Rhenium-catalyzed 1,3-isomerization of allylic alcohols: scope and chirality transfer

The scope of the triphenylsilyl perrhennate (O3ReOSiPh3, 1) catalyzed 1,3-isomerization of allylic alcohols has been thoroughly explored. It was found to be effective for a wide variety of secondary and tertiary allylic alcohol substrates bearing aryl, alkyl, and cyano substituents. Two general reaction types were found which gave high levels of product selectivity: those driven by formation of an extended conjugated system and those driven by selective silylation of a particular isomer. The efficiency of chirality transfer with various substrates was investigated, and conditions were found in which secondary and tertiary allylic alcohols could be formed with high levels of enantioselectivity. Consideration of selectivity trends with respect to the nature of the substituents around the allylic system revealed that this is a reliable and predictable method for allylic alcohol synthesis.     

Highly selective methanesulfonic acid-catalyzed 1,3-isomerization of allylic alcohols

Secondary and tertiary allylic alcohols undergo 1,3-isomerization smoothly in the presence of methanesulfonic acid under simple and efficient conditions to afford selectively the corresponding primary E-allylic alcohols in excellent yields.     

Alkene-directed, nickel-catalyzed alkyne coupling reactions

In alkene-directed, nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of 1,3-enynes with aldehydes and epoxides, the conjugated alkene dramatically enhances reactivity and uniformly directs regioselectivity, independent of the nature of the other alkyne substituent (aryl, alkyl (1 degrees , 2 degrees , 3 degrees )) or the degree of alkene substitution (mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted). These observations are best explained by a temporary interaction between the alkene and the transition metal center during the regioselectivity-determining step. The highly substituted 1,3-diene products are useful in organic synthesis and, in conjunction with a Rh-catalyzed, site-selective hydrogenation, afford allylic and homoallylic alcohols that previously could not be prepared in high regioselectivity (or at all) with related Ni-catalyzed alkyne coupling reactions.     

Gold- and silver-catalyzed allylic alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols

A highly efficient gold- and silver-catalyzed allylic alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with allylic alcohols has been developed. The reaction was shown to proceed expediently for a wide variety of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and allylic alcohols, including 1° and terminal ones, under very mild conditions at room temperature in good to excellent yields (55-96%).     

Potassium Base-Promoted Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,3-Diols from Allylic Alcohols and Aldehydes through a Tandem Allylic-Isomerization/Aldol–Tishchenko Reaction

This study reports the first base-promoted aldol–Tishchenko reactions of allylic alcohols with aldehydes initiated by allylic isomerization. The reaction enables the diastereoselective synthesis of a variety of 1,3-diols with three contiguous stereogenic centers. Unlike commonly reported systems, our method allows the use of readily available allylic alcohols as nucleophiles instead of enolizable aldehydes and ketones.     

Palladium-catalyzed alkylation of vinyl oxiranes with substituted allenes. Direct access to bifunctionalized allylic alcohols

The first palladium-catalyzed alkylation of vinyl oxiranes with substituted allenes to form functionalized allylic alcohols is described. The reaction of activated allenes 5 with vinyl oxiranes 1 in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(PPh(3))(4) (10 mol %) and 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) (20 mol %) in THF at 60 degrees C gave the corresponding allylic alcohols 6 in good to excellent yields. The allylic alcohols were obtained in different ratios of trans/ cis isomers.     

Enantioconvergent synthesis by sequential asymmetric Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons and palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions

A new method for enantioconvergent synthesis has been developed. The strategy relies on the combination of an asymmetric Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction and a palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution. Different alpha-oxygen-substituted, racemic aldehydes were initially transformed by asymmetric HWE reactions into mixtures of two major alpha,beta-unsaturated esters, possessing opposite configurations at their allylic stereocenters as well as opposite alkene geometry. Subsequently, these isomeric mixtures of alkenes could be subjected to palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions with carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles. In this latter step, the respective (E) and (Z) alkene substrate isomers were observed to react with opposite stereospecificity: the (E) alkene reacted with retention and the (Z) alkene with inversion of stereochemistry with respect to both the allylic stereocenter and the alkene geometry. Thus, a single gamma-substituted ester was obtained as the overall product, in high isomeric purity. The method was applied to a synthesis of a subunit of the iejimalides, a group of cytotoxic macrolides.     

