水介质管路弹性背腔微穿孔消声器的传递损失特性

为抑制水介质管路系统低频噪声,兼顾结构的紧凑性,提出弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声结构,弹性管壁为橡胶帘线复合材料,并推导了传递损失的数值解法。首先,基于Biot-Allard多孔弹性理论,将弹性微穿孔板等效为弹性多孔材料;然后,利用双尺度法建立帘布的周期性代表单元,求得其刚度矩阵;接着,基于分层理论,建立弹性管壁的多层复合材料模型,并与内部声场耦合计算,得到弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器的传递损失。在水介质驻波管中,利用双声源法测量弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器样机的传递损失曲线,并与扩张式管路消声器和刚性背腔微穿孔管路消声器进行对比,理论结果与试验结果吻合良好。研究表明,弹性背腔微穿孔管路消声器属于反射耗散复合式消声器,具有低频域、宽频带的消声特性。样机B2在40~300 Hz和40~1200 Hz频段内的传递损失分别为36 dB和30 dB,而相同尺寸扩张式消声器在对应频段的传递损失分别为7 dB和11 dB。     

Transmission loss of orthogonally rib-stiffened double-panel structures with cavity absorption

The transmission loss of sound through infinite orthogonally rib-stiffened double-panel structures having cavity-filling fibrous sound absorptive materials is theoretically investigated. The propagation of sound across the fibrous material is characterized using an equivalent fluid model, and the motions of the rib-stiffeners are described by including all possible vibrations, i.e., flexural displacements, bending, and torsional rotations. The effects of fluid-structure coupling are account for by enforcing velocity continuity conditions at fluid-panel interfaces. By taking full advantage of the periodic nature of the double-panel, the space-harmonic approach and virtual work principle are applied to solve the sets of resultant governing equations, which are eventually truncated as a finite system of simultaneous algebraic equations and numerically solved insofar as the solution converges. To validate the proposed model, a comparison between the present model predictions and existing numerical and experimental results for a simplified version of the double-panel structure is carried out, with overall agreement achieved. The model is subsequently employed to explore the influence of the fluid-structure coupling between fluid in the cavity and the two panels on sound transmission across the orthogonally rib-stiffened double-panel structure. Obtained results demonstrate that this fluid-structure coupling affects significantly sound transmission loss (STL) at low frequencies and cannot be ignored when the rib-stiffeners are sparsely distributed. As a highlight of this research, an integrated optimal algorithm toward lightweight, high-stiffness and superior sound insulation capability is proposed, based on which a preliminary optimal design of the double-panel structure is performed.     

Transmission loss prediction on a single-inlet/double-outlet cylindrical expansion-chamber muffler by using the modal meshing approach

This work formulates the acoustical performance prediction on a single-inlet/double-outlet cylindrical expansion-chamber muffler. Expressions for the transmission loss (TL) of the muffler are formulated by using the modal meshing approach and the plane wave theory, respectively. The parametric influence upon the values of TL for this kind of muffler is numerically analyzed for various cases of length-diameter ratio, and the computed results of TL are compared to present the higher order mode effects. The results by the modal meshing approach are also compared with the finite element method to verify its accuracy.     

Validation of a medium-frequency computational method for the coupling between a plate and a water-filled cavity

The aim of this paper is the validation of a computation by a numerical method, normally adapted to the medium-frequency (MF) domain, of the strong coupling between an elastic structure (plate) and a cavity entirely filled with an internal acoustic viscous dense fluid (water). The method of computation does not lie in a modal approach (no need to extract the modal basis of the system) but it directly computes the frequency response of the system using a specific algorithm called the “Onera-MF method”.This method was developed to accurately calculate the response of complex systems in an MF broad band at a lower cost than standard modal method or direct step-by-step frequency method. The method can also be used for the low-frequency (LF) domain where modal densities of systems are low. The computation of the vibroacoustic response of the system lies in a finite element modelling of the overall system (structure and fluid) in which the coupling between the structure and the fluid (light or heavy) is directly taken into account within the formulation of the finite elements.A simple and well-known experimental case was chosen for validation: a parallelepipedic cavity entirely filled with water contained in a box defined by five rigid faces and closed at its end by an elastic clamped homogeneous plate.The validation is based on a comparison between measurement, the numerical computation and an analytical approach in the frequency band . Both the vibratory response of the plate and the acoustic pressure were compared. This study shows that the MF-method of computation used herein for this case also works in a modal domain.     

