基于C—H键官能团化的药物合成

过渡金属催化的C—H键官能团化是有机化学的重要研究内容,并被作为工具广泛应用于药物合成领域。本文阐述了C—H键官能团化的经典反应类型,着重综述了C—H键的芳基化、烯基化、烷基化、卤化、羟基化、胺化和C—H插入反应在药物合成中的应用,详细描述了具体药物的合成实例,并对重要的反应机理进行了分析,最后展望了C—H键官能团化在药物合成中的发展前景。     

过渡金属催化不对称C—H硼化反应研究进展

过渡金属催化不对称C—H硼化反应是构建手性有机硼化合物最为有效的策略之一,具有原子和步骤经济性,在合成化学、药物化学和材料学等领域受到广泛关注.新型手性配体的设计与合成是过渡金属催化不对称C—H硼化反应成功的关键,根据手性配体的设计和发展过程,对近年来实现的过渡金属催化不对称C(sp2)—H和C(sp3)—H硼化反应的研究进展进行综述.     

铑催化3-重氮吲哚-2-亚胺与吡唑啉酮的C—H官能团化反应制备3-吡唑基吲哚（英文）

报道了一种在Rh2(OAc)4存在下α-亚胺卡宾和吡唑啉酮的高效C—H官能团化反应.该方法通过C—C键的形成为构建结构多样的3-吡唑基吲哚化合物提供了一种快速、直接的途径,反应具有中等至优异的产率和良好的官能团耐受性.     

P450酶催化C—H键官能团化的研究进展

C-H键选择性官能团化是构建C-X键最直接的策略,但因C-H键的解离能高,如何在温和条件下实现C-H键选择性官能团化是合成化学面临的巨大挑战。P450酶来源广泛,催化功能具有多样性,可催化众多反应类型,其中包括C-H键的选择性官能团化。本文主要对近十年P450酶催化C-H键羟基化、氨基化和烷基化方面进行了综述,并对其未来C-H键官能团化的研究进行了展望。      

光/铜共催化远程C—H键的不对称氰基化反应

以N-烷氧基邻苯二甲酰亚胺为底物, 利用光与铜共催化, 在蓝光照射下, 实现了远程C—H键不对称氰基化反应. 反应中涉及氧自由基的1,5-氢迁移过程, 结合铜催化自由基接力的策略, 以良好到优秀的对映选择性、单一的区域选择性得到了芳基取代的烷基醇类衍生物δ-位C—H键不对称氰基化产物. 该方法条件温和, 具有较好的官能团兼容性以及底物普适性, 为光学活性的δ-氰基醇类化合物的合成提供了高效方法.     

光促进十聚钨酸盐催化的C—H键官能团化反应

近年来,十聚钨酸盐作为催化剂在光催化有机合成领域引起了广泛关注.在光照下,十聚钨酸盐可以活化反应物中的C—H键,通过"氢原子转移"作用产生自由基,进而实现C—H键官能团化反应.对近年来十聚钨酸盐在光诱导下催化C—H键官能团化,构筑C—C、C—N、C—F键等的研究进展进行了综述.     

钯催化二烯和烯炔的不对称氢官能团化反应的研究进展

不对称η³-取代反应在有机合成及转化中具有重要的地位,广泛应用于天然产物及药物分子合成中.利用钯催化实现不饱和烃的不对称氢官能团化反应,因其广泛的底物普适性、高的原子经济性和立体选择性控制效果而受到诸多关注,也成为近年来该领域研究的热点.其中,相对于联烯和炔烃底物来说,钯催化的二烯和烯炔的不对称氢官能团化反应研究尚少,近年来才开始快速发展,实现了许多重要突破,并逐步发展成为一类具有高合成价值的策略.本文主要综述了自2020年以来该领域的最新研究进展,从共轭二烯、远程二烯及共轭烯炔等类型的底物出发,总结和概述了相关的研究现状、策略应用和反应机理.     

金鸡纳硅醚衍生物有机催化吲哚与靛红的不对称Friedel-Crafts反应

金鸡纳硅醚衍生物用于有机催化不同吲哚和靛红的不对称Friedel-Crafts反应.筛选出最佳的催化剂体系,以78％～96％的产率和最高达99％的对映选择性获得了手性3-羟基-2-吲哚酮.拓宽了该反应的催化剂类型和底物范围.     

氧化型导向基诱导的C—H键官能团化

过渡金属催化的C—H键官能团化是直接构建C—C或C—X键的一个高效的方法,但这类反应大多需要外加当量或过量的氧化剂来完成催化循环.使用氧化型导向基,也就是在导向基中引入某些特殊的基团充当内氧化剂,可以避免外加氧化剂,简化反应体系,提高反应效率.近年氧化型导向基结构日趋丰富,参与的反应类型也呈现出多样化.利用氧化型导向基策略可以在无外加氧化剂条件下合成各种杂环或官能团化产物.     

