A two-dimensional lagrangian technique for flow field measurement under high dynamic pressure

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2-D) Langrangian technique for flow field measurement under high dynamic pressure is presented, which included a set of experimental device and 2-D Lagrange composite manganin-constantan ring gages. With this kind of gage, the histories of pressure and radial displacement can be measured simultaneously at different Lagrange positions in an axisymmetric shock loading flow field. The technique has some advantages over the 1-D one, such as, simplified loading device, continuously adjustable output pressure, no restriction on sample length and the availability for the study of lateral rarefaction in shock propogation. As a preliminary application, the processes of 2-D shock initiation and attenuation in compacted TNT are measured.     

残余应力的超声测量方法

1.前言无损地测定实际构件的残余应力,对于预测构件疲劳强度储备情况,检查热处理及表面强化处理工艺效果,控制构件切削加工工艺及检查消除应力工艺的效果等具有很大意义。目前,绝大多数残余应力测定方法对工件均有一定损伤,甚至完全破坏,只有X射线法、磁性法和超声法能无损测定残余应力。X射线法虽然理论较完善,但因仪器复杂,价格昂贵,对人体有伤害且穿透深度有限,仅能无损测定表面应力,其应用受到很大限制。磁性法和超声法测残余应力的有关问题各国正在大力研究中。尤其是超声法,由于具有无损、对人体无      

Speckle technique for dynamic drop profile measurement on rough surfaces

A technique has been developed for measuring three-dimensional instantaneous drop profiles on rough surfaces. The surface is illuminated using a laser and images are captured of the resulting speckle pattern with and without the drop in place. The analysis consists of finding the contact line, measuring the deformation of the speckle field caused by refraction of light at the drop surface, then reconstructing the drop using simulated annealing optimization to find the drop shape whose shift vector field best matches the one measured. An error analysis of the technique was performed using a Monte Carlo technique and comparisons to sideview drop images for a large sample of drops. Mean contact angle measurement error was found to be −1.6° with a 1 − σ error bound of −6.9°, +2.0°.     

A technique for cyclic-plastic notch-strain measurement

The interferometric strain/displacement gage was used to measure local strains of approximately ± 1 percent strain near a central notch in specimens undergoing completely reversed loading. Two notch geometries were tested: a circular hole and a keyhole slot with theoretical stress-concentration factors of 3.1 and 5.9 respectively. Measurements were made at both room and elevated temperatures (149° and 260°C) on three materials having different cyclic properties. This paper describes the experimental techniques for making the notch-strain measurements. The results of this series of tests are used in evaluating Neuber's cyclic rule.     

A forced-vibration technique for measurement of material damping

This article describes a technique for measuring material damping in specimens under forced flexural vibration. Although the method was developed for testing fiber-reinforced composite materials, it could be used for any structural material. The test specimen is a double-cantilever beam clamped at its midpoint and excited in resonant flexural vibration by an electromagnetic shaker. Under steady state conditions, material damping is defined in terms of the ratio of input energy to strain energy stored in the specimen. If external losses are negligible, the input energy must equal the energy dissipated in the specimen. Input energy and strain energy are found from measured specimen dimensions, resonant frequency, input acceleration and bending strain. Problems associated with minimization of external energy losses in the apparatus and verification of measurements are discussed in detail. Measured damping of aluminum-alloy calibration specimens shows good agreement with calculated thermoelastic damping. Examples of measured damping showing amplitude and frequency dependence in fiber-reinforced plastic materials are presented.     

A laser Doppler anemometry technique for Reynolds stresses measurement

A technique is described for the measurement of all components of mean velocity and Reynolds stresses, in a complex turbulent flow where achieving coincidence data acquisition is difficult. The method is based on data recorded using four orientations of the laser probe. It is shown that the measurement errors are not the same for all the components of the Reynolds tensor, but they are sufficiently small to give a good accuracy. An application to a turbomachinery flow is given to illustrate the method.     

