锂电隔膜研究及产业技术进展

隔膜是锂离子电池的关键材料,在极片间起绝缘和提供离子通道的作用.本文以如何构建耐高温的隔膜、如何提高隔膜的离子电导率为重点,介绍了锂电隔膜研究及产业化技术进展,内容主要包括隔膜性能的影响因素、凝胶聚合物电解质膜、拉伸法制备隔膜及其改性、隔膜制造的新方法和新材料.最后展望了隔膜的发展前景.     

聚丙烯腈在锂金属电池电解质中的应用

随着便携式电子设备、电动汽车和智能电网等快速发展，人们对高能量密度锂金属电池的关注日益增多。锂金属表面不均匀的剥落或沉积会导致锂枝晶生长，锂枝晶容易刺穿隔膜，存在引发电池短路的风险，而且高反应活性的锂金属会与电解液不断反应被消耗，生成不稳定的固体电解质界面（SEI）膜，造成不可逆的容量损失，因此兼顾高能量密度与高安全性是锂金属电池发展应用中亟需解决的关键科学问题。具有强吸电子基团（C≡N）的聚丙烯腈（PAN）聚合物与碳酸酯溶剂中C=O的相互作用能形成更稳定的SEI膜，PAN作为锂负极涂层还能抑制锂枝晶的生长；另外，PAN具有较低的最低未占据分子轨道、较高的电化学稳定性和较宽的电化学窗口，能作为锂金属电池的聚合物电解质，并匹配高电压正极，兼具高能量密度和高安全性，故PAN聚合物在锂金属电池的电解质中有着很大的应用潜力。本文从电解质的不同状态（液态、凝胶、固态）介绍了PAN聚合物在液态电解质中作为隔膜、锂负极保护层以及在凝胶电解质、固态电解质的最新研究成果，并对PAN聚合物在锂金属电池电解质中的发展趋势进行展望。     

锂离子电池凝胶聚合物电解质研究进展

使用聚合物电解质可以避免传统液态锂离子电池的漏液问题,提高电池的安全性能和能量密度,并可实现电池的薄型化、轻便化和形状可变等优点.目前,聚合物电解质的研究集中在凝胶型的复合和多孔聚合物电解质两大类.本文对各类凝胶聚合物电解质的特点、功能及研究情况逐一进行了介绍,对凝胶聚合物电解质的发展趋势进行了展望.     

聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的研究进展

液态锂离子电池由于采用易泄露、易挥发、易燃烧的碳酸酯有机溶剂,在高温或极端条件下使用时,存在极大的安全隐患.使用固态电解质替代液态电解液,可以从根本上避免此类安全问题的发生,与此同时还可以大幅度提升固态锂电池的能量密度.固态电解质又分为无机固态电解质和聚合物固态电解质2大类.无机固态电解质能够在宽的温度范围内保持化学稳定性,并且电化学窗口较宽,机械强度更高,室温离子电导率较高,但脆性较大,柔韧性差,制备工艺复杂,成本较高.聚合物固态电解质,室温离子电导率偏低,难以满足室温锂离子电池的应用,但其加工成型容易,形状可变.比较而言,固态聚合物电解质,更适宜大规模生产,离产业化相对更近.固态聚合物电解质中研究较多的是聚醚基固态聚合物电解质(如聚环氧乙烷和聚环氧丙烷),但其缺点是室温离子电导率低,需要对其改性或进一步开发综合性能更加优异的其他固态聚合物电解质.聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质由于其特殊的分子结构(含有强极性碳酸酯基团)以及高介电常数,可以有效减弱阴阳离子间的相互作用,提高载流子数量,从而提高离子电导率,因此被认为是一类非常有前途的固态聚合物电解质体系.基于此,本文重点综述了最近研究热点的聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质,包括聚(三亚甲基碳酸酯)体系、聚(碳酸丙烯酯)体系、聚(碳酸乙烯酯)体系和聚(碳酸亚乙烯酯)体系等,并详细阐述了上述每种聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的制备、电化学性能、优缺点及改性手段,归纳出其离子配位-解配位过程和离子扩散机制,还对聚碳酸酯基固态聚合物电解质的未来发展方向和研究趋势望进行了预测和展望.     

一种新型凝胶态聚合物电解质的制备和性能

采用一种新型胶联剂新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯(noepentyl glycol diacrylate, NPGDA)和聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯(poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene), PVDF-HFP), 液态电解液组成电解质混合溶液, 然后加入引发剂并加热引发聚合反应制备了一种具有互穿聚合物网络结构的凝胶态聚合物电解质, 可以用于制备聚合物锂离子二次电池. 考察了不同PVDF-HFP/NPGDA质量比对凝胶态聚合物电解质性能的影响. 结果表明, PVDF-HFP/NPGDA质量比可以影响凝胶态聚合物电解质的结构形貌、电化学特性以及聚合物锂离子二次电池的性能. 研究发现, 当m(PVDF-HFP)/m(NPGDA)＝1:1时制备的凝胶态聚合物电解质具有较高的离子电导率和电化学稳定窗口, 室温下分别为6.99×10^-3 S•cm^-1和4.8 V(vs Li⁺/Li), 以其为电解质制备的聚合物锂离子二次电池具有较好的电化学性能.     