不对称双酸催化吲哚的Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应:抗衡阴离子调控对映选择性

研究了双酸催化剂对吲哚和β,γ-不饱和α-酮酸酯的不对称Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应.金属铟(III)盐和手性磷酸组成的双酸催化体系可以高效、高选择性地催化吲哚与β,γ-不饱和α-酮酸酯的Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应.简单改变铟(III)盐的抗衡阴离子从F-到Br-,就能使产物的构型发生反转,并同时获得相应的高产率(最高达98%)和高对映选择性(最高大于99%)的1,4-加成产物.     

Enantioselective C−H Functionalization Reactions under Gold Catalysis

Transition metal-catalyzed enantioselective functionalization of ubiquitous C−H bonds has proven to be promising field as it offers the construction of chiral molecular complexity in a step- and atom-economical manner. In recent years, gold has emerged as an attractive contender for catalyzing such reactions. The unique reactivities and selectivities offered by gold catalysts have been exploited to access numerous asymmetric transformations based on gold-catalyzed C−H functionalization processes. Herein, this review critically highlights the major advances and discoveries made in the enantioselective C−H functionalization under gold catalysis which is accompanied by mechanistic insights at appropriate places.     

Enantioselective Borylative Dearomatization of Indoles through Copper(I) Catalysis

The enantioselective borylative dearomatization of a heteroaromatic compound has been achieved using a copper(I) catalyst and a diboron reagent. This reaction involves the regio‐ and enantioselective addition of active borylcopper(I) species to indole‐2‐carboxylates, followed by the diastereoselective protonation of the resulting copper(I) enolate to give the corresponding chiral indolines, which bear consecutive stereogenic centers.     

Catalytic Functionalization of Indoles in a New Dimension

140 Years ago Adolf von Baeyer proposed the structure of a heteroaromatic compound which revolutionized organic and medical chemistry: indole. After more than a century, indole itself and the complexity of naturally occurring indole derivatives continue to inspire and influence developments in synthetic chemistry. In particular, the ubiquitous presence of indole rings in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials are testament to the ever increasing interest in the design of mild and efficient synthetic routes to functionalized indole derivatives. This Review emphasizes the achievements in the selective catalytic functionalization of indoles (C? C bond‐forming processes) over the last four years.     

Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Cacchi Reaction: Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially Chiral 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles

We report herein the first examples of a palladium‐catalyzed enantioselective Cacchi reaction for the synthesis of indoles bearing a chiral C2‐aryl axis. In the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(OAc)₂ and (R,R)‐QuinoxP* ligand, reaction of N‐aryl(alkyl)sulfonyl‐2‐alkynylanilides with arylboronic acids under oxygen atmosphere afforded enantioenriched 2,3‐disubstituted indoles in high yields and enantioselectivity. The indole ring is constructed de novo in this process and a complexation‐induced chirality transfer is proposed to account for the observed enantioselectivity.     

A Bioinspired Synthesis of Polyfunctional Indoles

Polyfunctional indoles bearing substituents at C5 and C6 are prevalent in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Owing to the remoteness of the C5 and C6 positions, indoles of this family can be difficult to prepare, and often require multistep syntheses. Herein, we describe a concise process that converts simple derivatives of tyrosine into 5,6‐difunctionalized indoles by direct oxidation of C?H, N?H, and O?H bonds. Our work draws inspiration from the biosynthetic polymerization of tyrosine to make melanin pigments, but makes an important departure to provide well‐defined indole heterocycles.     

Catalytic Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated Terminal Alkenes

Terminal alkenes are readily available functional groups which appear in α‐olefins produced by the chemical industry, and they appear in the products of many contemporary synthetic reactions. While the organic transformations that apply to alkenes are amongst the most studied reactions in all of chemical synthesis, the number of reactions that apply to nonactivated terminal alkenes in a catalytic enantioselective fashion is small in number. This Minireview highlights the cases where stereocontrol in catalytic reactions of 1‐alkenes is high enough to be useful for asymmetric synthesis.     

Enantioselective Protonation of Cyclic Carbonyl Ylides by Chiral Lewis Acid Assisted Alcohols

Chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed asymmetric alcohol addition reactions to cyclic carbonyl ylides generated from N-(α-diazocarbonyl)-2-oxazolidinones featuring a dual catalytic system are reported. Construction of a chiral quaternary heteroatom-substituted carbon center was accomplished in which the unique heterobicycles were obtained in good yields with high stereoselection. The alcohol adducts were successfully converted to optically active oxazolidine-2,4-diones by hydrolysis. Mechanistic studies by DFT calculations revealed that alcohols could be activated by Lewis acids, enabling enantioselective protonation of the carbonyl ylides.     

Extended Enolates: Versatile Intermediates for Asymmetric C-H Functionalization via Noncovalent Catalysis

Catalyst-controlled functionalization of unmodified carbonyl compounds is a relevant operation in organic synthesis, especially when high levels of site- and stereoselectivity can be attained. This objective is now within reach for some subsets of enolizable substrates using various types of activation mechanisms. Recent contributions to this area include enantioselective transformations that proceed via transiently generated noncovalent di(tri)enolate-catalyst coordination species. While relatively easier to form than simple enolate congeners, di(tri)enolates are ambifunctional in nature and so control of the reaction regioselectivity becomes an issue. This Minireview discusses in some detail this and other problems, and how noncovalent activation approaches based on metallic and metal free catalysts have been developed to advance the field.