Analysis of dynamic stress intensity factors of thick-walled cylinder under internal impulsive pressure

Dynamic stress intensity factors are evaluated for thick-walled cylinder with a radial edge crack under internal impulsive pressure. Firstly, the equation for stress intensity factors under static uniform pressure is used as the reference case, and then the weight function for a thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack can be worked out. Secondly, the dynamic stresses in uncracked thick-walled cylinders are solved under internal impulsive pressure by using mode shape function method. The solution consists of a quasi-static solution satisfying inhomogeneous boundary conditions and a dynamic solution satisfying homogeneous boundary condi- tions, and the history and distribution of dynamic stresses in thick-walled cylinders are derived in terms of Fourier-Bessel series. Finally, the dynamic stress intensity factor equations for thick-walled cylinder containing a radial edge crack sub- jected to internal impulsive pressure are given by dynamic weight function method. The finite element method is utilized to verify the results of numerical examples, showing the validity and feasibility of the proposed method.     

A technique for rapid two-stage dynamic tensile loading of polymers

A method for rapid two-stage dynamic-dynamic tensile loading of polymers, based on a tensile Hopkinson bar apparatus, is established. In this technique, the initial incident wave and its reflection are used to load a specimen in quick succession. Consequently, the specimen is stressed, momentarily unloaded, then reloaded until fracture. By adopting appropriate assumptions, a procedure to obtain the associated stress-strain curves for such double-stage loading is formulated. These assumptions are examined experimentally and analytically to substantiate their validity. To verify the proposed approach, a relatively rate-insensitive material, LEXAN 141 polycarbonate, was subjected to two-stage dynamic tension. The stress-strain curves obtained via the procedure established were compared with results from static loading. Favorable correlation between the two indicates that the proposed technique can be applied to the study of load history effects on the dynamic behavior of polymeric materials.     

A light attenuation technique for void fraction measurement of microbubbles

 A non-intrusive technique to measure the two-dimensional distribution of line averaged void fraction in a two-phase flow is discussed. A CCD camera is used to measure the attenuation of light as it passes through a bubbly flow, and this attenuation is related to the bubble concentration. The technique is appropriate for microbubbly flows where the bubble size is much smaller than the area imaged by a single pixel and where there are many bubbles attenuating light within each pixel. The measurement system is calibrated by using a two-dimensional line source microbubble plume as a reference. Revised: 30 March 2000/Accepted: 14 April 2000     

A contour integral method for dynamic stress intensity factors

The contour integral method previously used to determine static stress intensity factors is applied to dynamic crack problems. The required derivatives of the traction in the reference problem are obtained numerically by the displacement discontinuity method. Stress intensity factors are determined by an integral around a contour which contains a crack tip. If the contour is chosen as the outer boundary of the body, the stress intensity factor is obtained from the boundary values of traction and displacement. The advantage of this path-independent integral is that it yields directly both the opening-mode and sliding-mode stress intensity factors for a straight crack. For dynamic problems, Laplace transforms are used and the dynamic stress intensity factors in the time domain are determined by Durbin's inversion method. An indirect boundary element method, incorporating both displacement discontinuity and fictitious load techniques, is used to determine the boundary or contour values of traction and displacement numerically.     

A carbon nanotube sensor for wall shear stress measurement

A novel carbon nanotube (CNT) sensor is being developed to measure the mean and fluctuating wall shear stress (WSS) in a turbulent boundary layer. The CNT WSS sensor is based on the thermal principle and featured by high spatial and temporal resolutions (in the order of nm and kHz, respectively), low power consumption (in the order of μW), and a compact fabrication process compared with traditional WSS measurement sensors. The CNT WSS-sensing element was characterized in detail before its calibration. The CNT sensor was operated under a constant temperature (CT) operation mode and an overheat ratio range of −0.15 to −0.19 and calibrated in a fully developed turbulent channel flow. It has been observed for the first time in a macroscopic flow that the sensor output power is approximately proportional to the 1/3 powered WSS, as expected for a thermal-principle-based WSS sensor, and the wall shear stress measurement is demonstrated for a low Reynolds number flow.     

A dynamic moiré method for deformation measurement of curved surfaces

A simple method is proposed for obtaining moiré patterns, and information is given on the deformation of curved surfaces. The experimental arrangement is based on the projection-moiré principle and consists of a projector and a camera. A transparent object, e.g., a shell with line gratings, is projected onto the focal plane of this projector and superposed there with a reference grating which describes the undeformed state of the curved surface in the form of a transparent picture. Moiré patterns are obtained by simultaneously superposing the projected line grating in the shell's deformed state and the reference grating. They present a general picture of the behavior of the object during loading, such as during impact if the patterns are recorded with a high-speed camera.     

