The temperature cross-sensitivity problem of the EFPI sensor has been solved by a new technique. The temperature sensitivity of EFPI sensor has been decreased to 1.2 × 10⁻⁶/°C, while the temperature sensitivity of non-compensated EFPI sensor has been measured to be 16.4 × 10⁻⁶/°C. The results show that the EFPI sensor has a higher pressure sensitivity and good capability to decrease temperature sensitivity in comparison to FBG sensor.     

Addressing fiber Bragg grating sensors with wavelength-swept pulse fiber laser and analog electrical switch

A pulse train with a wavelength dependent time sequence is generated in a fiber laser configuration, which contains a cascaded wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array and a tunable F-P filter. By distributing pulses to corresponding channels with a 1 × N analog electrical switch, a novel FBG sensors interrogation technique with advantages of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and high interrogation speed is experimentally demonstrated. Then, a FBG sensing system based on this interrogation technique and the mature unbalanced scanning Michelson interferometer (USMI) demodulation technique is realized. The system has shown a sensitivity of 1.610°/με, for the 1555 nm FBG, which agrees well with the theoretical value of 1.674°/με.     

Design and analysis of a new silicon-on-insulator waveguide Michelson interferometer sensor

A new designed and analyzed silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide Michelson interferometer (SMI) sensor is proposed in this paper. The authors compare an optical SMI sensor, a silicon-on-insulator Bragg waveguide grating (SBG) sensor, and a fiber Bragg grating sensor (FBG) for temperature sensing in medicine applications. The SMI sensor has 20 times sensing more accuracy than the FBG sensor. Moreovr, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the pass-band frequency responses of our proposed SMI can be designed much narrower than FBG and SBG sensors for sensing resolution enhancement. Further, the improved characteristics of the SMI demonstrated in this paper could pave the way for future high density temperature monitoring medicine applications.     

具有有源闭合腔的光纤光栅传感系统地址查询技术

基于熔融拉锥技术研制的3 dB宽带耦合器的光纤环形镜的工作原理,提出了一种新型的具有有源闭合腔装置的光纤光栅传感系统。在用作闭合共振腔端镜的环形镜中写入十个波分复用光纤光栅传感元,利用共振腔中接入的法布里-珀罗滤波器,通过控制电压对传感光栅的波长扫描,实现对传感地址的查询。用非平衡的迈克耳孙扫描干涉仪将传感光栅的波长漂移信息变为相移信息,实现传感信号的解调。系统传感灵敏度的实验值为1.5835°/10-6ε,与理论值(1.6662°/10-6ε)基本吻合。     

Performance of Extrinsic Fabry–Perot Interferometer Based on Graded-Index Lenses for a Fabry–Perot Cavity with Surface Errors

Interference contrast is an important parameter for extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (EFPI) based on graded index (GRIN) lenses. It determines the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the measurement accuracy. We discuss the influence of Fabry–Perot (FP) cavity surface errors, which are inevitable in controlling the interference contrast during the manufacturing procedure. Our theoretical analysis and results of numerical simulations demonstrate that the surface errors diminish the interference contrast — the larger the surface error, the smaller the interference contrast. The results obtained contribute to the EFPI application in fiber sensors.     

Multiplexed fiber Fabry-Perot temperature sensor system using white-light interferometry

A novel monitoring system for a fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) temperature sensor has yielded a resolution of 0.013 degrees C (0.0025 fringe). Light from a broadband source passes through a scanned Michelson interferometer and is reflected from a FFPI to produce a fringe pattern, the temporal position of which is proportional to a change in the optical length of the fiber interferometer. A second Michelson interferometer with a distributed-feedback laser source is used to correct for variations in the translation rate of the motor-driven scanning mirror. Coherence multiplexing of three such sensors has also been demonstrated.     

基于光纤光栅的应变与温度分离技术的研究

理论分析了光纤光栅交叉敏感的物理机制,重点研究了基于双波长矩阵法和双参量矩阵法的应变与温度分离技术。提出了一种基于双参量矩阵法的应变与温度测量系统,该系统传感头由FBG和非本征型F-P干涉腔(EF-PI)构成,其中FBG对应变敏感,EFPI测温精度高。     

基于扫描光纤激光器的光纤传感解调仪研究

介绍了一种基于扫描光纤激光器的光纤传感解调系统.采用氰化氢（HCN）气体吸收池作为波长参考基准,采用三次多项式拟合的方法来确定光纤F- P可调谐滤波器的波长与驱动电压的对应关系,可调谐滤波器扫描过程中对扫描电压、多路光谱信号进行同步采样,实时标定.实验结果表明,该解调系统在1 510 nm到1 590 nm波长范围内对FBG反射峰值波长的分辨率为1.4 pm,长期波长重复性达到3.2 pm.利用该系统实现了对FBG反射峰值波长和光纤EFPI传感器腔长的高准确度解调.     

