乙烯系单体自由基聚合的阻聚效应——Ⅸ.受阻胺-醌类电荷转移络合物对甲基丙烯酸甲酯自由基聚合的阻聚及历程

用膨胀计法研究了西氯苯醌(CA)、苯醌(BQ)与受阻胺二异丙胺(DIPA)、2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶(TMP)形成的电荷转移络合物(CTC)对偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)引发的甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)自由基聚合阻聚效应。结果表明,CA-DIPA、CA-TMP、BQ-DIPA和BQ-TMP对MMA的自由基聚合均产生较单独的醌或胺更显著的阻聚能力。其中以CA-DIPA阻聚效果更佳。比较了MMA在苯或乙腈中的溶液聚合,得类似结果。初步讨论了受阻胺-醌电荷转移络合物对MMA自由基聚合的阻聚反应机理。     

乙烯系单体聚合阻聚反应(Ⅵ)——4-位取代2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1氧自由基衍生物同醌类混合对MMA自由基聚合的阻聚效应

本文研究了几种4位取代2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基及1-位取代的2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶类化合物同醌类混合对甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)自由基聚合的阻聚效应。     

乙烯类单体自由基聚合的阻聚效应——Ⅻ.酰氨基硫脲及某些杂环衍生物对醋酸乙烯酯聚合的影响

众所周知,酚类、胺类、醌类、硝基以及亚硝基化合物对烯类单体的自由基聚合有阻聚作用。一些杂原子化合物如RNHNHR′,RSR(RNHCSS)₂M等对烯类单体的自由基聚合也能产生阻聚^[1-5]。     

乙烯系单体自由基聚合的阻聚效应 ⅩⅢ.1,3,5-三苯甲(月替)与取代硝基苯混合物对甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合的影响

研究1,3,5-三苯甲(月替)(TFH)与一些4-取代硝基苯(4SNB)和4-取代-1,3-二硝基苯(4SDNB)的混合物对偶氮二异丁腈引发的甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)自由基聚合的影响。结果表明,TFH-4SNB配方对MMA聚合的阻聚功效与4SNB中取代基的电子效应有关。吸电子取代基能延长诱导期,提高阻聚能力。推电子基则降低聚合诱导期。对于TFH-4SDNB配方,聚合诱导期依赖于取代基的空间位阻:取代基的原子半径增大,聚合诱导期降低。     

乙烯系单体自由基聚合的阻聚效应——Ⅷ.1,3,5-三苯甲(月替)对甲基丙烯酸甲酯的自由基阻聚及历程

用膨胀计法研究了1,3,5-三苯甲(月替)(TFH)及其与苯醌(BQ)、四氯苯醌(CA)和1,4-萘醌(NQ)的混合物对偶氮二异丁腈引发的甲基丙烯酸甲酯的阻聚效应。结果表明,TFH与BQ或NQ按一定比例混合阻聚效果显著。但TFH与CA混合则阻聚效果反倒比TFH单独用作阻聚时差。文中研究TFH的变色反应以及聚合系统中(TF·)的存在。初步讨论了TFH及TFH-Q混合对MMA的阻聚反应机理。     

胺存在下自由基聚合与活性自由基聚合

综述了胺存在下自由基聚合,包括含胺的过氧化二酰与芳叔胺氧化还原体系、有机过氧化氢物与芳叔胺或脂肪叔胺氧化还原体系、过硫酸盐与脂肪胺氧化还啄体系和极性单体的胺光诱导电荷转移引发自由基聚合,以及活性／控制自由基聚合,主要为原子转移自由基研究的成果。     

乙烯系自由基聚合阻聚效应(XⅧ)──哌啶氮氧自由基氨基硫脲化合物与通用阻聚剂混合对MMA阻聚效应研究

本文研究了3种1-(芳酰基)-4[4'-(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶)-1-氧自由基]氨基硫脲化合物(ATSCPO)分别同通用阻聚剂(CIH),如对苯二酚(HQ)、苯醌(BQ)、吩噻嗪(PT)及二乙羟胺(DEHA)组成的混合阻聚剂对AIBN引发的MMA自由基聚合的影响。研究结果表明:当[ATSCPO]/CIH=5:1时,除ATSCPO-BQ外,其余阻聚效果均较ATSCPO和CIH单独用作阻聚剂时高,如聚合反应诱导期延长、聚合速率下降、聚合物粘均分子量变小等,表明ATSCPO和CHI间有协同效应。通过对阻聚因素的考察,得出阻聚剂的活性次序为ATSCPOHQ>ATSCPO-PT>ATSCPO-DEHA≈ATSCPO-BQ.     

