二甲基焦膦酸二烷基酯的EI-MS裂解规律研究

采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)研究了二甲基焦膦酸二烷基(≥C2)酯电子轰击质谱(EI-MS)的裂解途径和机理。针对二甲基焦膦酸二烷基(≥C2)酯类化合物,开展了一级和二级质谱研究,确定离子间的母子关系;同时采用电荷和游离基理论,解释主要碎片离子的裂解机理。通过研究发现:对于二甲基焦膦酸二烷基(≥C2)酯类化合物,大部分化合物的EI-MS谱图中无分子离子峰;该类化合物均产生特征离子m/z 175、158、157、143、97、79、65和47;分子离子以不饱和氧、饱和氧和π键为电荷/游离基中心引发酯基上伴随γ氢重排的α断裂和i断裂,碎片离子进一步发生简单α断裂、消除反应(γe)及i诱导断裂等反应,产生相应的离子。根据该类化合物的质谱裂解规律,可为未知结构的该类化合物和其它相似结构化合物的鉴定提供参考。     

强红外激光场解离含氧有机物中C—O—C键机理的研究

本文用TEA CO_2激光器研究了1,2-环氧丙烷(PO)、四氢呋喃(THF)和烯丙基醚(DAE)等含C—C—C键有机物的多光子解离过程;给出了PO和THF的解离率与激光能量的关系;较详细地探讨了C—O—C键的断裂机理。实验发现,这些分子解离时的初始步骤都是断裂较弱的C—O键,解离阈值约为0.8J/cm~2。     

SiO2在CH3ONO→CH3O+NO解离中作用的理论研究

利用B3LYP方法,在6-31 G^ 基组下研究了在SiO2存在下的CH3ONO→CH3O NO解离反应．计算了全优化下的解离反应,以及固定SiO2的键长和键角做部分优化下的解离反应．在反应中SiO2与CH3ONO相接近,O-N键逐渐伸长,生成复合物,放出热量,进一步促进了CH3ONO中NO的解离．     

小檗碱质谱碎片离子稳定性分析及碎裂机理的量子化学研究

用量子化学B3LYP/6-31G(d)方法, 研究了小檗碱质谱碎片离子的稳定性规律. 通过几何参数分析、 结合能计算和前线分子轨道分析, 研究碎片离子可能的活性部位及各部位相对反应活性, 并从理论上探讨了质谱碎裂机理. 结合能计算结果表明, 分子离子中C9所连甲氧基的C—O键比C10所连甲氧基的C—O键更容易断裂. 同时发现, 质谱碎裂过程中, 氢的解离促进了羰基的解离, 即质谱中常见的解离CO的过程.     

TNT高温热解及含碳团簇形成的反应分子动力学模拟

ReaxFF-MD模拟三硝基甲苯(TNT)高温热解显示增加了伦敦耗散力项(Elg)的ReaxFF/lg势函数在含能材料平衡密度计算方面具有优越性.产物识别分析得出TNT热解的主要产物为NO2、NO、H2O、N2、CO2、CO、OH以及HONO,且最终产物为H2O、N2和CO2.使用ReaxFF势函数模拟同样过程进行比较性分析显示,在主要产物和最终产物方面与ReaxFF/lg作用结果具有一致性,但在化学反应动力学方面表现出一些差异.orthoNO2键断裂和C―NO2→C―ONO重排布-断裂形成NO2和NO是TNT热解的主要初级反应,且前者产生速率大于后者,NO2和NO形成后很快参与次级反应并最终形成N2.高温热解中形成OH等小分子会促进H2O的形成.环上基团相互反应或直接脱落后,主环间C―C键才发生断裂,但温度升高会加快主环断裂,并进一步分解形成CO2,这也是高温条件下CO2分布产生波动的一个重要原因.并且当晶胞中的TNT分子几乎完全分解时,系统的势能开始明显衰减.与温度相比,密度对热解中最大含碳团簇形成的影响更明显.并且,模拟结果显示,在TNT完全分解前已经出现含碳中间体的聚合现象.此项工作表明使用ReaxFF/lg反应力场研究TNT高温热解可以提供具体的动力学和化学方面的信息,并有助于理解含能材料的爆轰问题并可进行安全评估.     

