Holographic vibration study of a rotating propeller blade

Holographic interferometry has often been used to determine the natural frequencies and the associated mode patterns of vibrating objects with rigidly fixed or stationary boundaries. This paper describes a new pulse-laser holographic technique whereby the vibration-mode patterns of a rotating propeller blade were determined. This technique consists of rotating the holographic plate on the same axis as the rotating object and using spherically symmetric wavefronts for object and reference beams.     

Optical modal analysis using white-light projected fringes

This paper describes a non-contacting optical technique for vibration measurement, which can be used to determine the magnitude and phase of every point of a continuous surface under steady-state conditions. In this method, the vibrating surface to be studied is illuminated by a white-light, sinusoidal grating projected from an oblique angle. A series of precisely timed digital images of the vibrating object is recorded as the grid is moved across the surface. An automated analysis then extracts magnitude and phase data at each pixel in the recorded images. The use of white light makes it possible to study the motion of larger surfaces than might be conveniently possible with more conventional Moiré or holographic techniques, and the optical arrangement used seems relatively insensitive to external disturbances. The method seems particularly well suited to the study of structures undergoing relatively low-frequency, large-amplitude vibrations.     

主动移频式动力吸振器及其动力特性的研究

动力吸振器是振动控制中比较有效的减振装置,只要吸振器(子系统)的振动固有频率与振动物体(主系统)的振动频率相同,即可有效地消除主系统的振动。但传统动力吸振器的控制频率带宽较窄,限制了其稳定性和减振效果的提高。本文通过独特的机械设计,研制了一种可以通过调节自身的几何参数,使得其固有频率随几何参数线性变化的主动移频的新型动力吸振器,并初步设定了相应的控制方法。文中还对其动力学特性进行了理论分析和实验测试,分析了它的机理,评估了它的实际减振效果。研究结果表明该吸振器可以大范围调节自身固有频率,有效拓宽吸振频带,具有良好的减振性能和稳定性。     

投影光刀法测量碳纤维编织材料烧蚀表面粗糙度

碳纤维编织材料制成的物体，在其表面经过模拟烧饰后，其表面的光反射率很低，本文提出了一种改进的投影光刀法，可以用非接触式的光学测量方法测量其表面的粗糙度分布和细微三维形状，首先在物体表面投影-黑白边界；接收时在CCD上做适度的散焦，因而CCD里可以接收到一灰度渐变的投影界面；选用适当的阈值，可以得到受物体高度调制的投影边界，在后续的数据处理中，采用了边界提取、扫描、线形拟合、图像拼接等技术，可以得到被测区域的细微三维形状数据，进而可以计算出其二维的粗糙度分布。     

Off-table holography

A technique for practicing holography in a vibration environment is described and illustrated with examples. Advantages would consist of the ability to examine small areas of large structures at their installed site, ability to examine deformation in a local area of a structure despite large motions of the overall object, ability to practice holography in a vibrating environment, such as an industrial shop, without vibration-isolation equipment, ability to reconstruct holograms with white light rather than laser light and a much lower equipment cost as compared with the usual laboratory holography system. Disadvantages would include the limited field of view (size of photographic plate), requirement for coating object with retro-reflecting paint for best results, and the inability to conduct real-time studies.     

Theory of the erdmann interferometer for investigation of compressible flows

Summary A theory is developed which allows the calculation of the intensity at the image when phase differences at the object are made visible by the field-absorption method. The resulting formulae have been applied to some particular density fields (differences in phase being proportional to differences in density), viz. to a rectangular object of constant density, a similar object with linearly increasing intensity and a square object with linearly increasing intensity along a diagonal. The narrow interference slit is assumed to be infinitely long and is perpendicular to the gradient of the density for the examples presented. The results are in excellent agreement with experiments and confirm that the optical distance between the dark lines at the image corresponds to one wavelength at the object.     

成像光路布置对数字相机热致测量误差影响规律的研究

研究了数字相机成像系统中物距和成像系统固定方式两个因素对相机自发热导致的图像变形误差的影响规律,通过分析得到了热致图像"虚变形"与物距的倒数关系并进行了实验检验。推导了固定位置位于镜头上时图像"虚变形"的表达式并进行了实验验证。研究表明,无论是成像系统的固定点位于相机上还是镜头上,自发热都会使得图像发生一个虚的膨胀变形,其大小与镜头接口的热膨胀参数和像距有关。本研究得到的模型和规律为指导实际光测力学应用中的光路布置以减小数字相机自发热导致的测量误差提供了理论依据。     

Impact-induced transient deformation analysis by means of digital speckle pattern interferometry

Transient in-plane displacements generated in a metal plate subjected to impact loading are measured using a pulsed digital speckle pattern interferometry system. Two separated speckle patterns produced by a ruby laser that freezes the object motion are recorded using a CCD camera and stored in a frame grabber. Transient displacements are evaluated by digital analysis of the fringes generated by the subtraction of these speckle patterns. The computer used for image processing is also utilized to control image acquisition and to synchronize the laser pulses to the CCD camera and the object position. Experimental results are compared with numerical calculations obtained using the finite-element method.     

