电化学二氧化碳还原中的铜基催化剂

由于不断增加的二氧化碳排放导致全球变暖,且能源短缺等问题日益恶化,将二氧化碳电化学还原为高附加值化学品和燃料引起了极大的兴趣,设计高效催化剂对实现二氧化碳的高效选择性转化具有重要意义. 在所探索的各种催化剂中,铜基催化剂具有良好的开发潜力,可用于烃类生产. 本文综述了铜基电化学二氧化碳转化材料的最新进展. 分别从尺寸结构到不同形式（合金、氧化物）的铜基催化剂,以及分子催化剂等方面展开,重点讨论铜基催化剂上二氧化碳电解还原的反应机理. 最后,对未来高效铜基催化剂的设计提出展望,以促进二氧化碳转化的可持续发展.     

基于金属氧化物材料的二氧化碳电催化还原

The CO₂ level in the atmosphere has been increasing since the industrial revolution owing to anthropogenic activities. The increased CO₂ level has led to global warming and also has detrimental effects on human beings. Reducing the CO₂ level in the atmosphere is urgent for balancing the carbon cycle. In this regard, reduction in CO₂ emission and CO₂ storage and usage are the main strategies. Among these, CO₂ usage has been extensively explored, because it can reduce the CO₂ level and simultaneously provide opportunities for the development in catalysts and industries to convert CO₂ as a carbon source for preparing valuable products. However, transformation of CO₂ to other chemicals is challenging owing to its thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities. Among the CO₂ utilization techniques, electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECR) is a promising alternative because it is generally conducted under ambient conditions, and water is used as the economical hydrogen source. Moreover, ECR offers a potential route to store electrical energy from renewable sources in the form of chemical energy, through generation of CO₂ reduction products. To improve the energy efficiency and viability of ECR, it is important to decrease the operational overpotential and maintain large current densities and high product selectivities; the development of efficient electrocatalysts is a critical aspect in this regard. To date, many kinds of materials have been designed and studied for application in ECR. Among these materials, metal oxide-based materials exhibit excellent performance as electrocatalysts for ECR and are attracting increasing attention in recent years. Investigation of the mechanism of reactions that involve metallic electrocatalysts has revealed the function of trace amount of oxidized metal species—it has been suggested that the presence of metal oxides and metal-oxygen bonds facilitates the activation of CO₂ and the subsequent formation and stabilization of the reaction intermediates, thereby resulting in high efficiency and selectivity of the ECR. Although the stability of metal oxides is a concern as they are prone to reduction under a cathodic potential, the catalytic performance of metal oxide-based catalysts can be maintained through careful designing of the morphology and structure of the materials. In addition, introducing other metal species to metal oxides and fabricating composites of metal oxides and other materials are effective strategies to achieve enhanced performance in ECR. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the use of metal oxide-based materials as electrocatalysts and their application in ECR. The critical role, stability, and structure-performance relationship of the metal oxide-based materials for ECR are highlighted in the discussion. In the final part, we propose the future prospects for the development of metal oxide-based electrocatalysts for ECR.     

基于金属氧化物材料的二氧化碳电催化还原

电催化方法还原二氧化碳制备高附加值化学品,在降低二氧化碳浓度、平衡碳循环和储存可再生途径产生的电能等方面展现较大潜力。通过设计高效电催化剂来降低二氧化碳电催化还原过程所需的过电位并提高产物的选择性和电流密度,对电催化还原二氧化碳的发展和应用具有重要意义。本文总结了金属氧化物基材料作为电催化剂在二氧化碳电还原中的最新研究进展,深入探讨了金属氧化物在催化反应中的作用、稳定性及结构性能关系,并对金属氧化物基材料在二氧化碳电还原中未来的设计和研究方向做出思考。     

铜电极上二氧化碳还原机理的研究进展

本文从历史角度综述了二氧化碳在铜基催化剂上的还原机理的最新研究进展,对区分C1和C2产物路径发生的机制,以及调控二氧化碳还原产物选择性的影响因素和方法进行了重点阐述,着重讨论了如何利用电化学红外光谱与微分电化学质谱等技术在揭示反应机理方面的研究思路与方法学.     