266 nm激光光解C2H5SSC2H5产物的激光诱导荧光光谱

有机硫化物是大气主要污染物之一,其在大气中的光解产物还将造成二次污染,除了存在于有机硫化物中, S―S键还存在于胱氨酸等蛋白质中, S―S键的形成和断裂决定该类蛋白质的活性.本工作中,我们研究了用实验室常见的Nd:YAG激光器的四倍频266 nm激光光解C₂H₅SSC₂H₅过程,通过激光诱导荧光(LIF)光谱方法检测乙硫自由基C₂H₅S等光解产物.实验表明266 nm激光主要光解C₂H₅SSC₂H₅的S―S键产生C₂H₅S自由基.本文应用密度泛函理论的Becke3-Lee-Yang-Parr泛函(B3LYP方法)得到C₂H₅SSC₂H₅的S―S键、C―S键和C―C键的解离势能曲线,可知在266 nm光解条件下, C₂H₅SSC₂H₅在基态能够发生S―S键、C―S键解离, C―C键不发生解离.本文采用全活化空间自洽场(CASSCF)方法优化得到态和态的C₂H₅S自由基结构及其跃迁的绝热激发能,以辅助解析实验检测的C₂H₅S自由基的LIF光谱.实验结合理论计算最终得出,本实验266 nm光解条件下, C₂H₅SSC₂H₅主要发生S―S键解离,不排除少量分子发生C―S键解离的可能性.     

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸代谢中的水解反应机理

2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)是应用广泛的农用除草剂和植物生长素,在它的代谢过程中,涉及多种化学反应. 本文采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法, 分别研究了它在代谢过程中的三条水解反应途径的机理. 研究结果表明: (I) 2,4-D水解反应有两种模式, C(1)―O键解离的氢转移和C―Cl键解离的氯被取代. (Ⅱ) C―Cl键的解离能垒明显低于C(1)―O键的解离能垒, 即水解速率较快, 反应动力学占优势. 在三条反应途径中, 途径(2)和(3)优先水解C―Cl键, 再水解C(1)―O键. 由于受反应速率的影响, 不同中间体在降解过程中的浓度有明显区别.(III) 对于水解反应,采用导体极化连续模型(CPCM)考虑溶剂化效应,可更合理地阐述水解反应机理.     

丙烯酸分子的激发态超快预解离动力学

利用飞秒泵浦-探测技术结合飞行时间质谱(TOF-MS),研究了丙烯酸分子被200nm泵浦光激发到第二电子激发态(S2)后的超快预解离动力学.采集了母体离子和碎片离子的时间分辨质谱信号,并利用动力学方程对时间分辨离子质谱信号进行拟合和分析,揭示了预解离通道的存在.布居在S2激发态的分子通过快速的内转换弛豫到第一电子激发态(S1),时间常数为210fs,随后再经内转换从S1态弛豫到基态(S0)的高振动态,时间常数为1.49ps.分子最终在基态高振动态势能面上发生C-C键和C-O键的断裂,分别解离生成H2C=CH和HOCO、H2C=CHCO和OH中性碎片,对应的预解离时间常数分别约为4和3ps.碎片离子的产生有两个途径,分别来自于母体离子的解离和基态高振动态势能面上中性碎片的电离.     

二乙基锌的同步辐射真空紫外光电离光解离

利用同步辐射光源和反射式飞行时间质谱, 在超声冷却条件下对二乙基锌(ZnC4H10)进行真空紫外(VUV, 能量范围为8-22 eV)光电离光解离研究. 实验获得ZnC4H10的光电离质谱图; 通过测量各碎片离子的光电离效率(PIE)曲线, 获得ZnC4H10的电离势(IP=8.20±0.05 eV)及其碎片离子(ZnC2H5+、ZnH+、Zn+、C2H5+、C2H3+等)的出现势. 根据实验结果, 并结合相关文献所给的热力学数据, 推导出这些主要碎片离子的生成焓, 并分析它们可能的解离通道和主要离子的分支比. 结果表明, 其主要解离通道是母体离子发生Zn—C 键的断裂形成ZnC2H5+和C2H5+离子, ZnC2H5+离子再进一步解离形成Zn+离子, 并且含锌碎片离子的丰度占75%以上.     