氧气分子参与的乙烯基单体自由基聚合

尽管被公认在自由基聚合中往往起着缓聚、阻聚或链转移的作用,越来越多的结果表明,在某些情况下,如高温、高压,或当某些催化剂存在时,氧气分子(O2)可以参与甚至加速乙烯基单体的自由基聚合。本文综述了上世纪90年代以来,O2参与的乙烯基单体的热/光诱导自由基聚合、化学引发自由基聚合、氧载体催化自由基聚合以及可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合。以上结果表明,在上述情况下,O2,作为一个普通不饱和单体,可以与苯乙烯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯等乙烯基单体形成交替共聚物(聚过氧化物),而此类聚过氧化物均可裂解为自由基。     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯自由基聚合歧化终止机理

首先用过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)自由基聚合合成聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA),然后用偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,研究PMMA中由歧化终止生成的末端双键与苯乙烯(St)的共聚合反应行为。采用体积排除色谱(SEC)、核磁共振波谱(NMR)对聚合物进行了分析表征。结果表明：与单体MMA相似,PMMA在化学位移δ=6.20和5.47处有对应于聚合物末端双键氢的NMR信号。远程异核和近程异核相关NMR,¹³C-NMR和DEPT-135 NMR分析和自由基共聚合实验确证：MMA自由基聚合的双基歧化终止为单一的链自由基末端β位甲基氢自由基转移机理,生成1,1-二取代甲基丙烯酸酯型双键。除双基歧化终止反应外,体系还明显地存在苯甲酰初级自由基和苯初级自由基与链自由基间的初级终止反应。     

N-乙烯基咔唑与卤代烃引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合的研究

<正> N-乙烯基咔唑(NVC)具有大的共轭结构和中间有一个杂原子氮,而容易与其它试剂反应,形成自由基、阳离子和电荷转移络合物,故是一种活性较高的单体,1970年有人发现NVC与N-C_4H_9NCl_2一起可以引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)聚合,此外,文献报道了电子给体如胺与CCl_4体系在二甲亚砜(DMSO)中引发MMA聚合,本文研究了NVC与几种卤代烃所组成的双组分体系对MMA的引发聚合反应;该体系的引发活性和组成与分子量及分子量分布的关系;并探讨了反应机理。     

THE EFFECTS OF ALLYL ETHERS UPON RADICAL POLYMERIZATIONS

Three allyl ethers, viz. the ethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl and phenyl compounds, have been examined as additives in radical polymerizations of styrene (STY), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile (ACN) at 60°C using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. As retarders and transfer agents, the ethers are considerably more effective with ACN than with the other monomers. Allyl phenyl ether engages in significant copolymerization with ACN and slight copolymerization with MMA; there is negligible incorporation in polySTY.     

EFFECTS OF VINYL ETHERS UPON RADICAL POLYMERIZATIONS

Various vinyl ethers have been examined as additives during radical polymerizations initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile at 60°C; the monomers were methyl methacrylate (MMA), styrene (STY) and acrylonitrile (AN). For MMA and STY, the vinyl ethers were incorporated to only small extents but they caused reductions in rate of polymerization and chain length of the resulting polymer; the effects can be attributed to the low reactivities in growth reactions of radicals to which a vinyl ether unit was last added. Copolymerization of the vinyl ethers with AN was more evident but, in many cases, it was accompanied by increased rate of consumption of AN and increased chain length of the polymer. These changes can be explained in terms of a physical effect which can be likened to that believed to be responsible for the gel effect. It is considered that polymer radicals are rather tightly coiled in an indifferent solvent so that the normal bimolecular termination is impeded.     