用于二氧化碳电化学还原反应的铜基催化剂研究进展

二氧化碳（CO₂）电催化还原对于解决目前日益严重的能源危机和环境污染等问题具有重要的意义,并且能产生一定经济效益. 本文简要概述了水溶液体系中电化学还原CO₂的发展现状,从铜基催化剂的结构/形貌两方面着手,介绍了近年来的最新研究进展. 最后,结合当前发展状况,从能源和经济等角度出发,对未来铜基电极材料研究进行了展望.     

CO2电化学还原研究进展

综述了利用电化学方法研究CO2在水溶剂,非水溶剂中的转化情况和机理,以及将CO2固定在有机络合物中或用光电化学,光催化还原CO2及仿光合作用转移CO2的最新研究情况,旨在寻求一种合理,高效的CO2转化方法以缓解温室效应。     

二氧化碳电还原制草酸研究进展

近年来, 二氧化碳过量排放所引发的全球变暖等气候问题引起了全世界的广泛关注, 碳减排已成为人类社会可持续发展面临的共同挑战. 利用电化学方法将二氧化碳转化为高附加值化学品是实现碳减排和二氧化碳高附加值利用的理想途径之一, 但仍面临能耗高、 二氧化碳转化率低、 产物选择性差和难分离等问题. 本文以电还原二氧化碳制草酸为例, 从反应机理、 催化剂、 电解液、 催化电极及反应器等方面介绍该反应的研究进展, 对当前二氧化碳电还原制草酸存在的关键问题进行了分析, 并对其未来研究方向进行了展望.     

基于流动池的电化学二氧化碳还原研究进展

采用电化学方法将二氧化碳（CO₂）还原转化为基础化学品或碳基燃料是目前极具前景的碳资源利用新方式. 考虑到该技术未来的发展方向和大规模应用需求,人们亟需开发具有高转化效率和高稳定性的电解设备. 在本文中,作者详细介绍了现阶段发展的两种流动池的结构特点及性能优势,阐述了每种反应体系的内在局限性, 深入分析了整个反应体系所用组件（电解池、气体扩散电极、离子交换膜）对于性能的影响. 最后,针对目前该领域存在的挑战及未来发展趋势进行了总结与展望.     

电催化氮还原催化剂的研究进展

氨气作为一种工业原料,具有良好的储氢性能,在工业,农业,药品生产等很多领域得到了广泛的应用.电化学氮还原以清洁能源氢作为原料,反应条件温和,近些年来受到了科学家们的广泛关注.对近些年来电化学氮还原(NRR)催化剂的发展与研究进行了综述,并对它们的合成方法,性能及稳定性进行了深入探讨.     

电化学介导的氧化羧化及二氧化碳还原羧化制备羧酸的研究进展

作为常见的一类重要化合物,羧酸被广泛应用于医药、农药和聚合物等领域,因此,探究高效且温和的羧酸合成方法具有重要意义.电化学合成羧酸因其环境友好、条件温和等优点,引起人们广泛关注.根据反应机理不同,主要从电化学氧化羧化、电化学二氧化碳还原羧化两方面出发,对电化学合成羧酸这一领域近年来的相关研究做了综述.     

离子液体在CO_2电还原反应过程中的催化作用与机理研究

在1-丁基3-甲基咪唑三氟甲基磺酸盐([Bnlim][CF_3SO_3])/碳酸丙烯酯(PC)溶液中,采用循环伏安曲线、交流阻抗谱及阻抗模拟方法,研究了CO_2在Au上发生电还原反应的速率控制步骤与离子液体的催化作用.结果表明,在CO_2电还原反应过程中,吸附态CO_2经单电子还原生成CO_2~-自由基是速率控制步骤.由于离子液体的催化作用,CO_2在[Bmim][CF_3SO_3]/PC溶液中电还原的过电位比在四丁基三氟甲基磺酸铵([Bu_4N][CF_3SO_3])/PC溶液中降低了239 mV.交流阻抗测试结果表明,离子液体中的阳离子[Bmim]~+吸附在Au电极表面,形成离子液体吸附层,吸附态的CO_2分子经单电子还原后生成CO_2~·-)自由基,与周围离子液体发生相互作用,形成中间体[Bmim-CO_2]_(ad),降低了CO_2~(·-)的能量状态,使得CO_2电还原反应的过电位大幅度降低.     