水下弹性微穿孔吸声结构吸声系数研究

利用模态叠加法建立了水介质微穿孔板的数学模型,基于声电类比法得到其等效电路模型。研究了弹性微穿孔板和弹性背腔对垂直入射吸声系数的影响。与空气介质中的微穿孔板不同,水下微穿孔板因结构阻抗不足,难以取得满意的吸声效果,为此提出了增强型微穿孔吸声结构,并在水介质阻抗管内对理论结果予以验证。结果表明,随着增强型弹性微穿孔板弯曲刚度的增大,其在[20,2000] Hz范围内的平均吸声系数得到提高,逐步趋近于刚性微穿孔板的结果;弹性背板使微穿孔吸声结构的吸声峰向低频移动,低频吸声效果得到提高。     

水下弹性微穿孔吸声结构吸声系数研究

利用模态叠加法建立了水介质微穿孔板的数学模型,基于声电类比法得到其等效电路模型。研究了弹性微穿孔板和弹性背腔对垂直入射吸声系数的影响。与空气介质中的微穿孔板不同,水下微穿孔板因结构阻抗不足,难以取得满意的吸声效果,为此提出了增强型微穿孔吸声结构,并在水介质阻抗管内对理论结果予以验证。结果表明,随着增强型弹性微穿孔板弯曲刚度的增大,其在[20,2000]Hz范围内的平均吸声系数得到提高,逐步趋近于刚性微穿孔板的结果,弹性背板使微穿孔吸声结构的吸声峰向低频移动,低频吸声效果得到提高。     

腔壁弹性对充水亥姆霍兹共振器声学特性的影响:圆柱形腔等效集中参数模型

研究了充水亥姆霍兹共振器的弹性壁对其声学特性的影响。建立了考虑壁面弹性的圆柱形共振器的等效集中参数理论模型,并在静水管路上进行了实验验证。从共振器的共振频率、激励声压与腔内声压的传递函数以及共振器的传递损失等方面阐述了弹性壁的影响,并对刚性壁假设和弹性壁结果进行了比较。理论和实验都证明了腔壁弹性对亥姆霍兹共振器的声学特性有很大的影响。     

水下充水圆柱声腔内声场自适应有源控制实验研究

本文研究了有限长充水圆柱置于水中，外声场透射形成的腔内声场自适应有源控制实验研究，结果显示，由于圆柱结构与水介质的耦合，有源控制中的声控制方法能够较好的抵消声腔主导模态和强耦合的结构主导模态，因而能够抵消在圆柱腔内较宽频带范围的声场，实验还研究了消声频带，误差传感器布放位置及肖声区域等问题。     

Sound absorption of a double-leaf micro-perforated panel with an air-back cavity and a rigid-back wall: Detailed analysis with a Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral formulation

So far the electro-acoustical equivalent circuit analysis has been widely used to analyse micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorbers, however, as for the double-leaf MPP the equivalent circuit analysis inevitably includes an approximation. In this paper, the sound absorption characteristics of a double-leaf MPP absorber backed by a rigid wall are analysed by wave theory using Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral formulation to obtain a strict solution. The present wave theory is experimentally validated with existing measured results. The theory is also compared with the equivalent circuit solutions so that the differences between the two theories appear and the effect of the approximation is clarified. The comparison shows that the difference mainly appears in the vicinity of the resonance peaks: the differences occur in the resonance frequencies and the absorption coefficient at frequencies between the two resonance peaks.     

