液体有机氢化物储氢研究进展*

液体有机氢化物储氢技术利用不饱和液态芳烃和对应环烷烃之间的加\脱氢反应,不仅可用于长周期的季节性储氢,还可用于远距离输氢,以解决地区间能源分布不均的问题。本文分析了该技术的基本原理和特点,并着重就其中的脱氢反应,从催化剂的开发、催化反应机理以及反应模式等层面,进行了分析讨论。关于催化剂,主要从催化剂的活性组分、颗粒分散度、载体种类、孔结构和表面性质与催化活性、结焦失活和耐硫性之间关系的关系进行了分析。关于反应模式,重点讨论了过热液膜态反应、非稳态脉冲喷射进料反应和膜分离反应等几种有利于改善传热传质条件、打破平衡限制的催化脱氢反应模式。并展望了液体有机氢化物储氢的研究和发展方向。     

铂锡双金属催化剂上丙烷脱氢反应研究

对比研究了Ｓｎ／Ｐｔ比为１；１，２，：１和５：１的原子簇担载于γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３上制成的Ｐｔ＝Ｓｎ原子簇催化剂，和用ＳｎＣｌ２和Ｈ２ＰｔＣｌ６浸渍制备的相应Ｓｎ／Ｐｔ比的催化剂对丙烷脱氢生成丙烯的催化性能。     

液相有机氢载体脱氢催化剂的设计原理及机理调控研究进展

氢的安全高效存储是氢能产业发展的关键技术难点,利用液相有机氢载体(liquid organic hydrogen carriers, LOHCs)可以有效地进行氢气的储存与输运.由于LOHCs的脱氢是高能耗的吸热过程,开发高性能、高选择性、低成本的脱氢催化剂便成为LOHCs技术应用的关键.本文综述了近年来全氢化N-乙基咔唑、全氢化二苄基甲苯、甲基环己烷三类LOHC的脱氢催化剂设计的研究进展,重点讨论了LOHCs的脱氢机理及其调控方法,并对该领域的发展进行了展望.     

载体对负载型NiSn催化剂丙烷脱氢性能的影响

研究了载体对负载型Ni Sn催化剂丙烷脱氢性能的影响,主要对比考察了以Si O2、Mg O、Al2O3、Mg Al2O4为载体的Ni Sn催化剂的丙烷脱氢性能。采用X射线衍射技术(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附技术、氨气程序升温脱附技术(NH3-TPD)以及氢气程序升温还原技术(H2-TPR)对催化剂样品进行表征。结果表明,Si O2因具有较大的比表面积、大孔径、酸性较弱等特点,以其为载体制备所得催化剂中Ni2.67Sn2组分含量高,催化剂性能较高。     

乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯反应中制备方法及助剂对镍基催化剂性能的影响

采用不同方法制备了镍基催化剂,并考察了乙烷氧化脱氢制乙烯(ODE)的反应活性,结果表明,在3种不同制备方法的催化剂上,ODE反应的活性及产物选择性存在明显差异,浸渍法制备的催化剂性能最佳.在相同的条件下,以共浸渍法引入CeO2助剂后,N iO/-γA l2O3催化剂上的低温选择氧化活性显著提高,而目的产物C2H4的选择性变化不大.XRD,还原TG和XPS对催化剂进行表征的结果显示:反应的活性物相可能是易于还原的高度分散于催化剂表面的微晶N iO和表面尖晶石N iA l2O4物相;高分散的微晶N iO,类似于纯N iO,有利于ODE反应低温选择氧化生成目的产物C2H4,而易还原的表面尖晶石N iA l2O4物相的存在则可能是在高温下获得高选择氧化活性和选择性的主要原因之一.     

储氢研究进展

氢能是21世纪主要的新能源之一.作为一种新型的清洁能源,氢的廉价制取、安全高效储存与输送及规模应用是当今研究的重点课题,而氢的储存是氢能应用的关键.储氢材料能可逆地大量吸放氢,在氢的储存与输送过程中是一种重要载体.本文综述了目前所采用或正在研究的主要储氢材料与技术,如高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢、金属氢化物储氢、化学氢化物储氢、吸附储氢、金属有机骨架储氢等,比较了各种储氢的优缺点,并指出其相关发展趋势.     