甲醇在FeS2(100)完整表面的吸附和分解

采用基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论结合周期平板模型方法, 研究了甲醇分子在FeS₂(100)完整表面的吸附与解离. 通过比较不同吸附位置的吸附能和构型参数发现: 表面Fe位为有利吸附位, 甲醇分子通过氧原子吸附在表面Fe位, 吸附后甲醇分子中的C―O键和O―H键都有伸长, 振动频率发生红移; 甲醇分子易于解离成甲氧基CH3O和H, 表面Fe位仍然是二者有利吸附位. 通过计算得出甲醇在FeS₂(100)表面解离吸附的可能机理: 甲醇分子首先发生O―H键的断裂, 生成甲氧基中间体, 继而甲氧基C―H键断裂, 得到最后产物HCHO和H₂.     

C---C bond cleavage in the interaction of anthraquinone triplet with tertiary alcohols and tertiary butylbenzene

In the photochemical reaction of anthraquinone triplet with both tertiary alcohols and tert.Bu-benzene in C₆H₆ at λ 334 nm not only C---H (or O---H) bonds but C---C bonds are also broken, yielding CH₃, and R₁C(R₂)OH (or C₆H₅C(CH₃)₂) radicals, at room temperature.     

Reactions of the sterically hindered organosilicon diol (Me3Si)2C(SiMe2OH)2 and some of its derivatives

The diol R₂C(SiMe₂OH)₂ (R = Me₃Si) has been shown to react with: SO₂Cl₂ to give R₂ Me₂; SOCl₂ to give R₂C(SiMe₂Cl)₂; Me₃SiI or Me₃SiCl to give R₂C(SiMe₂OSiMe₃)₂; R′COCl; (R′ = Me or CF₃) to give R₂C(SiMe₂O₂CR′)-(SiMe₂Cl); (R′CO)₂O (R′ = Me or CF₃ to give R₂C(SiMe₂O₂CR′)₂; with MeOH containing acid to give R₂C(SiMe₂OMe)₂; with neutral MeOH to give R₂C-(SiMe₂OMe)₂ and probably R₂ Me₂; MeLi to give R₂C(SiMe₂OLi)₂ (and the latter to react with PhMeSiF₂ to give R₂ Me₂). The diacetate R₂C(SiMe₂O₂CMe)₂ reacts with CsF in MeCN to give R₂C(SiMe₂F)₂; it does not react with NaN₃ or KSCN in MeCN, but the bis(trifluoroacetate) reacts with these salts with KOCN to give R₂C(SiMe₂X)₂ (X = N₃, NCS, NCO).     

Structural Effect on Electron Impact Decomposition of 1, 3- and 1, 4-Cyclohexane Dinitrites

Alkyl dinitrites have attracted attention as an important type of nitrosating agent and a pollution source in atmosphere. The reactivity and chemistry of alkyl dinitrites induced by the two ONO functional groups are relatively unknown. In this work, decompositions of 1, 3-cyclohexane dinitrite and 1, 4-cyclohexane dinitrite are studied by electron impact ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS). Apart from NO⁺ ($m/z$=30), fragment ions $m/z$=43 and 71 are the most abundant for the 1, 3-isomer. On the other hand, fragments $m/z$=29, 57, 85, and 97 stand out in the EI-MS spectrum of 1, 4-isomer. Possible dissociation mechanisms of the two dinitrites are proposed by theoretical calculations. The results reveal that the ring-opening of 1, 3-cyclohexane dinitrite mainly starts from the intermediate ion (M-NO)⁺ by cleavage of two $\alpha$C-$\beta$C bonds. For 1, 4-cyclohexane dinitrite, in addition to the decomposition via intermediate (M-NO)⁺, cleavage of $\beta$C-$\beta$C bonds can occur directly from the parent cation M⁺. The results will help to understand the structural related chemistry of alkyl dinitrites in atmosphere and in NO transfer process.     