基于扩张室消声器的座便器噪声控制研究

本文以虹吸式座便器为研究对象,将扩张室消声器应用于座便器管道结构设计中,采用CFD (computational Fluid Dynamics)软件对加装不同长度扩张室消声器的座便器模型进行了冲水过程数值模拟。在研究座便器噪声产生机理及扩张室消声器声学性能的基础上,进行座便器冲洗性能试验及噪声测量试验,分别研究了冲水量与冲洗噪声、冲水量与冲洗性能之间的关系。研究表明,安装扩张室消声器,不仅可以提高座便器的冲洗性能,还可以降低冲洗噪声,达到降噪节水的目的。     

On the acoustic properties of parallel arrangement of multiple micro-perforated panel absorbers with different cavity depths

The acoustic properties of a compound micro-perforated panel (MPP) absorber array are investigated. The absorber array consists of three parallel-arranged MPP absorbers with different cavity depths. A finite element procedure is used to simulate its acoustic behaviors under normal incidence. Experimental studies are carried out to verify the numerical simulations. Due to different reactance matching conditions in the absorber array, strong local resonance occurs and the corresponding local resonance absorption dominates. Compared with single MPP absorber, the absorber array requires lower acoustic resistance for good absorption performance, and the resonance frequencies shift due to inter-resonator interactions. The different acoustic resistance requirement is explained by considering the reduced effective perforation rate of the MPP in the absorber array. The performance of the absorber array varies with the sizes and spatial arrangement of the component absorbers. When the distance between component absorbers is larger than a quarter-wavelength, the above-mentioned parallel absorption mechanism diminishes. In the experimental study, the normal incidence absorption coefficients of a prototype MPP absorber array are tested. The measured results compare well with the numerical predictions. The experimental study also shows that although other absorption mechanisms may exist, dissipation by the MPP is dominant in the MPP absorber array.     

Sound absorption and transmission through flexible micro-perforated panels backed by an air layer and a thin plate

This paper describes theoretical and experimental investigations into the sound absorption and transmission properties of micro-perforated panels (MPP) backed by an air cavity and a thin plate. A fully coupled modal approach is proposed to calculate the absorption coefficient and the transmission loss of finite-sized micro-perforated panels-cavity-panel (MPPCP) partitions with conservative boundary conditions. It is validated against infinite partition models and experimental data. A practical methodology is proposed using collocated pressure-velocity sensors to evaluate in an anechoic environment the transmission and absorption properties of conventional MPPCPs. Results show under which conditions edge scattering effects should be accounted for at low frequencies. Coupled mode analysis is also performed and analytical approximations are derived from the resonance frequencies and mode shapes of a flexible MPPCP. It is found that the Helmholtz-type resonance frequency is deduced from the one associated to the rigidly backed MPPCP absorber shifted up by the mass-air mass resonance of the flexible non-perforated double-panel. Moreover, it is shown analytically and experimentally that the absorption mechanisms at the resonances are governed by a large air-frame relative velocity over the MPP surface, with either in-phase or out-of-phase relationships, depending on the MPPCP parameters.     

Vibro-acoustic analysis of a rectangular cavity bounded by a flexible panel with elastically restrained edges

A coupled system consisting of an acoustic cavity and an elastic panel is a classical problem in structural acoustics and is typically analyzed using modal approaches based on in vacuo structural modes and the rigidly walled acoustic modes which are pre-determined based on separate component models. Such modeling techniques, however, tend to suffer the following drawbacks or limitations: (a) a panel is only subjected to ideal boundary conditions such as the simply supported, (b) the coupling between the cavity and panel is considered weak, and (c) the particle velocity cannot be correctly predicted from the pressure gradient on the contacting interface, to name a few. Motivated by removing these restrictions, this paper presents a general method for the vibro-acoustic analysis of a three-dimensional (3D) acoustic cavity bounded by a flexible panel with general elastically restrained boundary conditions. The displacement of the plate and the sound pressure in the cavity are constructed in the forms of standard two-dimensional and 3D Fourier cosine series supplemented by several terms introduced to ensure and accelerate the convergence of the series expansions. The unknown expansions coefficients are treated as the generalized coordinates and determined using the Rayleigh-Ritz procedure based on the energy expressions for the coupled structural acoustic system. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated through numerical examples and comparisons with the results available in the literature.     