锂离子电池凝胶聚合物电解质的研究进展

由于凝胶聚合物电解质具有较好的机械加工性能和安全性能以及较高的室温离子电导率,因而得到广泛的研究与应用。综述了聚偏氟乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和聚氧化乙烯等锂离子电池凝胶聚合物电解质近几年的研究进展,主要介绍了这些凝胶聚合物电解质体系性能的优缺点以及对其改性研究的各种探索。特别是对目前研究最广泛的聚偏氟乙烯体系的改性进行了较为详细的论述。其中,添加无机纳米粒子的改性是目前的研究热点,是凝胶聚合物电解质的发展趋势,并对凝胶聚合物电解质的未来发展作了展望。     

锂离子电池用凝胶聚合物电解质研究进展

凝胶聚合物电解质是制备高功率密度和高能量密度、长循环寿命的聚合物锂离子电池的重要材料之一。凝胶聚合物电解质由聚合物基体、锂盐和增塑剂等组成。本文重点论述了凝胶聚合物电解质各组成成分的相互作用以及近几年聚合物基体与增塑剂的研究进展。此外,对凝胶聚合物电解质的性能改进进行了讨论,并对凝胶聚合物电解质的应用前景进行了展望。     

锂离子电池用化学交联型凝胶聚合物电解质的研究进展

近年来便携式电子设备爆炸事件频发,主要是由于传统锂离子电池隔膜/电解液体系容易发生电解液泄漏以及隔膜严重热收缩导致的正负极接触短路。化学交联型凝胶聚合物电解质的出现在很大程度上改善了电池漏液的问题。同时,交联网络赋予聚合物基体优异的尺寸稳定性,大大提高了其安全性能。因此,化学交联型凝胶聚合物电解质得到了科研工作者们的广泛关注和研究。本文根据引发及制备方法的不同,综述了利用热引发、光引发、辐射引发、环氧开环加成以及溶胶-凝胶法制备的交联凝胶型聚合物电解质,并对其力学性能和电化学性能进行了介绍。     

不同热引发剂对凝胶态聚合物电解质性能的影响

采用热重/差热分析方法研究了两种热聚合引发剂: AIBN和BPO. 它们通常用于制备锂离子二次电池凝胶态聚合物电解质. 采用不同引发剂制备的凝胶态聚合物电解质具有不同的特性并影响聚合物锂离子二次电池的性能, 例如倍率性能, 高低温性能和循环性能. 为凝胶态聚合物电解质体系选择了一种合适的热引发剂.     

基于自催化策略原位构建高性能锂电池用凝胶电解质

凝胶聚合物电解质作为一种高锂离子传导效率的聚合物电解质而备受关注。然而，制备凝胶聚合物电解质的过程仍存在催化剂难以脱除、流程繁琐等问题。在本工作中，采用离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(BMIMBF₄)中潜在的Lewis酸诱导乙烯基醚类单体发生阳离子聚合的策略，探究出一种在电池内部原位构建高性能凝胶聚合物电解质的方法。BMIMBF₄的引入提升了凝胶聚合物电解质的电导率和电化学稳定性，基于该凝胶聚合物电解质的锂对称电池能在0.1 mA·cm^-2电流密度下循环500 h。由该凝胶聚合物电解质原位组装的全电池以1 C的倍率进行恒流充放电，循环100圈后容量保持率为90%;即使在10 C的高倍率下时，电池的放电比容量仍能保持在67.5 mAh·g^-1。该自催化策略为凝胶聚合物电解质的快速构建提供了新的思路。     

Improving the properties of HDPE based separators for lithium ion batteries by blending block with copolymer PE-b-PEG

To improve the performances of HDPE-based separators, polyether chains were incorporated into HDPE membranes by blending with poly(ethylene-block-ethylene glycol) (PE-b-PEG) via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process. By measuring the composition, morphology, crystallinity, ion conductivity, etc, the influence of PE-b-PEG on structures and properties of the blend separator were investigated. It was found that the incorporated PEG chains yielded higher surface energy for HDPE separator and improved affinity to liquid electrolyte. Thus, the stability of liquid electrolyte trapped in separator was increased while the interfacial resistance between separator and electrode was reduced effectively. The ionic conductivity of liquid electrolyte soaked separator could reach 1.28 × 10-3 S.cm-1 at 25℃, and the electrochemical stability window was up to 4.5 V (versus Li + /Li). These results revealed that blending PE-b-PEG into porous HDPE membranes could efficiently improve the performances of PE separators for lithium batteries.     

Tough Gel Electrolyte Using Double Polymer Network Design for the Safe,Stable Cycling of Lithium Metal Anode

The growth of lithium dendrites and low coulombic efficiency restrict the development of Li metal anodes. Polymer electrolytes are expected to be promising candidates to solve the issue, but ways to obtain a polymer electrolyte that integrates high ionic conductivity and high mechanical toughness is still challenging. By introducing a double polymer network into the electrolyte design to reshape it, a tough polymer electrolyte was developed with high conductivity, and stable operation of lithium metal anodes was further realized. The double network (DNW) gel electrolyte has high modulus of 44.3 MPa and high fracture energy of 69.5 kJ m^?2. The conductivity of DNW gel is 0.81 mS cm^?1 at 30 °C. By using this gel electrolyte design, the lithium metal electrode could be cycled more than 400 times with a coulombic efficiency (CE) as high as 96.3 % with carbonate‐based electrolytes.     