基于空芯光子晶体光纤的微小型非本征光纤法布里-珀罗干涉应变传感器

报道了一种用空芯光子晶体光纤制作的法布里-珀罗腔体,利用光纤熔接方法将该法布里-珀罗腔体和两根普通通信单模光纤熔接起来构成的微小型光纤法布里-珀罗干涉应变传感器。这种干涉传感器制作过程仅应用了切割和熔接手段,光纤材料单一,因此受温度变化的影响小。另外,该类型传感器的干涉腔长度对干涉信号强度影响不大,其干涉腔长度可至数厘米。因此,这类传感器将在大容量、准分布式传感系统中具有极大的潜在应用价值。     

Interrogation technique for a fiber Bragg grating sensing array based on a Sagnac interferometer and an acousto-optic modulator

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel real-time interrogation technique for a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing system that is based on a frequency-shifted asymmetric Sagnac interferometer. FBG sensors are connected to the Sagnac loop by an optical coupler, and an acousto-optic modulator (AOM) is asymmetrically placed in the Sagnac loop. By linearly sweeping the driving frequency of the AOM, the environmental variation around each FBG sensor can be determined by measuring the spectrum of the interference signals of the two counterpropagating light beams reflected by the corresponding FBG. The system has the advantages of low cost and real-time sensing.     

An interferometric phase shift fiber Bragg grating sensing system with greatly reduced background phase noise

We presented an interferometric phase shift fiber Bragg grating(FBG) sensor, which inherited the advantages of FBG sensors, and, at the same time, the greatly reduced full-width-at-half-maximum bandwidth brought longer coherent length, higher sensitivity, and lower phase noise. Experiments show that at least a 7 dB reduction of phase noise can be achieved compared to FBG sensors interrogated by interferometer with the same optical path difference.     

Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement of advanced 3-D braided composite materials using an improved EFPI/FBG system

Simultaneous strain and temperature measurement for advanced 3-D braided composite materials using fibre-optic sensor technology is demonstrated, for the first time. These advanced 3-D braided composites can virtually eliminate the most serious problem of delamination for conventional composites. A tandem in-fibre Bragg-grating (FBG)/extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometric sensor (EFPI) system with improved accuracy has been used to facilitate simultaneous temperature and strain measurement in this work. The non-symmetric distortion of the optical spectrum of the FBG, due to the combination of the FBG and the EFPI, is observed for the first time. Experimental and theoretical studies indicate that this type of distortion can affect the measurement accuracy seriously and it is mainly caused by the modulation of the periodic output of the EFPI. A simple method has been demonstrated to improve the accuracy for detection of the wavelength-shift of the FBG induced by temperature change. A strain accuracy of ±20μ and a temperature accuracy of ±1°C have been achieved, which can meet the requirements for practical applications of 3-D braided composites.     

Ring fibre laser with interferometer based in long period grating for sensing applications

This work presents two distinct configurations based on phase-wavelength conversion using a ring fibre laser with two different long period gratings interferometer topologies. The sensors are interrogated by analysing the wavelength change of the emission laser, which is directly dependent on the interferometer phase change. The first configuration integrates a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, which is based on a pair of long period gratings and is used as sensing head for bending radius and longitudinal strain measurement. The second configuration, comprehends a Michelson interferometer, which is based on a single LPG and a fibre end mirror and is used as a liquid level sensor or as an optical refractometer.     

Analysis of a moderate resolution Fourier transform imaging spectrometer

A moderate resolution Fourier transform imaging spectrometer based on a modified Michelson interferometer is presented. The moving part of the interferometer is a moving wedged prism (MWP) instead of a moving mirror. The principle of the interferometer is described and the optical path difference as a function of the displacement of the MWP is calculated. Theoretical calculation and analysis are presented for the two moveable directions (hypotenuse and right angle side) of the MWP. The modified Michelson interferometer is not so sensitive to the non-uniform variation of moving speed and the environmental vibrations compared with the conventional Michelson interferometer. It is compact and has a large numerical aperture. The interferometer facilitated by CCD camera and the accompanying digital hardware and software are becoming the imaging spectrometer with moderate resolution is applicable in ultraviolet-infrared region.     