FURTHER STUDY OF ALLYL ETHERS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS TRANSFER AGENTS IN RADICAL POLYMERIZATIONS

Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), allyl 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl ether (AFE), allyl 2-naphthyl ether (ANE), 2-vinyl-1,3-dioxolane (2VD) and allyl alcohol (AA) have been examined as transfer agents in the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) at 60°C; the transfer constants are 1.1 × 10^?3, 0.1 × 10^?3, 0.2 × 10^?3, 1.1 × 10^?3 and 0.6 × 10^?3, respectively. AFE and AA barely affect the rate of polymerization: AGE, ANE, and 2VD act as weak retarders. There is no direct correlation between effectiveness as a transfer agent and the extent of retardation for these additives. For copolymerization with MMA (monomer-1), the monomer reactivity ratios r₁ are 42 ± 5 and 32 ± 5 for AGE and ANE, respectively; for both cases, r₂ is very close to zero; 2VD engages in copolymerization with MMA to a negligible extent. Experiments involving styrene or acrylonitrile gave results consistent with those obtained using MMA.     

PHOTOINDUCED CHARGE-TRANSFER POLYMERIZATIONS OF VINYL MONOMERS

Abstract

Charge-transfer polymerization is a new type of polymerization which has been developed within the last 20 years. Its essential character is the interaction between an electron donor (D) and an electron acceptor (A) involved in the initiating or/and propagating processes. Such polymerization has attracted a great deal of attention, mainly due to three factors. First, it proceeds through a novel type of initiating or propagating mechanism which has increasing interest for theoretical research. Second, since the charge-transfer interaction widely exists in organic compounds, a wide variety of compounds may be used as donors or acceptors in such polymerizations. Third, the charge-transfer interaction lowers the energy for the formation of reactive centers and so the polymerization may be carried out under more moderate conditions.     

高单体浓度下反相微乳液聚合

选择丙烯酰胺（ＡＭ）、丙烯酸胺／丙烯酸钠（ＡＭ／ＳＡ）和丙烯酰胺／（２－甲基丙烯酰氧乙基）三甲基氯化铵（ＡＭＡＩＭ．ＭＣ）为单体（对），在相同的实验条件下进行反相微乳液（共）聚合，得到各自的动力学关系式，并对其做了解释．     

THE OXIDATION OF CHOLESTEROL BY HYDROXYL RADICAL

Abstract— The oxidation of chblesterol by hydroxyl radical generated by ⁶⁰Co y-radiolysis of aqueous cholesterol dispersions or of dispersions saturated with N₂O ave in low yields the products 38-hydroxy-cholest-5-en-7-one. the epimeric cholest-5-ene-3β,7-diols, 5,6α-epoxy-5α-cholestan-3β-ol, 5.6β-epoxy-5β-cholestan-3,β-ol, and 5α-cholestane-38,5,6β-triol. Sterol hydroperoxides were not detected except in the radiolysis of dispersions saturated with oxygen.     

THE ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF LAURYL ACRYLATE

The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of dodecyl (or lauryl) acrylate (LA) has been studied and optimized to yield polymers with predetermined molecular weights and low polydispersities. The poor solubility of the catalyst complex formed with linear tridentate amines and Cu(I)Br in both LA and the non-polar solvents required for the formed poly(lauryl acrylate) (pLA) resulted in poor control of the polymer molecular weights and high polydispersity. The use of a soluble catalyst formed by complexing copper with 4,4′-di(5-nonyl)-2,2′-bipyridine, improved both molecular weight control and polydispersities. The experimental conditions were further optimized by adding deactivating Cu(II) complex to the initial reaction mixture to compensate qualitatively for differences in the rate of termination relative to other acrylates.     

甲基丙烯酸甲酯光引发聚合中的初级自由基终止效应

本文研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯在30℃时的光引发聚合。当光强较强时,聚合速率和光强的平方根不呈线性关系,聚合速率略低于经典动力学关系式所预示的数值。粘均聚合度的倒数和聚合速率也不呈线性关系。在考虑了初级自由基的终止反应后,这些偏离都得到了合理的解释。 比较甲基丙烯酸甲酯在30℃的光引发聚合和在60℃的过氧化苯甲酰引发聚合的数据,可以看出,初级自由基的终止效应在低温时更为重要。