Promoting CO2 electroreduction on boron-doped diamond electrodes: Challenges and trends

CO₂ electroreduction (eCO₂R) into fuel products is a promising technology to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and store renewable energy. The main metal-based electrocatalysts widely employed in CO₂ reduction are characterized by high overpotentials, low stability, and unsatisfactory selectivity. As a result, a growing interest in the use of boron-doped diamond (BDD)-based electrocatalysts have been observed due to its excellent properties. This review sheds light on the techniques applied toward the eCO₂R on BDD surface and the effects of the operational conditions. Particular emphasis will be given on recent advances made in the quest for enhancing the performance of BDD in eCO₂R through its modification with defects insertion or functionalization with metal-based materials. The review will also present a brief overview of the challenges and directions of future research with respect to the development of different electrochemical systems for eCO₂R on BDD electrodes.     

Nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts for electrochemical reduction of CO2

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ provides a sustainable solution to address the intermittent renewable electricity storage while recycling CO₂ to produce fuels and chemicals. Highly efficient catalytic materials and reaction systems are required to drive this process economically. This Review highlights the new trends in advancing the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ by developing and designing nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts. The activity, selectivity and reaction mechanism are significantly affected by the nano effects in nanostructured heterogeneous catalysts. In the future, energy efficiency and current density in electrochemical reduction of CO₂ need to be further improved to meet the requirements for practical applications.     

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 with high current density in a CO2 + methanol medium II. CO formation promoted by tetrabutylammonium cation

The cation of the supporting electrolyte was found to play an important role in the electrochemical reduction of highly concentrated CO₂ in a CO₂ + methanol medium. Electroreduction of CO₂ with tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts yielded CO as the main product, while methyl formate was predominantly formed when lithium salts were used as supporting electrolytes. The latter supporting electrolytes showed a higher overvoltage than the former. When TBA salt was used, the reduction of CO₂ was catalysed by TBA ion to yield CO^−.₂. This intermediate may be stabilized by forming an ion pair, {TBA⁺---CO^−.₂}, or by being adsorbed on the electrode surface as CO^−._2ad. Then CO^−.₂ reacts with CO₂ to produce CO. The hydrophobic atmosphere at the electrode provided by TBA ion may be adequate for CO production. Lithium ion, on the other hand, suppressed the reduction of CO₂.     

High-efficiency electrochemical CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-to-methane reduction method using aqueous KHCO<Subscript>3</Subscript> media at less than 273 K

The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ with a Cu electrode in a KHCO₃ aqueous solution was investigated at low temperature. A divided H-type cell was employed; the electrolyte was a 1.1 mol dm^–3 KHCO₃ aqueous solution. The temperature during the electrolysis of CO₂ was reduced to 269 K. Methane, ethylene, and formic acid were obtained from CO₂ as the main products. The maximum faradaic efficiency of methane was 44% at a relatively negative potential and 269 K. The efficiency of hydrogen formation, as the competition against CO₂ reduction, significantly decreased with lowering the temperature. On the basis of this work, the high-efficiency electrochemical CO₂ to methane conversion method appears to be achieved. Electronic Publication     

电化学还原二氧化碳合成碳材料电催化还原氧气合成过氧化氢北大核心CSCD

研究了3种不同阳极(铜丝,镀锌铁丝和镍丝)材料对在熔盐中电化学还原CO_(2)制备的碳材料结构和形貌的影响,并探究了制备的3种碳材料,中空四面体碳(HQC,Cu作为阳极时的还原产物)、碳纳米片(CNS,Fe作为阳极时的还原产物)和海绵状多孔碳(SPC,Ni作为阳极时的还原产物),对2电子氧还原反应(2e;ORR)的电催化性能。研究表明,使用镀锌铁丝作为阳极材料制备的CNS由大量的碳纳米片构成,且该纳米片上具有丰富的孔洞结构以及较大的I_(D)/I_(C)(Raman光谱中D峰与G峰的强度之比,其比值反映材料的缺陷程度)值(0.996)。与HQC和SPC相比,CNS表现出最高的2e;ORR电催化活性和H_(2)O_(2)选择性(接近90%)。CNS的高活性和高选择性归因于其高的I_(D)/I_(C)值和高C—O/C=O比值,说明结构缺陷和C—O/C=O官能团对CNS催化性能至关重要。此外,CNS还具有非常优异的电催化稳定性,在长达14 h的恒电压电化学催化测试后,环电流几乎无衰减。这种以CO_(2)为碳源合成可用于电催化合成过氧化氢(H_(2)O_(2))的碳材料的方法,不仅可以作为缓解温室效应的潜在选项,也为CO_(2)衍生碳的实际应用提供了新的思路。     