基于时序变形预测的数字图像相关加速方法

利用数字图像相关求解连续变形物体的位移场和应变场时,会遇到处理速度非常慢的问题,原因是相关算法计算量大且忽略了物体在时间轴上的变形规律。本文提出了一种基于变形预测的数字图像相关方法,该方法利用物体在时间轴上的变形规律,通过已经得到的变形值来预测后面时刻的变形初值。首先分析了物体在时间轴上的变形规律,然后结合实际应用对其进行修正,得到物体下一步变形的初值,最后通过NR方法(Newton-Raphson Method)得到物体的位移场和应变场。通过计算机模拟和金属试件拉伸实验并结合GPU(Graphic Processing Unit)编程验证了该方法的有效性。计算机模拟和金属试件拉伸实验的计算结果表明,该方法能够在计算精度保持不变的情况下,使计算速度提高4~7倍。     

Flow induced by a vibrating heated sphere

Mean flows induced by a heated or cold sphere vibrating in a liquid are studied. The cases of a sphere immersed in an unbounded liquid and a liquid layer of finite thickness, bounded by two rigid coaxial spheres, are considered. An analytical solution is obtained in the creeping flow approximation for small values of the governing parameters. The vibrating flow structure is shown to depend to a considerable extent on the clearance and to be fairly complex for small clearances. For a fixed clearance, the creeping flow structure is determined by a single parameter, the ratio of the vibrating Grashof number to the pulsating Reynolds number (Schlichting parameter). For large values of the parameters, the vibrating flow structure is determined by the vibrating Grashof number and the Schlichting parameter separately. The changes in the flow structure with increase in the values of the governing parameters are studied numerically by a finite difference method.Krasnoyarsk. Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 31–39, January–February, 1996.     

竖直振动无黏液滴的法拉第不稳定性分析

由于外部周期性的振动而在液滴表面产生的Faraday不稳定效应广泛存在于超声雾化、喷涂加工等应用中,对Faraday不稳定性进行分析对研究振动液滴的表面动力学有着重要意义.本文将Faraday不稳定性问题从径向振动拓展到竖直振动,研究了竖直振动无黏液滴表面波的不稳定性.竖直方向的振动使得液滴动量方程为含有空间相关项和时...     

Deformation of a fluid-filled compliant cylinder in a uniform flow

We investigated surface compliance effects of a fluid-filled object in flow on its shape and internal flow through numerical simulation. A two-dimensional compliant cylinder containing fluid in a flow is a simple model of a cell, e.g. an erythrocyte, leukocyte or platelet. The thin membrane of the cylinder consisted of a network of mass-spring-damper (MSD) systems, representing its mechanical characteristics. We assumed that the stiffness and damping coefficients were those of latex gum. The two-dimensional flow inside and outside the membrane was obtained by solving the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations by using the finite element scheme at Re=400, based on the external flow velocity and diameter of an initial circular cylinder. The deformation of the membrane was calculated by solving the equation of motion for an MSD system by using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The compliant cylinder deformed more if its stiffness was smaller than that of latex gum. The initial circular section of the cylinder became oval, with a flat front and a convex rear. The aspect ratio of the lateral to streamwise axis length of the oval became larger than unity, and increased with decreasing stiffness. The drag coefficient of the oval cylinder became larger than that of the circular cylinder, and increased with decreasing stiffness. The partial vibration at the rear, caused by shedding vortices, induced oscillating internal flows between two antinodes of the vibrating membrane. Since the object with smaller stiffness had higher ductility, velocity fluctuations of the external flow influenced the internal flow of the compliant object through deformation of the membrane.     

Full-field optical strain measurement having postrecording sensitivity and direction selectivity

An optical method of strain measurement is described which possesses numerous advantages over conventional and holographic interferometry. The method consists of imaging the coherently illuminated object by a lens, and double-exposing a photographic plate in a misfocused image plane before and after deformation of the object. The processed photographic plate or ‘specklegram’ is subsequently Fourier-filtered to provide fringe patterns representing derivatives of surface displacements with respect to any desired direction and with variable and controllable sensitivity.     