铜催化的烯丙醇自由基胺化/1,2-碳迁移串联反应:一步构建含α-季碳中心的β-胺基酮（英文）

烯丙醇类化合物是非常重要的有机合成砌块.近年来,自由基或阳离子对烯丙醇类化合物的加成引发的1,2-碳迁移反应迅速发展,被认为是合成含α-季碳中心的β-羰基化合物最有效的策略之一.目前,烯丙醇的官能团化/1,2-碳迁移反应取得了很好的成果,各种官能团化反应,比如卤化、三氟甲基化、硫化、膦化和芳基化等,已经顺利实现.但是,烯丙醇类化合物的胺化/1,2-碳迁移串联反应研究较少.这可能是由于竞争的亲核胺化反应存在导致的.因此,发展烯丙醇类化合物的胺化串联反应值得期待.我们及其他课题组以N-氟代双苯磺酰亚胺(NFSI)作为有效的自由基氮源,实现了烯烃或炔烃的自由基胺化官能团化反应.研究表明,在铜催化温和条件下即可生成金属稳定的氮中心自由基物种.据此,我们认为,在温和条件下有效产生氮中心自由基是实现烯丙醇自由基胺化/1,2-碳迁移串联反应的关键.在前期工作基础上,本文利用NFSI及其衍生物作为有效的自由基胺化试剂,实现了铜催化烯丙醇类化合物的自由基胺化/1,2-碳迁移串联反应,直接构建重要的含α-季碳中心的β-胺基酮骨架.本文合成了24个不同官能团取代的β-胺基酮衍生物.反应中芳环上取代基的电子效应和空间效应表现并不明显.当芳基对位连有卤素、烷氧基、芳基、烷基时,或者邻位和间位甲基取代的1-(1-芳基烯基)环丁醇均可以与NFSI顺利反应,以中等至较高的产率得到相应的含α-季碳中心的β-胺基酮.氧杂环丁醇、取代的环丁醇类化合物,5元、6元及非环状的苯基烯丙醇类化合物均适用于该反应,生成相应的目标化合物.同时,我们也扩展了胺化试剂的范围,除NFSI衍生物外,单取代的NFHSO2Ph类型氮源也可以有效发生自由基胺化/1,2-碳迁移串联反应,生成目标产物.另外,扩大反应物的量至5 mmol,反应不受影响,仍能以90%的产率生成β-胺基酮衍生物.最后,通过控制实验捕捉到反应中生成的苄基自由基中间体,表明该反应经历氮中心自由基对烯丙醇烯烃双键的区域选择性加成引发的1,2-碳迁移串联反应.总之,本文以N-F试剂作为自由基胺化试剂,利用铜催化体系发展了烯丙醇类化合物的自由基胺化/1,2-碳迁移串联反应,一步合成了重要的β-胺基酮类化合物.该反应条件温和,底物适用范围宽泛,官能团兼容性较好,合成了一系列链状、环状及螺环的含有α-季碳中心的β-胺基酮衍生物.据我们所知,这是首例将NHFSO_2Ph类型N-F试剂作为自由基氮源的反应.     

Activator-free and one-pot C-allylation by simple palladium catalyst in water

For atom economic and green chemistry concepts, we develop a reaction that involves one-pot and one step to construct the C–C bond without the help of any activating reagents for allylic alcohols in water. The palladium-catalyzed allylation of cyclic 1,3-diones using allylic alcohols directly gave the corresponding allylated products in 8–99% yields.     

Palladium-catalyzed stereospecific synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans: 1,3-chirality transfer by an intramolecular oxypalladation reaction

PdCl2(CH3CN)2 (10 mol %) catalyzed reactions of non-3-ene-2,8-diols 1 and 2 gave 2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans 3 and 4 in excellent yields with high diastereoselectivities (>20:1). Intramolecular cyclizations of the hydroxy nucleophile to the chiral allylic alcohol take place efficiently under mild conditions. A new stereogenic center is generated on the tetrahydropyran ring by 1,3-chirality transfer from the chiral allylic alcohol via a syn-SN2' type process. Cis tetrahydropyran 3E was formed from syn-2,8-diols 1a and 2a, and trans tetrahydropyran 4E was formed from anti-2,8-diol 1b, stereospecifically. Cis tetrahydropyran bearing a cis alkene 3Z was obtained from 2b at -40 degrees C, while 4E was formed from 2b in the presence of catalytic amount of water at -40 degrees C. The face selectivity of these cyclizations can be rationalized by taking a favorable conformation of the intermediary Pd pi-complex with allylic alcohols, escaping the allylic strain and 1,3-diaxial interactions. A stereocontrolled synthesis of optically pure 2-alkenyl-6-methyltetrahydropyran 17 was achieved efficiently in four steps from 6-silyloxy-1-heptyne 13 with an aldehyde and included asymmetric alkynylation, partial reduction of alkyne, deprotection of the silyl group, and the stereospecific cyclization.     