储氢研究进展

氢能是21世纪主要的新能源之一。作为一种新型的清洁能源,氢的廉价制取、安全高效储存与输送及规模应用是当今研究的重点课题,而氢的储存是氢能应用的关键。储氢材料能可逆地大量吸放氢,在氢的储存与输送过程中是一种重要载体。本文综述了目前所采用或正在研究的主要储氢材料与技术,如高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢、金属氢化物储氢、化学氢化物储氢、吸附储氢、金属有机骨架储氢等,比较了各种储氢的优缺点,并指出其相关发展趋势。     

负载型茂金属烯烃聚合催化剂有机载体研究进展

综述了近年来各种有机载体负载茂金属催化剂的负载方法,介绍了有机载体型茂金属催化剂的特点、负载方式、负载化对催化烯烃聚合性能和聚合物性能的影响。目前还不能完全解释清楚有机载体对聚烯烃形态以及聚合活性的影响效果。在有机载体合成方面,可以通过高分子工程,进行有机载体的设计,将茂金属催化剂负载到有机载体上,进一步提高有机载体型茂金属催化剂的活性、改善有机载体的形态和结构,将会推进有机载体负载型茂金属催化剂的工业化开发。     

储氢研究进展

氢能是21世纪主要的新能源之一。作为一种新型的清洁能源,氢的廉价制取、安全高效储存与输送及规模应用是当今研究的重点课题,而氢的储存是氢能应用的关键。储氢材料能可逆地大量吸放氢,在氢的储存与输送过程中是一种重要载体。本文综述了目前所采用或正在研究的主要储氢材料与技术,如高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢、金属氢化物储氢、化学氢化物储氢、吸附储氢、金属有机骨架储氢等,比较了各种储氢的优缺点,并指出其相关发展趋势。     

孔性介质负载下的络合氢化物及其储氢特性*

络合氢化物具有较高的重量储氢密度,已成为国内外研究的热点。孔性介质由于高比表面积、孔径均匀可调以及良好热稳定性而备受关注。研究表明,实现孔性介质负载的络合氢化物可有效地改善其储氢性能。本文简述了孔性介质的结构特征和物化特性,着重阐述了孔性介质负载催化络合氢化物的制备方法、脱/加氢性能的影响及其催化机理的研究进展,并指出了需要研究的科学问题。     

Tailoring Thermodynamics and Kinetics for Hydrogen Storage in Complex Hydrides towards Applications

Solid‐state hydrogen storage using various materials is expected to provide the ultimate solution for safe and efficient on‐board storage. Complex hydrides have attracted increasing attention over the past two decades due to their high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities. In this account, we review studies from our lab on tailoring the thermodynamics and kinetics for hydrogen storage in complex hydrides, including metal alanates, borohydrides and amides. By changing the material composition and structure, developing feasible preparation methods, doping high‐performance catalysts, optimizing multifunctional additives, creating nanostructures and understanding the interaction mechanisms with hydrogen, the operating temperatures for hydrogen storage in metal amides, alanates and borohydrides are remarkably reduced. This temperature reduction is associated with enhanced reaction kinetics and improved reversibility. The examples discussed in this review are expected to provide new inspiration for the development of complex hydrides with high hydrogen capacity and appropriate thermodynamics and kinetics for hydrogen storage.

     

CO2氧化丙烷脱氢制丙烯用Pd-Cu/V2O5-SiO2催化剂的研究

 采用等体积浸渍法制备了V2O5-SiO2负载的Pd-Cu双金属催化剂,以程序升温还原/程序升温氧化、红外光谱、程序升温脱附和微反技术表征了Pd-Cu/V2O5-SiO2对CO2和丙烷的化学吸附性能及对CO2部分氧化丙烷脱氢反应的催化性能. 结果表明,在催化剂表面金属活性位(Pd,Cu)和邻近的Vn+协同下形成的CO2卧式吸附态可在172和284 ℃断裂形成CO和晶格氧,以甲基氢和亚甲基氢双位吸附在V=O上的丙烷分子吸附态可在238 ℃脱氢生成丙烯. 在600 ℃,CO2/C3H8体积比为1和空速为1?286 h-1的条件下,丙烷转化率为35.22%,丙烯选择性为85.44%. 催化剂V=O中的晶格氧参与了丙烷氧化脱氢过程.     

金属有机骨架材料制备双金属或多金属催化材料及其应用

金属有机骨架（metal-organic framework,简称MOF）材料的研究在近几年相当热门,因其各种优异的性质,在催化领域得到广泛应用。然而,其本身作为催化剂的研究并不多且应用较为局限。但MOF材料规则的多孔结构及较大的比表面积为负载高分散金属纳米催化剂提供了天然的物理空间,能有效阻止金属纳米颗粒的团聚及浸出;使催化剂与反应物充分接触,有利于催化反应的进行,这也是近年来MOF材料作为催化剂的一个主要研究方向。本文着重讨论通过不同的方法将金属纳米颗粒负载在MOF材料上制备双金属或多金属催化剂并在催化领域的应用。重点介绍一锅合成法、化学吸附还原负载法、金属有机化学气相沉积法、固相研磨法等制备方法,较为详细地介绍了其在氧化（醇、烷烃、烯烃和CO氧化）、加氢（羰基类化合物和烯烃类化合物加氢）、Knoevenagel缩合、光催化（光催化降解有机物和光解水产氢）等反应中的应用,讨论了这类新型功能催化剂材料所存在的问题并对其进一步发展前景做出展望。     