基于四水听器的充水弹性管声速测量方法*

实验室中水声材料声学参数的测量主要在水声声管中进行。管内平面波声速是正确测量这些参数的基础。该文提出一种基于四水听器结合不同边界的测量充水弹性管中声速的新方法。该方法利用4个固定位置处的水听器,采用最小二乘的方法,使得两组水听器分别得到的声管末端入射波声压差值的平方最小的声速即为管内平面波声速。该方法利用单频信号,在每一频率点均可测得声速,可以在任一种声管末端边界下进行测量,同时无需知道各水听器到边界的精确距离,在文中的3种边界下声速测量结果具有很好的一致性,实验操作简单、误差很小。该方法的仿真结果与管内声速的理论值吻合得很好,同时实验测量结果与仿真值之间的误差很小,证明了方法的准确性以及鲁棒性,为声管声速测量提供一个很好的思路。     

用边界无法与四负载法联合预测排气消声器的插入损失

本文提出了将边界元法与四负载法相结合用于预测排气消声器插入损失的新方法,建立了具有低马赫数流时消声器四极参数求值的边界元计算方法,并将四负载法扩展到排气消声系统声源阻抗的求值。文中对两个消声器的插入损失进行了数值计算和实验测量,其预测结果与实测结果吻合良好。     

Diffraction loss analysis of a plane-parallel optical cavity with a phase step and a slit aperture

A model for calculating the round trip diffraction loss in a plane-mirror cavity with an intracavity phase step and an infinite slit aperture is developed. The round trip remaining intensity fraction for the low order transverse cavity modes can be calculated for any given location of the slit aperture and the phase step along the cavity and for any given phase delay on the phase step. The diffraction loss on the slit aperture is found to be a periodic function of the phase delay on the phase step. Transformation of the lasing spectrum emitted from a broadband pulsed dye laser on moving the phase step along the oscillator cavity is reproduced theoretically. The lasing spectrum affected by the phase step is interpreted as the wavelength dependence of the remaining intensity fraction for the principal transverse mode.     

Fine adjustment of cavity loss by Sagnac loop for a dual wavelength generation

We experimentally demonstrate a fine adjustment of cavity loss by Sagnac loop for a dual wave-length generation. The single or dual wavelengths are obtained by controlling the losses on both cavities through a fiber optical loop mirror (FOLM). Wavelength separation on the dual laser is 0.98 nm. The dual or single wavelength is obtained by changes in temperature in the order of 10⁻¹°C around the maximum in the FOLM. Also, we investigate energy fluctuations on signal level saturation effect in the cavity through different pumping power that act on the EDF, where we note that from the 60-mW pumping begins to generate dual-wavelength and 80-mW stabilizes.     

Bending loss measurement using a fiber cavity ringdown scheme

A novel sensitive technique for the determination of losses in fiber cavities is presented. The method is based on the cavity ringdown scheme implemented in silica-based single-mode fibers. Bending losses of fiber cavities of different lengths have been measured showing all an oscillating behavior with respect to the curvature radius of the fiber as predicted by a theoretical model. The best minimum detectable absorbance per cavity pass achieved by this new method is 1.72×10⁻³ dB within a 10 m-long cavity. This limit suffices well for an accurate determination of optical bending losses even in bend-insensitive fibers. Furthermore, the comparison of the measured bending losses with a theoretical model allows the extraction of different fiber parameters. Good agreement has been found between the experimentally derived parameters and literature data.     

Generalized analysis of a muffler with any number of interacting ducts

The muffler elements that use perforated elements for acoustic attenuation are common in practice. In typical commercial mufflers perforated elements are used involving two, three, four or more interacting ducts. Analysis of such configurations involves writing down the basic governing equations of mass continuity, momentum balance, etc., and then elimination of velocity variables to obtain the coupled ordinary differential equations in terms of acoustic pressure variables. Mathematical modelling and the consequent analytical derivation of the transmission loss for these multi-duct acoustical elements become increasingly tedious, as just not the number of ducts, but also their relative arrangement along with the boundary conditions dictate the analysis considerably. In the present paper, authors have proposed a generalization and thus an algebraic algorithm to directly produce the system matrix, eliminating the tedium of writing the basic governing equations and elimination of velocity variables. Also, a convenient approach for applying the boundary conditions is outlined here.