高灵敏度的量子迈克耳孙干涉仪

迈克耳孙干涉仪不仅可以用来研究物理学的基本问题,而且能够用于精密测量,比如引力波信号的测量.因此,构建高灵敏度的迈克耳孙干涉仪是实现微弱信号测量的关键.目前,人们利用压缩态可以降低迈克耳孙干涉仪的噪声;通过光学四波混频过程能够放大马赫·曾德尔干涉仪中的相位信号,从而提高干涉仪的信噪比和灵敏度.本文研究了一种用于高灵敏度相位测量的量子迈克耳孙干涉仪.在迈克耳孙干涉仪中,利用非简并光学参量放大器取代干涉仪中的线性光学分束器;并且将压缩态注入干涉仪的真空通道,可以得到高信噪比和高灵敏度的干涉仪.由于存在不可避免的光学损耗,分析了迈克耳孙干涉仪内部和外部的损耗对相位测量灵敏度的影响.通过理论计算研究了干涉仪的相位测量灵敏度随系统参数的变化关系,得到了高灵敏度的相位测量量子迈克耳孙干涉仪的实现条件,为用于精密测量的干涉仪的设计提供了直接参考.     

偏振风成像干涉仪多波长探测理论研究

简述了偏振风成像干涉仪(PAMI)探测高层大气风场的基本原理;研究得出了多波长探测时偏振风成像干涉仪干涉强度、仪器调制度与位相延迟片的延迟位相之间的理论表达式;得出了偏振风成像干涉仪的干涉强度和仪器调制度受所探测谱线波长调制的重要结论;采用计算机模拟分析了使用偏振风成像干涉仪(设计谱线为高层大气氧原子跃迁时辐射的630nm的极光谱线)探测高层大气时各目标谱线的干涉强度和仪器调制度,给出了干涉强度和仪器调制度与探测谱线波长之间的关系,得出了732nm的极光谱线不适合用作探测目标的结论. 本文为高层大气风场探 关键词： 高层大气风场探测 偏振风成像干涉仪 调制度 多波长探测     

光子晶体光纤温度压力传感器

提出了一种在高温环境下同时测量温度和气压的光子晶体光纤温度压力传感器.在普通单模光纤和光子晶体光纤之间熔接一段空心光纤构成干涉结构.空心光纤段构成非本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪,利用光子晶体光纤的微孔与外界相通,通过气体折射率变化来测量环境中的气压变化;光子晶体光纤段构成本征法布里-珀罗干涉仪,利用热膨胀效应和热光效应来测量环境中的温度.传感器的解调通过自制的白光干涉解调仪实现,实验通过测量腔长得到被测环境的温度和气压.在不同温度和气压环境下,对腔长分别为306μm和1535μm的温度压力光纤传感器进行连续测量.实验结果表明,传感器能够在28~800℃的温度下和0~10 MPa的气压下稳定工作,测量范围内温度灵敏度可达17.4 nm/℃,压力灵敏度随温度增加而降低,在28℃时可达1460.5 nm/MPa.     

Diffraction grating interferometers for mechanical characterisations of advanced fabric laminates

It is demonstrated that two grating interferometers with high spatial resolutions can successfully be applied for the mechanical characterisation of the advanced fabric composite materials. Based on these two techniques, the mechanical properties of two kinds of fabric laminates are obtained without assumption of uniform strain fields to be used in the characterisation approaches using the local strain sensors. The degree of the yarn crimp effects of the two laminates is compared in terms of the out-of-plane displacement derivatives. Especially, it is shown that the grating shearing interferometer is appropriate for the crimped fabric structure requiring a three-dimensional analysis. The modification from moiré interferometer to grating shearing interferometer is performed by introducing a Michelson interferometer modified for image shearing.     

Interferometry with Phase Conjugate Mirrors and Measure of One-Way Velocity of Light

A Michelson interferometer with a phase-conjugate mirror (PCM) is described and discussed. The behavior of phase conjugate mirrors is discussed and the result of an experiment with a Michelson interferometer with a phase-conjugate mirror is described and commented. This interferometer has been proposed to be used to test the intrinsic non-locality of quantum mechanics. In this paper a new experimental setup to study the one-way velocity of light is proposed, which uses this new interesting device.     

光纤光栅传感器阵列有源时域地址查询技术

报道了一种基于环形腔光纤激光器和1×4模拟电子开关的具备实时监测功能的光纤光栅传感网络查询技术,利用级联的波分复用光栅串充当环形腔光纤激光器端镜,借助可调法布里珀罗滤波器对反射的信号光进行扫描,调整光路结构并增加抽运光强度使信号光得到足够的增益,则可获得各传感元工作波长的激光脉冲,且依时序输出。又引入1×4模拟电子开关,将转换为电信号的激光输出按时序分配至4个输出信道。结合非平衡扫描干涉解调技术,实现了对4光栅传感阵列的查询解调。1555 nm波长时系统传感灵敏度的实验值为1.630°/με,与理论值1.674°/με基本吻合。