Conformational analysis of some acrylates using dipole moment calculations by CNDO/force method

CNDO MO calculations are carried out for four acrylates, H₂C=C (R₁)-COO (R₂) with R₁=H, Me and R₂=Me, Et for dipole moment determination using the Pople-Segal expression.⁷ Energy minimization for various conformers in each molecular system was achieved by the gradient method. Dipole moments for comparatively stable conformers of each of the molecules considered are reported. Theoretically calculated energy values are used to arrive at the equilibrium geometry and the corresponding dipole moments are compared with the experimental values in each system considered.     

A molecular orbital study of lithium ion association with bases. I. The carbonyl bases R2CO

Ab initio SCF calculations have been performed to determine the relative lithium ion affinities of the carbonyl bases R₂CO and the structures of the complexes R₂COLi⁺. The predicted order of lithium ion affinity for the bases R₂CO with respect to R is NH₂ > CH₃ > OH> H> F. Except for (OH)₂COLi⁺ which has C_a, symmetry, the complexes R₂COLi⁺ have C_2v symmetry, with the lithium ion located on the symmetry axis near the oxygen. The major structural changes in the intramolecular coordinates of the bases which occur upon lithium ion complexation include an increase in the carbonyl C---O bond length, a decrease in the length of the bond from the carbonyl carbon to the substituent atom X, and an increase in the X---C---X angle at the carbonyl carbon. The energetic, structural, and electronic properties of the complexes indicate that the interaction between the lithium ion and a carbonyl base is predominantly an ion-dipole attraction rather than a covalent interaction.     

Extraction de l'acide silicomolybdique par le nitrate de triisooctylamine en milieu dichloro-1,2-ethane Nature des équilibres and application analytique

-Molybdosilicic acid () in aqueous solution is extracted by triisooctylamine nitrate (R₃NHNO₃) in dichloro-l,2-ethane (S) according to an equilibrium which involves the dissociation of the extracted species in the organic phase: _aq+4(R₃NHNO₃)_s [(R₃NH)₃]_s^-+(R₃NH)_s⁺+4(N0₃^-)_aq+xH⁺ Extraction allows separation of from the excess of molybdenum necessary for its quantitative formation from silicate and molybdate. The direct spectrophotometric determination of the heteropolyacid in the organic phase is simple and sensitive ( =28000 1 cm^-1 mole^-1 at 300 nm).

Zusammenfassung

-Molybdatokieselsäure () in wässriger Lösung wird durch Triisooctylaminnitrat (R₃NHNO₃) in 1,2-Dichlorän (S) entsprechend einem Gleichgewicht extrahiert, in dem die Dissoziation der extrahierten Spezies in der organischen Phase enthalten ist: _aq+4(R₃NHNO₃)_s [(R₃NH)₃]_s^-+(R₃NH)_s⁺+4(N0₃^-)_aq+_xH⁺ Die Extraktion erlaubt die Trennung von vom Molybdän-Überschuss, der für die quantitative Bildung von aus Silicat und Molybdat notwendig ist. Die direkte spektrophotometrische Bestimmung der Heteropolysäure in der organischen Phase ist einfach und empfindlich ( = 28000 l cm^-1 mol^-1 bei 300 nm).     

取代基对木质素三聚体模型化合物醚键均裂反应影响的密度泛函理论研究

利用密度泛函理论M062X/6-31++G(d,p)方法,对27种具有不同取代基(甲基、羟甲基和甲氧基)的木质素三聚体模型化合物的Cα-O和Cβ-O键均裂解离能进行了理论计算,探究了不同位置取代基对醚键解离能的影响规律。结果表明,当R2或R3位氢原子仅有一个被甲氧基取代时,Cβ-O键解离能变化很小;当R2、R3位氢原子均被甲氧基取代时,Cβ-O键解离能明显降低;且R4、R5位甲氧基能强化R2、R3位甲氧基对Cβ-O键解离能的降低程度,而不受R1位取代基的影响。当R4、R5位氢原子相继被甲氧基取代时,Cα-O键解离能逐渐降低,且R2、R3位甲氧基也能强化R4、R5位甲氧基对Cα-O键解离能的降低程度。当R1位氢原子相继被甲基、羟甲基取代时,Cα-O键解离能逐渐升高,然而R2、R3位甲氧基会弱化R1位甲基、羟甲基对Cα-O键解离能的升高程度;R1位甲基不会影响Cβ-O键解离能,羟甲基却能明显提高Cβ-O键解离能。     