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide on conducting glass electrode modified with polymeric porphyrin films containing transition metals in ionic liquid medium

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide has been studied using modified electrodes with conducting polymers from tetra-amino-phenyl porphyrins containing transition metals (Zn(II) and Fe(III)), on an indium tin oxide electrode in BMImBF₄, as solvent and supporting electrolyte. Electropolymerized Fe porphyrin is active toward the reaction under survey, while Zn derivative shows poor activity. Spectroelectrochemistry experiments on electropolymerized Fe porphyrin films have shown intermediary species like Fe–CO₂ and Fe–CO at open-circuit potential. Potential-controlled bulk electrolysis carried out in ionic liquid shows that only carbon monoxide can be detected as reaction product in the gas phase and that Fe polymeric film shows a turnover number of 9.18, while the Zn film shows a value of 2.74, corroborating the poor activity observed in cyclic voltammetry.     

铜-锑双金属合金高效电催化还原二氧化碳制乙烯

随着全球工业化进程的快速发展,日益增多的人类活动不仅加速化石燃料的消耗,还会导致温室气体二氧化碳(CO2)的大量排放.同时,CO2也是廉价、无毒无害、储量丰富的C1资源,将其转化为有价值的化学品具有碳资源合理利用和环境保护的双重意义.近年来,采用电化学方法温和条件下还原CO2为重要化学品和燃料引起广泛关注.其中,探索廉价电催化剂,高效催化还原CO2为C2产物仍是一个具有挑战性的课题.铜基催化剂由于自身低成本和可还原CO2为多种碳氢产物的优点而备受关注.然而,铜基电催化材料具有选择性差、失活严重和效率低等缺点,并且在电催化还原CO2过程中需要较高的过电位,反应过程中会受到氢气析出副反应的影响.为了得到一种化学性质稳定、高电流密度和高选择性等优点的材料在电催化CO2还原中得到了广泛的研究.然而,单纯的铜催化剂对CO2分子的活化以及反应中间体的吸附能力较低,导致了铜基材料催化剂电催化CO2还原活性及选择性较低.因此,开发出可实际应用的高效率和高选择性的电极材料是当前该技术研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题.近年来,铜基二元合金在电催化CO2还原反应中受到广泛关注.由于二元金属的电子结构和各元素的电子结合能发生变化,其催化活性明显优于单金属催化剂.因此,铜基双金属合金在提高CO2还原产物选择性方面具有广阔的前景.本文采用低温还原的方法制备了一系列不同组成的Cu-Sb双金属合金,系统研究了一系列不同配比的Cu-Sb双金属合金对电催化还原CO2为乙烯的影响.研究发现,当Cu/Sb比例为10/1(Cu10-Sb1)时,可有效提高乙烯的法拉第效率及电流密度.当以0.1 M KCl水溶液作为电解液,电位为-1.19 V vs.RHE时,乙烯的法拉第效率和电流密度分别为49.73%和28.5 mA cm-2.实验结果表明,Cu-Sb双金属合金催化剂优异的催化性能主要源于适宜的电子态、良好的CO2吸附性能、较大的电化学比表面积和较高的电子传输速率.迄今,用Cu-Sb作为催化剂进行电催化还原CO2制乙烯尚未见报道.     

碳氧化反应速率常数与温度特殊关系的理论解释

对于碳氧化反应,在不同温度范围内,温度对反应速率常数的影响呈现不同规律的现象进行了讨论。指出第一阶段主要由氧气在碳表面化学吸附平衡受温度的影响决定。第二阶段则由碳在二氧化碳中发生气化反应,特别是其中的酮基脱附步骤决定。对已有的反应机理进行了比较,提出了新的简化机理,并采用速率控制步骤近似和平衡近似对机理进行了近似处理,得出的第二阶段动力学方程可以较好地解释相关实验规律。     

MnO2电极上氧还原的电催化机理

研究了MnO2 催化氧还原的电催化性质 ,通过比较MnO2 的自还原和催化氧还原的相关性 ,结合极化曲线分析和中间产物检测 ,提出了氧在MnO2 上电催化机理 .根据这一机理 ,MnO2 首先还原为MnOOH ,随之氧的还原通过化学氧化MnOOH ,两者协同进行 .依此导出的极化曲线形式能够较好地解决实验中观测到的动力学特征