Strategies for the Improvement of the Hydrogen Storage Properties of Metal Hydride Materials

Metal hydrides are an important family of materials that can potentially be used for safe, efficient and reversible on‐board hydrogen storage. Light‐weight metal hydrides in particular have attracted intense interest due to their high hydrogen density. However, most of these hydrides have rather slow absorption kinetics, relatively high thermal stability, and/or problems with the reversibility of hydrogen absorption/desorption cycling. This paper discusses a number of different approaches for the improvement of the hydrogen storage properties of these materials, with emphasis on recent research on tuning the ionic mobility in mixed hydrides. This concept opens a promising pathway to accelerate hydrogenation kinetics, reduce the activation energy for hydrogen release, and minimize deleterious possible by‐products often associated with complex hydride systems.     

Preparation and Catalytic Activity of a Novel Nanocrystalline ZrO2@C Composite for Hydrogen Storage in NaAlH4

Sodium alanate (NaAlH₄) has attracted intense interest as a prototypical high‐density hydrogen‐storage material. However, poor reversibility and slow kinetics limit its practical applications. Herein, a nanocrystalline ZrO₂@C catalyst was synthesized by using Uio‐66(Zr) as a precursor and furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a carbon source. The as‐synthesized ZrO₂@C exhibits good catalytic activity for the dehydrogenation and hydrogenation of NaAlH₄. The NaAlH₄‐7 wt % ZrO₂@C sample released hydrogen starting from 126 °C and reabsorbed it starting from 54 °C, and these temperatures are lower by 71 and 36 °C, respectively, relative to pristine NaAlH₄. At 160 °C, approximately 5.0 wt % of hydrogen was released from the NaAlH₄‐7 wt % ZrO₂@C sample within 250 min, and the dehydrogenation product reabsorbed approximately 4.9 wt % within 35 min at 140 °C and 100 bar of hydrogen. The catalytic function of the Zr‐based active species is believed to contribute to the significantly reduced operating temperatures and enhanced kinetics.     

Dehydrogenation of methanol on low Cu and Re—Cu catalysts supported on sibunite

The activity and selectivity of mono- and bimetallic catalysts containing copper and rhenium on sibunite were studied in the decomposition of methanol to methyl formate (MF), water, H₂, CO, and CO₂at 200—400 °C. Methane is also formed on rhenium-containing catalysts at 300—400 °C. The dehydrogenating activity and selectivity to form MF are higher on the copper-sibunite catalysts than on the rhenium-sibunite samples. The introduction of 0.25% Re into the 4% copper-containing catalyst enhances its total activity and stability.     

Bimetallic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Constructing Multifunctional Electrocatalyst

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a new class of crystalline porous polymers comprised mainly of carbon atoms, and are versatile for the integration of heteroatoms such as B, O, and N into the skeletons. The designable structure and abundant composition render COFs useful as precursors for heteroatom-doped porous carbons for energy storage and conversion. Herein, we describe a multifunctional electrochemical catalyst obtained through pyrolysis of a bimetallic COF. The catalyst possesses hierarchical pores and abundant iron and cobalt nanoparticles embedded with standing carbon layers. By integrating these features, the catalyst exhibits excellent electrochemical catalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with a 50 mV positive half-wave potential, a higher limited diffusion current density, and a much smaller Tafel slope than a Pt-C catalyst. Moreover, the catalyst displays superior electrochemical performance toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with overpotentials of −0.26 V and −0.33 V in acidic and alkaline aqueous solution, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm⁻². The overpotential in the catalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was 1.59 V at the same current density.     

正丁烷脱氢制正丁烯催化剂

综述了对正丁烷脱氢制备正丁烯的催化剂体系,包括有氧脱氢中钒基催化剂、钼酸盐系列和焦磷酸盐系列催化剂;催化脱氢中贵金属Pt系催化剂、以ZSM-5分子筛为载体的催化剂以及膜反应器。探讨了正丁烷脱氢动力学,并在Mars-van Krevlen和 Eley-Rideal机理模型动力学基础上归纳了正丁烷氧化脱氢及直接脱氢的机理。讨论了正丁烷催化剂的影响因素,比较了各类催化剂的特点并对其进行展望,认为ZSM-5分子筛将可能成为正丁烷脱氢制正丁烯的新的研究热点。