Square planar diphosphinoazine rhodium(I) amido carbonyl complexes with an unsymmetrical PNP′ pincer-type coordination

A series of novel diphosphinoazine rhodium amido carbonyl complexes [{R₂PCHC(Bu^t)–NNC(Bu^t)CH₂PR₂}Rh(CO)] (R = Ph, Prⁱ, c-C₆H₁₁, Bu^t) was prepared by deprotonation of cationic diphosphinoazine rhodium amino carbonyl complexes. The complexes were characterized by NMR as were also their precursors. The crystal structures of two cationic and one neutral deprotonated complex were determined by X-ray diffraction showing the complexes to be essentially planar with mutual trans arrangement of phosphine groups and nitrogens trans to carbonyl ligands. Measurement of valence vibration frequencies of carbonyl groups in the complexes allowed to estimate the electron density on the rhodium centre. The ene-hydrazone ligand backbone (nitrogen covalently bonded) is more electron donating than the azine backbone (nitrogen bonded by electron pair donation) as expected. In the neutral series of complexes electron donation increases with phosphine substitution in the order Ph < Prⁱ = c-C₆H₁₁ < Bu^t with the corresponding decrease of carbonyl valence vibration frequency. The tert-butyl cationic complex undergoes in a low yield an unusual diphosphinoazine bond cleavage with simultaneous oxidation of the metal resulting in a binuclear bis(iminophosphine)dirhodium complex [{(Bu^t)₂PCH₂C(Bu^t)NH}Rh(Cl)₂(μ-Cl)]₂ the structure of which was also determined by X-ray diffraction.     

A study of the gas-phase reaction between protonated acetaldehyde and methanol

Protonated acetaldehyde is methylated on the oxygen during interaction with methanol in the gas phase. The ionic product of the ion/molecule reaction between methanol and protonated acetaldehyde is identical with C-protonated methylvinyl ether (high-pressure ionization), and with the (M − C₂H₅)⁺ fragment ion of sec-butyl methyl ether (following electron ionization), and also with the (M − OCH₃)⁺ fragment ion of acetaldehyde dimethylacetal (following electron ionization). The structures of these ions and the mechanism of their formation were established by isotope-labeling experiments and collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of model compounds obtained with three different types of tandem mass spectrometers (BEQQ, triple-quadrupole, and a penta-quadrupole instrument). Gas phase synthesis of the product ion from [²H₃]-methanol or [²H₄]-acetaldehyde provided insight into its mode of formation and collision-induced dissociation.     

Primary yields of CH3O and CH2OH radicals resulting in the radiolysis of high purity methanol

The triethylsilane radical R₃^•Si, produced by radiolysis in an airfree methanol/silane-system, acts as a specific scavenger for the CH₃^•O and ^•CH₂OH transients with rate constants, k₁₄(R₃^•Si + CH₃^•O) = 1.1 x 10⁸ dm³ mol^-1s^-1 and k₁₅(R₃^•Si + ^•CH₂OH) = 0.7 x 10⁸ dm³ mol^-1s^-1, resulting in R₃Si—OCH₃ (triethylmethoxysilane) and R₃Si—CH₂OH (triethylsilylmethanol). By increasing the silane concentration (range: 10^-2-6 mol dm^-3 R₃SiH) the formation of the otherwise major products of methanol radiolysis, formaldehyde and glycol, is successively reduced to nil. The yield of R₃Si—CH₂OH, studied under the same conditions, passes a maximum at about 0.8 mol dm^-3 R₃SiH and then also diminishes. On the other hand, the yield of R₃Si—OCH₃ is increased correspondingly and reaches an interpolated value of G = 3.75 ± 0.1 at 4 mol dm^-3R₃SiH. This indicates that the radical CH₃^•O (G = 3.75 ± 0.1) is the primary radiolytic transient of methanol in addition to H, e^-_sol etc., but not ^•CH₂OH species. The latter one is obviously formed by the secondary reaction: CH₃^•O + CH₃OH→ CH₃OH + ^•CH₂OH.