Visual hull method for tomographic PIV measurement of flow around moving objects

Tomographic particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a recently developed method to measure three components of velocity within a volumetric space. We present a visual hull technique that automates identification and masking of discrete objects within the measurement volume, and we apply existing tomographic PIV reconstruction software to measure the velocity surrounding the objects. The technique is demonstrated by considering flow around falling bodies of different shape with Reynolds number?~1,000. Acquired image sets are processed using separate routines to reconstruct both the volumetric mask around the object and the surrounding tracer particles. After particle reconstruction, the reconstructed object mask is used to remove any ghost particles that otherwise appear within the object volume. Velocity vectors corresponding with fluid motion can then be determined up to the boundary of the visual hull without being contaminated or affected by the neighboring object velocity. Although the visual hull method is not meant for precise tracking of objects, the reconstructed object volumes nevertheless can be used to estimate the object location and orientation at each time step.     

The photoelastic determination of the stresses in vibrating cantilevered beams

A method of determining the dynamic stresses in vibrating cantilevered beams using photoelasticity is presented. The method uses the basic principles of photomechanics and the optic-stress laws. A high-intensity strobe light is timed with the frequency of vibration so that the beam image appears to be stationary. Data are recorded with a camera and analyzed to provide an experimental solution. The theoretical solution is derived from the Bernoulli-Euler equation of motion. Two basic types of beams were investigated, an aluminum beam coated with a birefringent material to simulate an actual structural member and a birefringent model that was dynamically similar to the aluminum beam. The feasibility of extending the technique to more complicated shapes is suggested by this investigation. The experimental results and feasibility of the concept are verified by close correlation with the analytical solution.     

Use of magnetorheological elastomer in an adaptive sandwich beam with conductive skins. Part I: Magnetoelastic loads in conductive skins

In this study, the magnetoelastic loads for a vibrating conductive beam exposed perpendicularly to an applied steady magnetic field are addressed analytically by considering the effect of finite dimensions. The dynamic equation of such vibrating beam is presented and a simply supported conductive beam is simulated. The simulation indicates that the magnetoelastic loads affect the dynamic properties of the vibrating beam significantly only when the thickness of the beam is extremely small. This work is the basis for investigating and analyzing the field-controllable dynamic properties of a sandwich beam composed of conductive thin outer skins and a magnetorheological elastomer core, which will be presented in the second part of this research.     

The application of an in-line,stereoscopic, PIV system to 3-component velocity measurements

The paper describes an in-line viewing system for use in stereo vision and its practical implementation in 3-component, PIV studies in a wind tunnel. The transformation equations, relating image co-ordinates to object position, are developed and the significance of view matching and quantisation in error propagation are discussed and the resulting errors estimated. Directional ambiguity is resolved by pulse intensity coding and the use of an intensity sensitive image tracking algorithm.     

A dynamic optimization theoretical method for heavy loaded vibrating screens

In the present work, an innovative design strategy for the optimization of the dynamic performances and the structural loads of heavy loaded vibrating screens is presented. A dynamic model of a vibrating screen for the selection of inert materials in an asphalt plant is proposed, and a numerical optimization procedure is applied to selected design parameters and geometrical features. The algorithm provides a tool to improve the dynamic behavior of vibrating screens of different geometric and inertial properties. The results are analyzed, in order to find the parameters apt to minimize the pitching angle of the examined screen during stationary working conditions, thus providing a better material selection by reducing gravel throwback. A numerical FEM model analysis and an experimental strain-gage campaign have been conducted on a realization of the vibrating screen, testing two optimized and un-optimized configurations, to verify the FEM model results. The complete work gives the machine designer a powerful tool, validated by means of full scale experimental tests, to optimize the dynamic behavior of the screen and to verify its fatigue resistance.     

微型计算机对全息位移与应变分析的冲击

本文的中心是微型计算机与图象处理机在全息干涉法的位移与应变分析中的作用。首先将考虑数据采集问题,即如何将条纹图转变为计算机中的数据,在这一部分将讨论从图形数据化到固态电视摄象机等一系列问题。然后考虑成像区域物点的正确辨别问题以及成像区域与对应的有限元分析的网格点之间转换问题。此后,将考虑对条纹插值,算出网格点位置的应变或位移的问题。最后,将给出由全息分析的数据得出位移或应变值的数学公式。     

基于应变计观测数据的混凝土温度应力解析

混凝土温度应力测定一直是人们致力解决的科学难题.本文根据振弦式混凝土应变计的工作原理,提出了基于混凝土应变计观测数据的温度应力计算公式,并采用电热带给试件直接施加温度作用的方法,模拟弹性约束条件进行了温度应力试验测定,确定了计算公式中温度应力修正系数与温度变化的关系.研究结果表明,振弦式混凝土应变计可以用来测定均匀温度作用产生的温度应力,根据本文提出的计算公式得到的温度应力计算值与实测值吻合良好.