Effect of solvents on properties of polymer gel-electrolyte based on polyester diacrylate

New polymer gel electrolytes based on polyester diacrylates and LiClO₄ salt solutions in organic solvents are developed for lithium ion and lithium polymer batteries with a high ionic conductivity up to 2.7 × 10^?3 Ohm^?1cm^?1 at the room temperature. To choose the optimum liquid electrolyte composition, the dependence is studied of physico-chemical parameters of new gel electrolytes on the composition of the mixture of aprotic organic solvents: ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and λ-butyrolacton. The bulk conductivity of gel electrolytes and exchange currents at the gel electrolyte/Li interface are studied using the electrochemical impedance method in symmetrical cells with two Li electrodes. The glass transition temperature and gel homogeneity are determined using the method of differential scanning calorimetry. It is found that the optimum mixture is that of propylene carbonate and λ-butyrolacton, in which a homogeneous polymer gel is formed in a wide temperature range of ?150 to +50°C.     

Composite gel membranes: a new class of improved polymer electrolytes for lithium batteries

Novel composite, gel-type polymer electrolytes have been prepared by dispersing selected ceramic powders into a matrix formed by a lithium salt solution contained in a poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) network. The electrochemical characterization demonstrates that these new types of composite gel electrolytes have high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stability and, particularly, high chemical integrity (no liquid leakage) even at temperatures above ambient. These unique properties make the composite gel membranes particularly suitable as electrolyte separators in lithium ion polymer batteries.     

Study of the interaction polymer/organic solvents/salt in microporous PVdF separator for lithium batteries

Interactions between microporous PVdF and polar liquid electrolytes have been investigated. PVdF separators are an attractive alternative to microporous apolar polyolefins, such as polyethylene, whose poor wetting by these electrolytes induces a significant resistivity increase in lithium batteries. The swelling study of polymer/electrolyte interactions has shown that the resistivity increase induced by microporous PVdF is moderate and will enable the electrolyte composition to be optimized. Existence of a shut-down effect is an asset for the battery safety.     

Separator technologies for lithium-ion batteries

Although separators do not participate in the electrochemical reactions in a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, they perform the critical functions of physically separating the positive and negative electrodes while permitting the free flow of lithium ions through the liquid electrolyte that fill in their open porous structure. Separators for liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries can be classified into porous polymeric membranes, nonwoven mats, and composite separators. Porous membranes are most commonly used due to their relatively low processing cost and good mechanical properties. Although not widely used in Li-ion batteries, nonwoven mats have the potential for low cost and thermally stable separators. Recent composite separators have attracted much attention, however, as they offer excellent thermal stability and wettability by the nonaqueous electrolyte. The present paper (1) presents an overview of separator characterization techniques, (2) reviews existing technologies for producing different types of separators, and (3) discusses directions for future investigation. Research into separator fabrication techniques and chemical modifications, coupled with the numerical modeling, should lead to further improvements in the performance and abuse tolerance as well as cost reduction of Li-ion batteries.     

Effect of Dibenzo-18-crown-6 on the Polymer Electrolyte/Lithium Anode Interface

Photocured polymer electrolytes, applied onto a porous polypropylene separator, with conduction by lithium cations (1 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 20°C) are designed. The polymer is formed from a 1 : 1 mixture of oligourethane dimethacrylate and polypropylene glycol monomethacrylate, which are capable of undergoing polymerization via double bonds in a liquid organic electrolyte (0.5 M LiClO₄) in a 1 : 1 mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane. The polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer composition (20 wt %), a liquid electrolyte (78 wt %), and a photoinducer (2 wt %). Effect of insertion of dibenzo-18-crown-6 into the electrolyte on its electrochemical characteristics (on the electrolyte/Li interface) is investigated. Dependences of the bulk conductivity and exchange currents at the interface on the temperature and storage duration are studied at different crown ether contents.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 646–650.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Yarmolenko, Efimov.     

Fabrication and evaluation of a polymer Li-ion battery with microporous gel electrolyte

This paper introduces an easy method for the fabrication of polymer Li-ion batteries with microporous gel electrolyte (MGE). The MGE is a multiphase electrolyte, which is composed of liquid electrolyte, gel electrolyte, and polymer matrix. The MGE not only has high ionic conductivity and good adhesion to the electrodes at low temperatures, but also retains good mechanical strength at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the MGE batteries are able to operate over a wide temperature range. During battery fabrication, the MGE is formed in situ by introducing liquid electrolyte into a swellable microporous polymer membrane and then heating or cycling the battery. In this work, the chemical compatibility of MGE with metal lithium during 60 °C storage and with LiMn₂O₄ cathode during cycling was studied. In addition, graphite/MGE/LiMn₂O₄ Li-ion batteries were made and evaluated.