Titanium-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] coupling of diynes with homoallylic alcohols

[reaction: see text] In connection with the known diyne-ene [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions mediated by titanium aryloxides, the ability of titanium alkoxides to promote coupling of a titanacyclopentadiene with an alkene has been assessed for the isomerization-free preparation of 1,3-cyclohexadienes. The successful cycloaddition by titanium alkoxides is predicated on the use of homoallylic alcohols as the olefin component. With secondary homoallylic alcohols, high 1,3-diastereoselectivity is observed, which lends itself to enantioselective preparation of functionalized 1,3-cyclohexadienes.     

Synthetic studies on amphidinolide B1

[structure: see text]. The syntheses of three fragments, 2, 3, and 4, of amphidinolide B1 have been accomplished. The 1,3-isomerization of allylic alcohol 10 was accomplished via rhenium oxo catalysis and has been applied successfully in the synthesis. (-)-MIB-catalyzed asymmetric vinylzinc addition to aldehyde 31 and the regio- and stereoselective epoxidation of unsymmetrical divinyl methanol 32 were key steps.     

Enantioselective Catalytic Aldehyde α-Alkylation/Semipinacol Rearrangement: Construction of α-Quaternary-δ-Carbonyl Cycloketones and Total Synthesis of (+)-Cerapicol

An enantioselective aldehyde α-alkylation/semipinacol rearrangement was achieved through organo-SOMO catalysis. The catalytically generated enamine radical cation serves as a carbon radical electrophile that can stereoselectively add to the alkene of an allylic alcohol and initiate ensuing ring-expansion of cyclopropanol or cyclobutanol. This tandem reaction enables the production of a wide range of nonracemic functionalizable α-quaternary-δ-carbonyl cycloketones in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity from simple aldehydes and allylic alcohols. As a key step, the intramolecular reaction was also successfully applied in the asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-cerapicol.     

Pseudo‐Stereodivergent Synthesis of Enantioenriched Tetrasubstituted Alkenes by Cascade 1,3‐Oxo‐Allylation/Cope Rearrangement

The catalytic diastereodivergent construction of stereoisomers having two or more stereogenic centers has been extensively studied. In contrast, the switchable introduction of another stereogenic element, that is, Z/E configuration involving a polysubstituted alkene group, into the optically active stereoisomers, has not been recognized yet. Disclosed here is the pseudo‐stereodivergent synthesis of highly enantioenriched tetrasubstituted alkene architectures from isatin‐based Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates and allylic derivatives, under the cooperative catalysis of a tertiary amine and a chiral iridium complex. The success of the switchable construction of the tetrasubstituted alkene motif relies on the diastereodivergent 1,3‐oxo‐allylation reaction between N‐allylic ylides and chiral π‐allyliridium complex intermediates by ligand and substrate control, followed by the stereoselective concerted 3,3‐Cope rearrangement process.     

Metal-free dihydroxylation of alkenes using cyclobutane malonoyl peroxide

Cyclobutane malonoyl peroxide (7), prepared in a single step from the commercially available diacid 6, is an effective reagent for the dihydroxylation of alkenes. Reaction of a chloroform solution of 7 with an alkene in the presence of 1 equiv of water at 40 °C followed by alkaline hydrolysis leads to the corresponding diol (30-84%). With 1,2-disubstituted alkenes, the reaction proceeds with syn-selectivity (3:1 → 50:1). A mechanism consistent with experimental findings is proposed, which is supported by deuterium and oxygen labeling studies and explains the stereoselectivity observed. Alternative reaction pathways that are dependent on the structure of the starting alkene are also described leading to the synthesis of allylic alcohols and γ-lactones.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Intramolecular Oxidative Amidation of Alkenes in the Synthesis of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐Amino Alcohols and 1,3‐Diamines