A piezoelectric stress gauge for measuring dynamic stress in soil and rock media

A piezoelectric stress gauge is described in this paper. Its major performance data are: measuring range 10⁶–10⁸ Pa, response time less than 7μs; non-linearity within ±1% and total stress measurement error within ± 10%. It can be used for measuring dynamic stress in soil, rock and concrete media as well as dynamic force and dynamic pressure in fluids.     

A second-order dynamic subgrid-scale stress model

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A video technique for obtaining corrected true compressive stress

A modification of the method of Watts and Ford is presented, which, when combined with the utilization of a video camera, allows standard compression tests to yield reliable true compressive stress versus strain data. The video images permit diameter measurements to an uncertainty of less than one percent. If radial asymmetries are minimized by proper consideration of end effects, area uncertainties of less than two percent can be achieved. Furthermore, if replicated experiments and statistical calculations are used at each step in the data reduction, one can determine the maximum uncertainty associated with the final true stress versus strain data.     

A novel measurement technique for the study of wire coating instabilities

A new non-intrusive investigation technique developed especially for the study of liquid film instabilities occurring in the wire coating process is presented. A laser-sheet-based probe assures high spatial resolution and high frequency response, along with robustness to wire movements and vibrations. Moreover, the calibration is easy and fast, since the calibration curve is linear. The post-processing procedure allows the detection and measurement of the most important wave characteristics, such as wavelength, wave amplitude, wave velocity, and amplification (damping) factor. Results obtained with this technique are compared with existing theories, showing good agreement. More than one wave is detected and it is found that short waves dominate at low entrainment speeds, whereas long waves dominate for high speeds, with a smooth transition from the former behavior to the latter. The trend of the amplification factor follows that predicted by the theory. Due to its simple implementation and automatic data analysis, this technique seems to be very promising, not only for research purposes, but also for industrial applications. Among those, the most straightforward would be in the control of the final surface properties during the wire coating process, in order to ensure the desired characteristics.     

A particle-image based wave profile measurement technique

Wave profile measurements are important for computing wave characteristics and for studying the aqueous boundary layer formed beneath surface waves. The measurement technique presented here made use of digital imagery and a detection algorithm referred to as the variable threshold method. The technique can measure wind generated waves as short as 10 pixels (1.44 mm) in wavelength. The average r.m.s. quantization error was found to be ±0.29 pixels (±0.04 mm) using simulated wave profiles and the average bias error was estimated to be 0.07 pixels (0.01 mm) from real still water profiles. The magnitude of all other types of random errors was estimated to be approximately ±0.64 pixels (±0.09 mm) using real wind wave profiles. A series of morphological operations, used to correct for non-uniform seed densities, improved the accuracy of the detected wave profiles by a factor of five. The variable threshold method detected real wind wave profiles 3.5 times more accurately than the standard constant threshold method and had total r.m.s. errors that ranged from ±0.7 (±0.1 mm) to ±1.1 (±0.16 mm) pixels.     

A fringe-compensation technique for stress analysis by reflection holographic interferometry

The use of holographic interferometry for stress analysis of nontransparent objects is limited by rigid-body displacements of the object. These displacements can alter the fringe patterns and often cause the fringes to disappear completely. A technique of compensation for this deterioration of the fringe pattern forreal-time holographic interferometry is described in this paper. It is especially designed to permit the accurate measurement of the out-of-plane component of strain near regions of stress concentration in plates that are subjected to in-plane loading. It is first shown that the fringes caused by a pure rigid-body displacement can be eliminated almost completely by translations of the hologram and rotation of the illumination wave. This procedure is first described when the displacement is known; then when it is unknown. A method to estimate the error made in the correction is presented. In actual stress-analysis problems, the object is both rigidly displaced and strained. Assuming the rigid displacement is known and corrected as previously, the analysis is developed to relate the fringe pattern to the strain-related displacement. This analysis takes into account the optical modifications of the system that are necessary to achieve the rigid-body-displacement correction. When the rigid-body displacement is unknown, the method is shown still to be workable through the use of various symmetries and boundary conditions. Two sample interferograms are presented as illustrations. Quantitative treatment of data from one of these are presented in a companion paper.