An efficient and practical Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular oxidative allylic amidation provides facile access to derivatives of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐amino alcohols and 1,3‐diamines. The method operates under mild reaction conditions (RT) with molecular oxygen (1 atm) as the sole reoxidant of Pd. Excellent diastereoselectivities were attained with substrates bearing a secondary stereogenic center     

Enantioselective Catalytic Aldehyde α‐Alkylation/Semipinacol Rearrangement: Construction of α‐Quaternary‐δ‐Carbonyl Cycloketones and Total Synthesis of (+)‐Cerapicol

An enantioselective aldehyde α‐alkylation/semipinacol rearrangement was achieved through organo‐SOMO catalysis. The catalytically generated enamine radical cation serves as a carbon radical electrophile that can stereoselectively add to the alkene of an allylic alcohol and initiate ensuing ring‐expansion of cyclopropanol or cyclobutanol. This tandem reaction enables the production of a wide range of nonracemic functionalizable α‐quaternary‐δ‐carbonyl cycloketones in high yields and excellent enantioselectivity from simple aldehydes and allylic alcohols. As a key step, the intramolecular reaction was also successfully applied in the asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐cerapicol.     

Palladium(II)-catalyzed highly regio- and diastereoselective cyclization of difunctional allylic N-tosylcarbamates. A convenient synthesis of optically active 4-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones and total synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-xylitol

A Pd(II)-catalyzed cyclization of difunctional allylic N-tosyl carbamates in the presence of halide ions was developed with high regio- and diastereoselectivity. The reaction involves aminopalladation of alkene and beta-heteroatom elimination to regenerate Pd(II) species. When the readily available homochiral alcohols were used as substrates, highly optically active 4-vinyl-2-oxazolidinones were easily obtained. The utility of this method was exemplified by the convenient synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-xylitol.     

Fluorinated alcohols as promoters for the metal-free direct substitution reaction of allylic alcohols with nitrogenated, silylated, and carbon nucleophiles

The direct allylic substitution reaction using allylic alcohols in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE) as reaction media is described. The developed procedure is simple, works under mild conditions (rt, 50 and 70 °C), and proves to be very general, since different nitrogenated nucleophiles and carbon nucleophiles can be used achieving high yields, especially when HFIP is employed as solvent and aromatic allylic alcohols are the substrates. Thus, sulfonamides, carbamates, carboxamides, and amines can be successfully employed as nitrogen-based nucleophiles. Likewise, silylated nucleophiles such as trimethylsilylazide, allyltrimethylsilane, trimethylsilane, and trimethylsilylphenylacetylene give the corresponding allylic substitution products in high yields. Good results for the Friedel-Crafts adducts are also achieved with aromatic compounds (phenol, anisole, indole, and anilines) as nucleophiles. Particularly interesting are the results obtained with electron-rich anilines, which can behave as nitrogenated or carbon nucleophiles depending on their electronic properties and the solvent employed. In addition, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (acetylacetone and Meldrum's acid) are also successfully employed as soft carbon nucleophiles. Studies for mechanism elucidation are also reported, pointing toward the existence of carbocationic intermediates and two working reaction pathways for the obtention of the allylic substitution product.     

A [4 + 4] 2-pyridone approach to taxol. 3. Stereocontrol during elaboration of the cyclooctane

Intramolecular photocycloaddition of 2-pyridones connected through a four-carbon tether (6-[4-(1,2-dihydro-1-methyl-2-oxo-3-pyridinyl)-4-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)++ +dimethylsilyl]oxy]butyl]-4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-2(1H)-pyridinone) yields a single tetracyclic product with four new stereogenic centers. The diastereoselectivity of this [4 + 4] reaction is fully controlled by a stereogenic carbon of the tether. Treatment of the photoproduct with osmium tetraoxide transforms the alkene to a diol and the enol ether to an alpha-hydroxy ketone, with stereocontrol dictated by nearby lactams that block one face of each alkene. Allylmagnesium bromide addition to the ketone also yields a single diastereomer, but unexpectedly this product results from approach of the nucleophile to the most-hindered face of the ketone. Study of this reaction in a model system has found the allylic nucleophile to be unique, with nonallylic reagents approaching along the expected, least-hindered path. This contrasteric addition likely results from coordination of the allylic nucleophile to the nearby amide. The amide can therefore act either as a steric shield or as a directing group. The three steps of photocycloaddition, cis-hydroxylation, and nucleophilic addition constructs both quaternary carbons of the cyclooctane and four of the five stereogenic centers found in the eight-membered ring of Taxol.